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|author= |author=
|publisher=M.B. Herald, Vol. 35, No. 9 |publisher=M.B. Herald, Vol. 35, No. 9
|accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref> ], seeking pre-existing Christian nations in ], discovered a sea route to ] by circumnavigating the ]<ref></ref> which caused a major influence on both the histories of ] and ].<ref></ref> |accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref> ], seeking ], discovered a sea route to ] by circumnavigating the ]<ref></ref> which caused a major influence on both the histories of ].<ref></ref>


The total number of Christians in India as per Census in 2001 are 24,080,016 or 2.34% of the population.<ref></ref> There are three main regional concentrations of Christian population, namely in ], on the ], and among ] in ], ], and ]. The states of ] and ] in ] and ] in ] account for 60% of India's total Christian population.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} The total number of Christians in India as per Census in 2001 are 24,080,016 or 2.34% of the population.<ref></ref> There are three main regional concentrations of Christian population, namely in ], on the ], and among ] in ], ], and ]. The states of ] and ] in ] and ] in ] account for 60% of India's total Christian population.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
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It is believed that he had attained ] here.<ref name="missick"/> <ref name="neill">Stephen Neill. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 ISBN 0521548853</ref> The ] tradition goes back to the very beginnings of 1st century Christian thought and the seven churches that were established by St. Thomas among the natives and the ]ish diaspora in Kerala. According to the Acts of Thomas, the Malabari Jews were the first Christians converted by Thomas in India, who had settled in Kerala since the time of ] of ]. It is believed that he had attained ] here.<ref name="missick"/> <ref name="neill">Stephen Neill. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 ISBN 0521548853</ref> The ] tradition goes back to the very beginnings of 1st century Christian thought and the seven churches that were established by St. Thomas among the natives and the ]ish diaspora in Kerala. According to the Acts of Thomas, the Malabari Jews were the first Christians converted by Thomas in India, who had settled in Kerala since the time of ] of ].


According to historians, St. Thomas who was himself a Jew by birth, visited India in search of Jews settled here. Although the Christian ideals were foreign, many ]s embraced the ideologies of ] because of its similarities to bathing in the ], which was first mentioned in the ], the ], and the ]. After evangelizing in ] and ], the Apostle is believed to have been martyred at ] in ] and buried on the site of ]. Members of the ], an eastern rite of the Catholic Church, adopted the ] liturgy dating from an unknown period before the 4th Century. In the 4th century, the Apostle’s relics were taken to ] at the instance of the Bishop of Edessa. The Christian community founded by St Thomas has since developed into a number of churches during the ] persecution, including ] churches in communion with the ], ], and ]. According to historians, St. Thomas who was himself a ] by birth. the ideologies of ] was similar to bathing in the ], which was first mentioned in the ], the ], and the ]. After evangelizing in ] and ], the Apostle is believed to have been martyred at ] in ] and buried on the site of ]. Members of the ], an eastern rite of the Catholic Church, adopted the ] liturgy dating from an unknown period before the 4th Century. In the 4th century, the Apostle’s relics were taken to ] at the instance of the Bishop of Edessa. The Christian community founded by St Thomas has since developed into a number of churches during the ] persecution, including ] churches in communion with the ], ], and ].


==Medieval Period== ==Medieval Period==


]'', the symbol of the ] Christian community in ].]] ]'', the symbol of the ] Christian community in ].]]
The ] community was further strengthened by various ] immigrant settlers. The trade routes brought with them not only riches but also stateless nations and nascent worldviews. The community was strengthened by Christian-Jewish ] colonies of third century, ] followers and the Babylonian Christians settlers of 4th Century, the 7th Century Syrian settlement of Mar Sabor Easo and Proth, and the immigrant Persian Christians from successive centuries. The ] Syrian Church was in communion with Syrian Church and was belived to be under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians and the Patriarch of Babylonian till the ] arrival in the late 15th century. ] came from ]. They seem to have maintained their identity for a long time in the first few centuries and later amalgamated into one patronized community known differently as ], ], ]. The ] community was further strengthened by various ] immigrant settlers. The community was Christian-Jewish ] colonies of third century, ] followers and the Babylonian Christians settlers of 4th Century, the 7th Century Syrian settlement of Mar Sabor Easo and Proth, and the immigrant Persian Christians from successive centuries. The ] Syrian Church was in communion with Syrian Church and was belived to be under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians and the Patriarch of Babylonian till the ] arrival in the late 15th century. ] came from ]. They seem to have maintained their identity for a long time in the first few centuries and later amalgamated into one patronized community known differently as ], ], ].


The archaeological excavations at ] show that the ancient port town of ] was in modern Kerala. The ] calls it of “leading importance” describing it: ], of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the ]; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} The archaeological excavations at ] show that the ancient port town of ] was in modern Kerala. The ] calls it of “leading importance” describing it: ], of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from ],it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}


The South Indian epic of ] (written between 2nd and 3rd century CE) mentions the ] people by the name Essanis referring to one of the early Christian-Jewish sect within the ] called ]. The embassy of Alfred in 833 CE described the Nestorian Syrian Christians as being prosperous and enjoying high status in the Malabar coast. ] also mentioned the Nasranis and their ancient church in the Malabar coast in his writings ]. The South Indian epic of ] (written between 2nd and 3rd century CE) mentions the ] people by the name Essanis referring to one of the early Christian-Jewish sect within the ] called ]. The embassy of Alfred in 833 CE described the Nestorian Syrian Christians as being prosperous and enjoying high status in the Malabar coast. ] also mentioned the Nasranis and their ancient church in the Malabar coast in his writings ].
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] is a ] dedicated to ], located in ]]] ] is a ] dedicated to ], located in ]]]
With the ] '']'' the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia was given to the Portuguese. The Portuguese colonial government in ] supported the mission in India with incentives for baptized Christians. They offered rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class and military support for local rulers<ref name="Daus">{{cite book With the ] '']'' the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia was given to the Portuguese. The Portuguese colonial government in ] supported the mission in India with incentives for baptized Christians. They offered rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class and military support for local rulers<ref name="Daus">{{cite book
| last =Daus| first =Ronald | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus | publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag | date= 1983 | location =Wuppertal/Germany| pages =p.61-66 | url = | doi = | id =ISBN 3-87294-202-6}}</ref>.Early Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese, led by the ] ] ] (]-], expanded from their bases on the west coast making many converts. Portuguese missionaries sought to convert the entire ] population of Goa. As a result of Portuguese incentives many converted Indians were ] ''Rice Christians'', who even practiced their old religion<ref name="Daus" />. This was seen as a threat to the immaculateness of the Christian belief. ], in a 1545 letter to ], requested an ] be installed in Goa. However, it was not installed until eight years after Francis Xavier's death. During the ] under the Portuguese, Hindus were forced to convert and many Hindus in Goa who refused or were suspected of practicing heresy were burnt alive in public. Modern-day Goa has a substantial ] population; around 30% of the population is Roman Catholic. The undecayed body of Saint Francis Xavier is still on public view in a glass coffin at the '']'' in ]. | last =Daus| first =Ronald | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus | publisher =Peter Hammer Verlag | date= 1983 | location =Wuppertal/Germany| pages =p.61-66 | url = | doi = | id =ISBN 3-87294-202-6}}</ref>.Early Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese, led by the ] ] ] (]-], expanded from their bases on the west coast making many converts. Portuguese missionaries wanted to convert the population of Goa. As a result of Portuguese incentives many converted Indians were ] ''Rice Christians'', who even practiced their old religion<ref name="Daus" />. This was seen as a threat to the immaculateness of the Christian belief. ], in a 1545 letter to ], requested an ] be installed in Goa. However, it was not installed until eight years after Francis Xavier's death. '''] under the Portuguese, Hindus were forced to convert and many Hindus in Goa who refused or were suspected of practicing heresy were burnt alive in public]].''' Modern-day Goa has a substantial ] population; around 30% of the population is Roman Catholic. The undecayed body of Saint Francis Xavier is still on public view in a glass coffin at the '']'' in ].


] in ]]] ] in ]]]
Mangalore is one more significant region on the west coast which has a huge population of ]. In 1321, the ] Dominican friar ] of Severac (in south-western ]) landed in a place called ] near Mangalore and established a missionary station there. Many locals were converted to ] by ]. Later all the missionaries were carnaged by the ]s and all the missionary stations ravaged.<ref name="JOR"/> However like the other tracts in India, the ] were unable to establish their presence in Mangalore due to the valiant ] ruler Krishnadevraya and the dauntless Bednore Queen of Mangalore ] of ]. ] were basically the descendants of ] who fled ] during the Portuguese-Maratha Wars and the ]. Although the Portuguese torment was responsible for the existence of Mangalorean Catholics, but later the Portuguese themselves had saved them from some tyrant Muslim rulers. The ] was later built in ]. This chapel very closely resembles the world-famous ] in ].<ref>{{cite web Mangalore is one more significant region on the west coast which has a huge population of ]. In 1321, the ] Dominican friar ] of Severac (in south-western ]) landed in a place called ] near Mangalore and established a missionary station there. Many locals were converted to ] by ]. .<ref name="JOR"/> However like the other tracts in India, the ] were unable to establish their presence in Mangalore due to the valiant ] ruler Krishnadevraya and the dauntless Bednore Queen of Mangalore ] of ]. ] were basically the descendants of ] who fled ] during the Portuguese-Maratha Wars and the ]. The ] was later built in ]. This chapel very closely resembles the world-famous ] in ].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/chapel/index.php |title=The St. Aloysius College Chapel |accessdate= 2008-03-02 |publisher=St. Aloysius College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/chapel/index.php |title=The St. Aloysius College Chapel |accessdate= 2008-03-02 |publisher=St. Aloysius College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPb6YtKRsXU |title=St. Aloysius Chapel |accessdate= 2008-03-02 |publisher=YouTube |author=aburad}}</ref> |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPb6YtKRsXU |title=St. Aloysius Chapel |accessdate= 2008-03-02 |publisher=YouTube |author=aburad}}</ref>
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From the late nineteenth century, the fastest growing Christian communities have been located in the northeast, among the ]s, ]s, and the ]. Today Christians are most prevalent in the northeast, and in the southwestern states of Kerala and ]. Indian Christians have contributed significantly to and are well represented in various spheres of national life. They are currently chief ministers of the states like ], ], ], and ], and they were chief ministers earlier of ], ], ], and ]. In the powerful election committee of the ruling ] party, they take four out of twenty places. From the late nineteenth century, the fastest growing Christian communities have been located in the northeast, among the ]s, ]s, and the ]. Today Christians are most prevalent in the northeast, and in the southwestern states of Kerala and ]. Indian Christians have contributed significantly to and are well represented in various spheres of national life. They are currently chief ministers of the states like ], ], ], and ], and they were chief ministers earlier of ], ], ], and ]. In the powerful election committee of the ruling ] party, they take four out of twenty places.


The purchasing power of the Christian community in India was estimated at about $15 billion in 2005 (or 2 per cent of the national total).


{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
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In more contemporary periods, Hindu-Christian amity is sometimes challenged by partisan politics and extremism from both communities. Christian missionary activity among lower-caste Hindus has created groups of ], particularly among ]. As a response to allegedly aggressive ] activity four Indian states (], ], ], and ] mainly) have passed laws restricting or prohibiting ].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6050408.stm BBC Article dealing with conversion prohibition laws</ref> This has created some resentment in the Indian Christian community. In more contemporary periods, Hindu-Christian amity is sometimes challenged by partisan politics and extremism from both communities. Christian missionary activity among lower-caste Hindus has created groups of ], particularly among ]. As a response to allegedly aggressive ] activity four Indian states (], ], ], and ] mainly) have passed laws restricting or prohibiting ].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6050408.stm BBC Article dealing with conversion prohibition laws</ref> This has created some resentment in the Indian Christian community.


There have been some instances of violence between Hindu Nationalists groups against Christians. Human Rights groups like ] allege that there is large-scale violence being perpetrated by ] ] against Christians<ref></ref>.


The Government of the state of Tripura has uncovered evidence to support the assertion that the ] has been supporting the terrorist group ], a violent separatist group that has attacked and killed Hindus in the region and that has banned Hindu festivals by force.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/717775.stm BBC News article explaining links between the Baptist Church of Tripura & the NLFT</ref> The cause of the terror groups are supported by leadership of the American Baptist Churches USA. John Sundquist of International Ministries ABC/USA stated support for these groups in a release on Feb. 26, 1998.<ref></ref> The Government of the state of Tripura has uncovered evidence to support the assertion that the ] has been supporting the terrorist group ], a violent separatist group that has attacked and killed Hindus in the region and that has banned Hindu festivals by force.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/717775.stm BBC News article explaining links between the Baptist Church of Tripura & the NLFT</ref> The cause of the terror groups are supported by leadership of the American Baptist Churches USA. John Sundquist of International Ministries ABC/USA stated support for these groups in a release on Feb. 26, 1998.<ref></ref>

Revision as of 14:41, 9 May 2008

Part of a series on
Christianity in India
Christianity in India
Communities
People
Denominations

Saint Thomas Christian denominations

Syro-Malabar Catholic, Syro-Malankara Catholic, Latin Catholic

Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

Independent Oriential Orthodox

Malabar Independent Syrian Church

Chaldean Syrian

Mar Thoma Syrian, St. Thomas Evangelical

Protestant denominations
Andhra Evangelical Lutheran, Assemblies Jehovah Shammah, Christian Revival Church, Church of North India, Church of South India, Garo Baptist, Indian Brethren, Indian Pentecostal Church of God, Church of God (Full Gospel), North Bank Baptist Christian, Northern Evangelical Lutheran, Methodist Church, Presbyterian, The Pentecostal Mission, Seventh-day Adventist, United Evangelical Lutheran

Organisations

Christianity is India's third-largest religion, following Hinduism and Islam. Abrahamic religions on the whole date back about 2500 years with the arrival of Judaism, followed by arrival of Christianity around 2000 years ago.

Christianity came to India in two main periods, the first century missionary activity of Thomas, the disciple of Jesus, and the Western missionary activities from 1500 to 1975. Vasco da Gama, seeking India, discovered a sea route to India by circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope which caused a major influence on both the histories of Europe.

The total number of Christians in India as per Census in 2001 are 24,080,016 or 2.34% of the population. There are three main regional concentrations of Christian population, namely in South India, on the Konkan Coast, and among tribal people in East, Central, and North-East India. The states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in South India and Arunachal Pradesh in North-East India account for 60% of India's total Christian population.

Early Christianity in India

Main articles: Malankara Church and Saint Thomas Christians
File:St thomas apostle.jpg
St.Thomas

The dawn of Christianity in India dates back to 52 AD, with the arrival of Saint Thomas to Kodungallur in Kerala and establishment of the Seven Churches. As a carpenter, he offered to build a palace for the Indo-Parthian King Gondophares, later converting his daughter and her newly-wed groom, before returning to Mylapore, Chennai in 72 AD. It is believed that he had attained martyrdom here. The Syrian Malabar Nasrani tradition goes back to the very beginnings of 1st century Christian thought and the seven churches that were established by St. Thomas among the natives and the Jewish diaspora in Kerala. According to the Acts of Thomas, the Malabari Jews were the first Christians converted by Thomas in India, who had settled in Kerala since the time of King Solomon of Israel.

According to historians, St. Thomas who was himself a Jew by birth. the ideologies of baptism was similar to bathing in the Ganges, which was first mentioned in the Rig Veda, the Mahabharata, and the Devi Bhagvatam. After evangelizing in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the Apostle is believed to have been martyred at St. Thomas Mount in Chennai and buried on the site of San Thome Cathedral. Members of the Syro-Malabar Church, an eastern rite of the Catholic Church, adopted the Syriac liturgy dating from an unknown period before the 4th Century. In the 4th century, the Apostle’s relics were taken to Edessa at the instance of the Bishop of Edessa. The Christian community founded by St Thomas has since developed into a number of churches during the Portuguese persecution, including Syriac-rite churches in communion with the Roman Catholic, Antiochian Orthodox churches, and Nestorian churches.

Medieval Period

The Nasrani Menorah, the symbol of the Syrian Malabar Nasrani Christian community in South India.

The Syrian Malabar Nasrani community was further strengthened by various Persian immigrant settlers. The community was Christian-Jewish Knanaya colonies of third century, Manichaeanism followers and the Babylonian Christians settlers of 4th Century, the 7th Century Syrian settlement of Mar Sabor Easo and Proth, and the immigrant Persian Christians from successive centuries. The Kerala Syrian Church was in communion with Syrian Church and was belived to be under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians and the Patriarch of Babylonian till the Portuguese arrival in the late 15th century. Bishops came from Syria. They seem to have maintained their identity for a long time in the first few centuries and later amalgamated into one patronized community known differently as Nasrani, Malankara Christians, Syrian Christians.

The archaeological excavations at Pattanam show that the ancient port town of Muziris was in modern Kerala. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea calls it of “leading importance” describing it: Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia,it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia.

The South Indian epic of Manimekalai (written between 2nd and 3rd century CE) mentions the Nasrani people by the name Essanis referring to one of the early Christian-Jewish sect within the Nasranis called Essenes. The embassy of Alfred in 833 CE described the Nestorian Syrian Christians as being prosperous and enjoying high status in the Malabar coast. Marco Polo also mentioned the Nasranis and their ancient church in the Malabar coast in his writings Il Milione.

Early Modern Period

In the early modern periods, the French missionaries were the first Europeans to touch Indian shores. The French missionary Jordanus Catalani arrived in Surat in 1320. After his ministry in Gujarat he reached Quilon in 1323. He not only revived Christianity but also brought thousands to the Christian fold. The first Bishop of Quilon was received with great jubilation by the faithful of Quilon. He brought a message of good wishes from the Holy Father to the local rulers. As the first bishop in India , he was also entrusted with the spiritual nourishment of the Christian community in Calicut , Mangalore, Thane and Broach (north of Thane).

Portuguese missionaries had reached the Malabar Coast in the late 15th century, made contact with the St Thomas Christians in Kerala and sought to introduce the Latin Rite among them. Since the priests for St Thomas Christians were served by the Eastern Christian Churches, they were following Eastern Christian practices at that time. Throughout this period, foreign missionaries also made many new converts to Christianity. This led to the formation of Latin Catholics in Kerala. Latin Catholics in Kerala today comprises the St Thomas Christians who accepted Latin Rite, found mostly in central Kerala, and the Christians converted by Portuguese influence and other missionary work, found mainly in the southern parts of Kerala.

The Sé Cathedral of Santa Catarina is a cathedral dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria, located in Old Goa

With the Papal bull Romanus Pontifex the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia was given to the Portuguese. The Portuguese colonial government in Goa supported the mission in India with incentives for baptized Christians. They offered rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class and military support for local rulers.Early Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese, led by the Jesuit St Francis Xavier (1506-52), expanded from their bases on the west coast making many converts. Portuguese missionaries wanted to convert the population of Goa. As a result of Portuguese incentives many converted Indians were opportunistic Rice Christians, who even practiced their old religion. This was seen as a threat to the immaculateness of the Christian belief. St. Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, requested an Inquisition be installed in Goa. However, it was not installed until eight years after Francis Xavier's death. ]. Modern-day Goa has a substantial Roman Catholic population; around 30% of the population is Roman Catholic. The undecayed body of Saint Francis Xavier is still on public view in a glass coffin at the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa.

The St Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore

Mangalore is one more significant region on the west coast which has a huge population of Christianity. In 1321, the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac (in south-western France) landed in a place called Bhatkal near Mangalore and established a missionary station there. Many locals were converted to Christianity by Jordanus. . However like the other tracts in India, the Portuguese were unable to establish their presence in Mangalore due to the valiant Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevraya and the dauntless Bednore Queen of Mangalore Abbakka Rani of Ullal. Mangalorean Catholics were basically the descendants of Goan Catholics who fled Goa during the Portuguese-Maratha Wars and the Goa Inquisition. The St. Aloysius Chapel was later built in Mangalore. This chapel very closely resembles the world-famous Sistine Chapel in Rome.

The Malankara Orthodox St. Mary's Church in Kottayam, Kerala which was originally built in 1579

In Bombay, the high-class Hindus were ceremoniously converted to Christianity by the Portuguese in the 16th century. A large number of the converts were decendants of the Christian Community founded by Apostle St. Barthmolew. They were even referred to as the Portuguese Christians by the Portuguese. From the early days of the East India Company, there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan. With the defeat of the Portuguese at the hands of the Marathas and later on the advent of the British, there came a lot of changes. With gradual development, the North Konkan region received the Goan Catholic emigrants from Goa. On the occasion of The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, the Christians of North Konkan, who were known as Portuguese Christians discarded that name and adopted the designation East Indians.

Beginning in the eighteenth century, Protestant missionaries began to work throughout India, leading to the growth of different Christian communities. In 1793 William Carey, an English Baptist Minister came to India as a Missionary. He worked in Serampore, Calcutta, and other places as a missionary. He started the Serampore College. He translated the Bible into Bengali. He worked until his death in 1834. Anthony Norris Groves, Plymouth Brethren missionary came to India in 1833. He worked in the Godavari delta area. He worked in India until his death in 1852. Mormon missionaries, including Hugh Findlay, arrived in Bombay and Pune in the early 1850s, but did not meet with success.

Demographics

Distribution of Christian population in different Indian states

The total number of Christians in India as per Census in 2001 are 24,080,016 or 2.34% of the population.

Majority of Indian Christians are Roman Catholics accounting for a total of 17.3 million members, including 408,725 members of the Syro-Malankara Church and 3,674,115 of the Syro-Malabar Church. In January 1993 the Syro-Malabar Church and in February 2005 Syro-Malankara Church were raised to the status of major archiepiscopal churches by Pope John Paul II. The Syro-Malabar Church is the second largest among 22 Eastern Catholic Churches who accept the Pope as the "visible head of the whole church".

Most Protestant denominations are represented in India, as a result of missionary activities throughout the country. The largest Protestant denomination in the country is the Church of South India, since 1947 a union of Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational, Methodist, and Anglican congregations with approximately 3.8 million members. A similar Church of North India had 1.25 million members. (These churches are in full communion with the Anglican Communion.) The Mar Thoma Church has 900,000 members, and derives from the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, which numbers 1.2 million and is in communion with the Anglicans, but not a full member. In 1961, the evangelical wing of the church came out of Mar Thoma Church and formed the St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India which has 10,000 members . Syrian Orthodox Church of Malabar rites 1,200,000 members, respectively. There were about 1,267,786 million Lutherans, 648,000 Methodists, and 2,392,694 Baptists in India . Pentecostalism, another denomination of Protestantism, is also a rapidly growing religion in India. It is spreading greatly in northern India and the southwest area, such as Kerala. The major Pentecostal churches in India are the Assemblies of God, The Pentecostal Mission (TPM - founded in 1923. ), India Pentecostal Church of God (IPC) with 900,000 members. New Apostolic Church founded in 1969, with total adherents of 1,448,209. The New Life Fellowship (founded in 1968) now has approximately 480,000 adherents, and the Manna Full Gospel churches and ministries (founded in 1968 with connections to Portugal) has 275,000. Evangelical Church of India now has over 680 churches with a 250,000 community. Another prominent group is the Brethrens. They are known in different names Plymouth Brethren, Indian Brethren, Kerala brethren. Presbyterian Church of India has 823,456 members.

From the late nineteenth century, the fastest growing Christian communities have been located in the northeast, among the Khasis, Mizos, and the Nagas. Today Christians are most prevalent in the northeast, and in the southwestern states of Kerala and Goa. Indian Christians have contributed significantly to and are well represented in various spheres of national life. They are currently chief ministers of the states like Andhra Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya, and they were chief ministers earlier of Kerala, Manipur, Goa, and Chattisgarh. In the powerful election committee of the ruling Indian National Congress party, they take four out of twenty places.


Christianity in India
Church Name Population
Roman Catholics Latin Rite 13,217,160
Roman Catholic Syro-Malabar Church 3,674,115
Roman Catholic Syro-Malankara Church 408,725
Church of South India 3,800,000
Baptists 2,392,694
New Apostolic Church 1,448,209
Church of North India 1,250,000
Malankara (Indian) Orthodox Syrian Church 1,200,000
Mar Thoma Church 1,000,000
Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church of Malabar 1,200,000
Lutherans 1,267,786
Methodists 648,000
India Pentecostal Church of God 600,000
Indian Brethren 1,000,000
St. Thomas Evangelical Church 30,000
Presbyterian Church of India 823,456
New Life Fellowship 480,000
Manna Full Gospel 275,000
Evangelical Church 250,000

Conflicts

Hindu-Christian conflict

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Historically, Hindus and Christians have lived in relative peace since the arrival of Christianity in India from the early part of the first millennium. The arrival of European colonialists brought about large scale missionary activity in South India and North-East India. Many indigenous cultures were converted to Christianity. Sometimes they were voluntary, and other times they were violent and forced, as in the Goa Inquisition.

Hindus who converted to Christianity typically retained their social customs, including caste practices. Aggressive proselytizing by Christian missionaries under British rule was a cause of resentment among Hindus and Muslims in the 19th century, who felt that their cultures were being attacked. This was one of the several causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British Raj. Also, many Christian ideals prompted reform movements within the Hindu society in the 19th century, the most notable being the Brahmo Samaj, which was influenced by British Christian Unilateralism.. Indian Christians have retained Hindu customs and practices, and have combined Hindu customs with Christianity to achieve a unique brand of Indian Christianity. For instance, some Christians in India celebrate the Hindu festival of Diwali .

In more contemporary periods, Hindu-Christian amity is sometimes challenged by partisan politics and extremism from both communities. Christian missionary activity among lower-caste Hindus has created groups of Crypto-Christians, particularly among Dalits. As a response to allegedly aggressive missionary activity four Indian states (Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu mainly) have passed laws restricting or prohibiting religious conversion. This has created some resentment in the Indian Christian community.


The Government of the state of Tripura has uncovered evidence to support the assertion that the Baptist Church of Tripura has been supporting the terrorist group National Liberation Front of Tripura, a violent separatist group that has attacked and killed Hindus in the region and that has banned Hindu festivals by force. The cause of the terror groups are supported by leadership of the American Baptist Churches USA. John Sundquist of International Ministries ABC/USA stated support for these groups in a release on Feb. 26, 1998.

Muslim - Christian conflict

Muslims in India and Pakistan who convert to Christianity have been known to be subjected to harassment, intimidation, and attacks. In Kashmir, a 50 year old Christian convert named Bashir Tantray was killed, allegedly by Islamist militants, on November 21, 2006.

A Christian priest, K.K. Alavi, who is a convert from Islam, recently raised the ire of his former Muslim community and has received many death threats. An Islamic militant group named "The National Development Front" actively campaigned against him.

A set of palm leaf manuscripts from the 15th century or the 16th century, containing Christian prayers in Tamil

References

  1. ^ Population by religious communities
  2. Katz, Nathan; & Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993) The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India, Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar Columbia, SC, Univ. of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-847-6
  3. Israel J. Ross. Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala. Asian Music, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1979), pp. 80-98
  4. "Christianity in India". M.B. Herald, Vol. 35, No. 9. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  5. Vasco da Gama collection on University of Michigan
  6. K. M. Panikkar. Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco Da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498-1945 The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Nov., 1954), pp. 407-408
  7. CensusIndia 2001
  8. ^ Stephen Andrew Missick.Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India. Journal of Assyrian Academic studies.
  9. Tom Shippey. Bibliophobia: Hatred of the Book in the Middle Ages
  10. Susan Ashbrook Harvey. Women in the Syrian Tradition. The St. Nina Quarterly
  11. Stephen Neill. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 ISBN 0521548853
  12. ^ "THE GREATE PRELATES WHO SHAPED THE HISTORY OF DIOCESE OF QUILON". Quilon Diocese. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  13. ^ Daus, Ronald (1983). Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. pp. p.61-66. ISBN 3-87294-202-6. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. "The St. Aloysius College Chapel". St. Aloysius College. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  15. aburad. "St. Aloysius Chapel". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  16. "East Indians (the indigenous Catholic inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein)" (PDF). The East Indian Community. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  17. Eugene Myers Harrison. "William Carey (The Cobbler Who Turned Discoverer)". Wholesome Words. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  18. CensusIndia 2001
  19. "Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world". BBC News.
  20. "Recapitulation of Statistics". The Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church.
  21. http://www.smcim.org//about.htm
  22. http://www.csichurch.com/
  23. http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=132&lg=eng
  24. http://www.indianchristianity.org/marthoma.html
  25. http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=122&Itemid=213
  26. http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html
  27. http://www.syrianchurch.org/
  28. http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_137.html
  29. http://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3171
  30. http://www.bwanet.org/default.aspx?pid=437
  31. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/05-1/05-1-RHedlund.pdf
  32. http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Roger_Hedlund_Full_Paper.pdf
  33. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  34. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  35. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  36. http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_135.html
  37. http://www.indianchristianity.org/presbyterian.html
  38. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/4243727.stm
  39. http://www.smcim.org//about.htm
  40. http://www.malankaracatholicchurch.net/Statistics.htm
  41. http://www.csichurch.com/
  42. http://www.bwanet.org/default.aspx?pid=437
  43. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  44. http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=132&lg=eng
  45. http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=122&Itemid=213
  46. http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=132&lg=eng
  47. http://www.syrianchurch.org/
  48. http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_137.html
  49. http://gbgm-umc.org/global_news/full_article.cfm?articleid=3171
  50. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  51. http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html
  52. http://www.indianchristianity.org/presbyterian.html
  53. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  54. http://www.apts.edu/ajps/01-1/01-1-SBurgess.pdf
  55. http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_135.html
  56. Christian caste - Britannica Concise
  57. Christianity - Hindu Customs in the Christian Community in India
  58. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6050408.stm BBC Article dealing with conversion prohibition laws
  59. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/717775.stm BBC News article explaining links between the Baptist Church of Tripura & the NLFT
  60. ABC IM - Nagaland Crisis
  61. Christian convert from Islam shot dead in Kashmir, SperoNews
  62. Convert from Islam in India Remains on Death List, Christian Examiner
  • This article includes material from the 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India.
  • Trec International
  • International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention
  • American Baptist Convention
  • The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, Vol.I (India), Vol.II (Kerala)

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