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⚫ ]: ''Prusa'', ]: ''Preußen'', ]: ''Prusy'', ] ''Prusai'', ]: ''Borussia''
''For other meanings of Prussia, see ].''
----


==Introduction==
'''Prussia''' was a kingdom from 1701 through 1918 under the rule of ] which became the leading kingdom of the ], comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. The ''Kingdom of Prussia'' succeeded the ]. Prussia was absorbed into the ] in 1918, and after ] the Allies decreed that Prussia be dissolved into present-day ], ] and ].
In its various forms, the national name '''Prussia''' has been used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. Today the use of the term depends heavily on context. Not always but very commonly it is the ]n state which is being referred to. Under ]'s rule ] became a kingdom which was to lead the ], comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the Empire's area. However, this article overviews Prussia proper as a nation area and does not go into the details of such specific periods.


The use of the term "Prussia" today depends heavily on context. In a good light, some emphasise Prussia's role in ], when it was a land of religious and ethnic tolerance and a home to artists and intellectuals. In a less flattering light, the term "Prussia" also conjurs images of militarism, due to its ancient militaristic traditions and culture, which were decisive in making it the most powerful kingdom of the German Empire. In a good light, some emphasise Prussia's role in ], when it was a land of religious and ethnic tolerance and a home to artists and intellectuals. In a less flattering light, the term "Prussia" also conjurs images of militarism, due to its ancient militaristic traditions and culture, which were decisive in making it the most powerful ] of the ]. To confuse the Prussian nation with Brandenburg is as clumsy as confusing Hungary with Austria because of the Austro-Hungarian state.


== Formation == ==Militarism==
The traditional origins of most East-European nations can trace a stem from Scythia, and historians are aware that militaristically Prussia is no exception. Scythian ritual scarring as a young warrior's initiation continued in the Prussian fencing academy up into the latter first half of the 20th C.. Scythian institutions and Arts of War continued to be inherited from the steppes throughout Prussia's development as regiments of Hunnish 'Hussar cavalry', and the 'Ulan lancers', named after the Mongol-Tatar royal-clan found their places in Prussian Martial tradition. But it was the existence of prussia as the stateof the legendary famed Teutonic Knights which caused the association of Prussia with Militarism to gel. The image was already established by the time Fredrich the , conscripted his army of Prussian giants which was awkward & clumsy rather than deadly, but they looked intimidating.
In ], Frederick William I, the "Great Elector", died and his possessions passed to his son ] (ruled 1688-1713). With the exception of Prussia, all of Brandenburg's lands were a part of the ], by this time under the all but hereditary nominal rule of the House of ]. Since there was only one King of the Germans within the Empire, Frederick gained the assent of the Emperor ] (in return for alliance against France) to his adoption (January ]) of the title of "King in Prussia", based on his non-Imperial territories, and the title came into general acceptance with the ] (1713). Though Brandenburg was far richer and more important than Prussia proper, it was gradually subsumed into the Kingdom of Prussia. The change was understood by all to be a shell game with titles, and the new nation was commonly called Brandenburg-Prussia.


==Geography==
== The Early Years ==
The Historical Baltic identity of Prussia proper lies within the borders of the Prussian amber coast (from Hel to Klaipedia). This is the area which was refered to in Latin as Borussia where the Prusi Preußen, who gave the region its name, thrived upto Gdansk and the easternmost tip of Kashubia. Historical Baltic Prussia Proper does not include the marches of Brandenburg, Pomerania nor all but eastern parts around Pojezierze -Malbork(Marienburg), Kwidzyn(Marienwerder) and perhaps Torun(Thorn)- of former "West Prussia".
Sweden's defeat by Russia, Saxony-Poland, Denmark-Norway, ] and Prussia in the ] (1700-1721) marked the end of significant Swedish power on the southern shores of the ]. In the Prusso-Swedish peace treaty of Stockholm (January ]), ] regained ] (Szczecin) and other parts of Sweden's holding in ]. The Hohenzollerns of ] had held the reversion to the Duchy of Pomerania since ]. (Lower Pomerania had already been annexed to ] in ] at the ]).


The Russian Kaliningrad region corresponds essentially to the core prussian provinces like Sembia. Present-day Poland's Mazury was South Prussia's provinces of Masurland & Sudovia, which included the Galindans & western Suduvians to the south & south-east. Under the ] state most the rest of the Western-Balts (Aestians) like eastern Suduvian, Scalovian, Nadrovian and some Cour lands to the northeast were decisively incorporated into Prussia forming their own regions and eastern province. From Memel (Klaipeda) down to Goldap and as far west as Labiau/Labguva (Polessk) was once Prussia's "Province of Lithuania Minor". It is important to mention that the memel region was never a Prusi homeland, Prussians only migrated and integrated there during the time of ]. Tribes of "western Litts" which may have been any of the Aestians including the Norman influenced Prusi, migrated in masses after the Order's conquering wars.
During this time the trends set in motion by the Great Elector reached their culmination, as the ]s - the landed aristocracy - were welded to the army which had gained so much influence in the previous fifty years.


==Prussians==
== Invasion of Austria ==
⚫ Though rapidly losing its sense of identity and with no political unity, Prussia still exists as a dispersed nation in exile. In addition, southern Germans described all Northern German as Prussians, while Rheinlander call people from ], ] or ] Prussians. For the vast majority however, Prussia is remembered only in the past tense, for its role in uniting ] and is still, especially abroad, often wrongly perceived as a synonymous term for Germany. In this article "Prussians" are any of the multi-ethnic (including, unless otherwise specified, Prussia's Baltic German Prussishers) inhabitants of (GB) Prussia, while Prusi refers to the indigenous ancestral inhabitants of Prussia.
In ], Frederick II (more commonly known as ]) came to the throne and invaded ], a province of ] which was in turmoil after the death of the ]. The invasion was the first shot of the ] (Silesia was to have passed to the rulers of ] on the extinction of its ] according to a bilateral arrangement of 1537, subsequently vetoed by the Emperor ]). After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect the new ]n ] if the province were turned over to him. The offer was rejected, but Austria faced several other opponents, and Frederick was eventually able to gain formal cession with ]'s ].


⚫ ==Notable Persons of Prussian History==
To the surprise of many, Austria managed to renew the war successfully, and in ] Frederick invaded again to forestall reprisals and to claim, this time, the province of ]. This time he failed, but ] pressure on Austria's ally ] led to a series of treaties and compromises (culminating in the ] ] that restored peace and left Prussia still in possession of Silesia.
⚫ * ] (philosopher)
⚫ * ] (mathematician)


⚫ ==History of Prussia==
Humiliated by the cession of Silesia, Austria worked to secure an alliance with ] and ], while Prussia drifted into the ]'s camp (the "]". When Frederick pre-emptively invaded ] and Bohemia over the course of a few months in ]-], a general conflict broke out: the ].
Historical texts using the word ''Prussia'' might refer to the geographical region of the ]n country; the Papal Fief ]; the ]; the Polish ] or its components of ] and ]; the state of ] or its provinces of ] and ]; or simply and most commonly ] on its own.


Please refer to articles related to the following specific periods for detailed discussions:
== Defense Against Europe's Assault ==
* 6th-13th centuries ]
This war was a desperate struggle for the Prussians, and the fact that they managed to fight much of Europe to a draw bears witness to Frederick's military skill. Facing Austria, Russia, France and ] simultaneously, and with only ] (and the non-continental British) as notable allies, he managed to hold off serious invasion until October ], when the Russian army briefly occupied ] and Königsberg. The situation became progressively grimmer, however, until the death of the Tsarina ] and the accession of the prussophile ] relieved the pressure on the eastern front. Sweden also dropped out of the war at about the same time. Defeating the Austrian army at the ], and relying on continuing British success against France in the war's colonial theatres, Prussia was finally able to force a ''status quo ante bellum'' on the continent. This result confirmed Prussia's major role in Germany and ] as a whole. Frederick, appalled by the near-miss for his country, lived out his days as a much more peaceable ruler.
* 13th-15th centuries The ] & The ]
* 15th-17th centuries Poland's ]
* 17thC.-1918 ]'s Kingdom of Prussia
* 1918-1945 Ostpreussen autonomous region in the Weimar Republic & WWII
* 1945-Present ], ], ], ]


Habitation in the area of former Prussia might date back to 9000 B.C. and Scyth graves have been found in the area. It is thought that hemp fields there might have been an important textile source besides the importance of Baltic Amber which reached as far as China. It was probably around C.E. 10 that the Baltic tribes started to move north along the Prypet & Nemunas rivers, driving Finnic peoples north. Documented history of 'the Balts' seems to have started with Tacticus (1st century), and Ptolemy (2nd century). Aestian tribes like the Galindae, Sudeni, and the dark(black)haired warlike Yatvig (Yatvyag) Sudvins and Yadzing became the first documented inhabitants of the area. Historical Atlases show that the area also became the north-easternmost part of Attila's Empire in Central Europe, and at around the same time Danes sailed routes across Baltic shores going down as far as the Nemunas convergence(Muirs).
== Expansion to Poland ==
Prussia continued to grow through diplomatic means, however. To the east and south, Poland had gradually become weakened, and in ] Frederick was unable to resist the first of the ] between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The Kingdom of Prussia thus gained full sovereignty of ] and the Polish ], henceforth (until 1824, and again in 1878-1918) the province of ]. After Frederick the Great died (in ]), his nephew ] continued the partitions through military and diplomatic force, gaining a large part of western Poland in ] and a large area (including ]) to the south of ] in ], when the Polish kingdom ceased to exist.


==Weimar Republic & WWII==
In 1772 King Friedrich II annexed the Polish province of ], without the ], from the Kingdom of Poland, and united it with the duchy of Prussia (it now taking the name ]). In 1793, King Friedrich Wilhelm II annexed the areas around Gdansk and Torun. In 1793 and 1795, larger areas of Poland were added, which were organized into the Provinces of South Prussia and New East Prussia. Like many countries in Eastern Europe at that time, the old Polish Kingdom was inhabited by many ethnic groups, and it is important not to confuse political loyalties with ethnic identities. Many loyal Polish subjects were not ethnically Polish. Western Prussia, including Gdansk, had had a ethnic ] majority for centuries, while a sizable German minority lived in the Torun area. Other important ethnic groups, besides ]s, were ]s. Some locals even descended from hardy ]smen, who had fled to Gdansk in the 16th century, and founded the suburb of New Scotland.
The "2nd Reich" ended in 1918. During the inter-war years Prussia briefly attained a form of semi autonomy as the autonomous region of "East Prussia" but was soon overrun by Nazis, as Hitler built up to the invasion of 'the Polish corridor' in order to unite the region to the 1932-45 3rd Reich.


Appealing to the spirit of ancient heritage in the area, "Baltic Germans" were sucked in by Hitler's speeches (as were Germanics across Europe), and as the many other ethnicities (most notably Jews, Poles, and Lithuanians) in Prussia were not allowed to vote, Hitler apparently gained quite a few supporters winning a good majority of the "ethnic German" votes in this multi-ethnic and historically richly Yiddish region. Historically Jews had played an important role in the region, though the Jewish religious perspective on christ was not popular, anti-semitism has been said to have been non-existent there upto 1918. Not coincidentally Hitler form his gestapo there but to counter this, and any communist revolutionaries.
The Kingdom of Prussia at this time was not part of Germany. ] was the capital and coronation city of the Prussian kings. In 1806 ] conquered Europe and abolished the German empire and the title of Kaiser for Germany (capital: Wien ). The Kaiser in Wien became Kaiser of Austria with no power in the rest of Germany. The titles of Kurfürst (elector) became meaningless and was abolished and changed to Kings of Bohemia, Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Wuerttemberg, and Hannover by Napoleon's grace. The archbishops and Catholic church had lost all their secular power in 1803.


The Nazis altered about 1/3 of the toponymy of the area before they were vanquished by Soviet forces. Russia had gained the eastern-most tip of Prussia by the 29th of August 1944. Many inhabitants of Prussia were sucked into evacuations through fear of the Stalinists (propaganda which did not need much exaggeration) who completed the conquest of the area by the end of autumn. Independent figures for Prussians are not recorded but some 350,000 "ethnic Germans" from accross Eastern Europe had been evacuated in covered wagons to the Warthegau in Western Poland where they were settled, and granted German citizenship. They later fled from the Stalinists advance, to the interior of Germany.
After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 the kingdom of Prussia became known as "Die Vereinigten Preussischen Staaten" (United Prussian States) which now also included provinces like Silesia, Brandenburg, Pomerania and areas as far west as the Rhine province. Berlin now became the Prussian capital. Until 1806 the Hohenzollern sovereign had had many titles and hats from Head of the Evangelic Church to King, Elector, Grandduke, Duke for the various regions and realms under his rule. After 1806 he simply was King of Prussia. Terms like German government or German army have no meaning for this time period until 1871.


==Postwar==
In 1871 Germany as an empire with a Kaiser was re-established with Berlin as the capital of Germany and Prussia and with the Prussian king also having the title of German Kaiser. All monarchies in Germany were abolished in 1918, thus removing the last Hohenzollern ruler from power.
Prussians being as properly distinct from Germans as Austrians only really became 'German' only after the evacuations & deportations from their Baltic home to Germany, by Nazi & (during the Stalinist genocide) Soviet troops respectively, enabled by the Yalta Conference's agreement (February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) where their Prussian ethnicity was not considered. Ever since many have failed to integrate and have never felt at home even to the point of a 2nd emigration.


Brandenburg's power was declared defunct post-facto in 1947 by the Allied victors of ] and Prussia was to all intents & purposes "deleted". The ] Decree No. 46 of ], ], declared: ''"The state of Prussia, which has forever been the carrier of militarism and reaction in Germany, shall herewith be dissolved."'' and while Brandenburg came under the iron curtain, its capital was was split into eastern & western areas of control the area of Prussia proper was distributed amongst present-day ] and ], with Klaipaedia returning to ].
Prussia was absorbed into the ] until Prussia was declared defunct in 1947 by the Allied victors of World War II.


The Brandenburg & western areas of ]'s former Kingdom of Prussia were distributed among many of Germany's sixteen ''] (federal states)'', among them ], ], ], and ]. The Prussian parts of the pre-war Brandenburg-Prussian state were made parts of ] and the ] at the ], when the ] was established as the new border between ] and ].
==After World War II==


Prussia fell victim to popular myths that surrounded her, the prussian story was obscured as she was scapegoated for the war. The Yalta Conference determined to delete the area. For being an object of Nazi desire, Prussia was cut into three. South Prussia, the biggest portion including Warmia-Mazurski (Ermeland & Masurland), was ceded to Poland. The major Part of north-east Prussia with the port Konigsburg went to Russia becoming an enclave and colony on the Baltic coast -regardless of the fact that the territories were not even connecting- out of fear that Prussia might be too much of a temptation to Germany. The rest, being the far northern 'Department of Lithuania-Minor' with the port Memel(Klaipeda), was ceded again to Lithuania as part then of the USSR. According to Lithuanian sources, the bulk of the population in this part of former Prussia were and still are Lithuanians. From the same source a major portion of the pre-war Prussish inhabitants emigrated.
After ], Prussia as a state was formally dissolved by the ] Decree No. 46 of ], ], which simply declared: ''"The state of Prussia, which has forever been the carrier of militarism and reaction in Germany, shall herewith be dissolved."''


Stalin did not differentiate civilian Prussishers (nor any of the other nationalities present in the area) from Nazi Soldiers. He also considered "ethnic Germans" from all over what was Soviet liberated East Europe, repatriated in 1945 as traitors and therefore also war criminals.
The eastern parts of the pre-war Prussian state had been made parts of ] and the ] at the ], when the ] was established as the new border between ] and ]. The remaining area of the former kingdom of Prussia is today distributed among many of Germany's sixteen ''] (federal states)'', among them ], ], ], and ].


For those left in Prussia, "The Terror" of 1945-50 began. In traumatised post-war Europe a silent ethnocide slipped by enabled by Roosevelt and Churchill. All remaining Prussians (110-170 thousand) who had not been forced into evacuation by the Nazis were also accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Stalin, in accordance with the Yalta agreement, set about the deletion process.
Southern Germans described all Northern German as Prussians, while Rheinlander call people from ], ] or ] Prussians.


Much of the following narative is parallelled from a lithuanian source with details added.
⚫ Though rapidly losing its sense of identity and with no political unity, Prussia still exists as a dispersed nation in exile following the decision to "delete" Prussia after ]. For the vast majority however, Prussia is remembered only in the past tense, for its role in uniting ] and is still, especially abroad, often wrongly perceived as a synonymous term for Germany.


"In the formerly Soviet north, in order to make Prussia look more Russian, the entire ancient toponymy of the land was reinvented as a Russian one, while it suffered badly in the Polish south. Cities, towns and settlements acquired Russian names which were often made of Bolsheviks', statesmen's and servicemen's second names even the second names of the Tsar's generals to complete the artificiality! The names of all places underwent a total metamorphosis. The port and region of Kaliningrad was born, becoming a Russian colony and strategic Soviet power foothold.
⚫ ==Notable Persons of Prussian History==

⚫ * ] (philosopher)
People were deprived of their homes and murdered. Some were sent to (East?)Germany between 1946-48. Anything left in the region was confiscated or burned. Some remaining Prussishers fled to Soviet Lithuania, believing they would be safe there, but this was not their salvation. By the autumn 1944 - spring 1945 refugees from Prussia, mostly women, little children and disabled old persons, all living in penury, were concentrated in the western part of Soviet Lithuania. Some spoke Lithuanian but many did not understand the language at all. Despite Bolsheviks' prohibitions, everybody tried to help the deprived. The adults were deported by Soviet power. Mothers left their children with kind Lithuanians who raised these vokietukai (the "Little Germans") up.
⚫ * ] (mathematician)

Eventually the entire population was deported and sent to labour camps or killed and a Soviet one imported. The rulers of the Kremlin inhabited their part of north Prussia mostly with Russians coming from Smolensk, Voronez, Oriol, and other regions. By the end of 1946 about 12 thousand families had been moved. Absurd ideas about Prussia being the native Russian or at least Slavic land from times immemorial were drummed into their heads. This was even written in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia published in 1953. Authors of scientific researches had been ordered to prove unreal facts."

No autochthons were left in (north)Prussia. As were all newly defined "Soviet Germans" Prussishers were made to sign a statement that they would never return to their former districts, or put in a claim for confiscated property?

Nevertheless, there are people all over the world who still determine themselves ethnically/culturally as Prussians. Thousands of Prussians stil live in central asia and Siberia and attempts are being made to gain international recognition for their minority.


==Provinces of Prussia== ==Provinces of Prussia==


Listed are all provinces and equivalent subdivisions of Prussia between 1815 and 1947. The following list names all provinces and equivalent subdivisions which were considered part of Prussia between 1815 and 1947.


*] (from 1881) *] (from 1881)
Line 88: Line 103:
* collective work, <i>Szkice z dziejów Pomorza</i>, vol. 1-3, Warszawa 1958-61 * collective work, <i>Szkice z dziejów Pomorza</i>, vol. 1-3, Warszawa 1958-61


⚫ == External links ==
⚫ ==Origins of the term Prussia==
⚫ *


⚫ The national name '''Prussia''' (in ]: ''Prusa'', ]: ''Preußen'', ]: ''Prusy'', ] ''Prusai'', ]: ''Pruthenia'' or ''Borussia'') was used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. See ].

==Related topics==
*] *]
*] *]
Line 106: Line 119:
*] *]
*] *]

⚫ == External links ==
⚫ *

Revision as of 19:09, 9 January 2004


Prussian: Prusa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian Prusai, Latin: Borussia

Introduction

In its various forms, the national name Prussia has been used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. Today the use of the term depends heavily on context. Not always but very commonly it is the Brandenburg-Prussian state which is being referred to. Under Brandenburg's rule Brandenburg-Prussia became a kingdom which was to lead the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the Empire's area. However, this article overviews Prussia proper as a nation area and does not go into the details of such specific periods.

In a good light, some emphasise Prussia's role in the Enlightenment, when it was a land of religious and ethnic tolerance and a home to artists and intellectuals. In a less flattering light, the term "Prussia" also conjurs images of militarism, due to its ancient militaristic traditions and culture, which were decisive in making it the most powerful kingdom of the German Empire. To confuse the Prussian nation with Brandenburg is as clumsy as confusing Hungary with Austria because of the Austro-Hungarian state.

Militarism

The traditional origins of most East-European nations can trace a stem from Scythia, and historians are aware that militaristically Prussia is no exception. Scythian ritual scarring as a young warrior's initiation continued in the Prussian fencing academy up into the latter first half of the 20th C.. Scythian institutions and Arts of War continued to be inherited from the steppes throughout Prussia's development as regiments of Hunnish 'Hussar cavalry', and the 'Ulan lancers', named after the Mongol-Tatar royal-clan found their places in Prussian Martial tradition. But it was the existence of prussia as the stateof the legendary famed Teutonic Knights which caused the association of Prussia with Militarism to gel. The image was already established by the time Fredrich the , conscripted his army of Prussian giants which was awkward & clumsy rather than deadly, but they looked intimidating.

Geography

The Historical Baltic identity of Prussia proper lies within the borders of the Prussian amber coast (from Hel to Klaipedia). This is the area which was refered to in Latin as Borussia where the Prusi Preußen, who gave the region its name, thrived upto Gdansk and the easternmost tip of Kashubia. Historical Baltic Prussia Proper does not include the marches of Brandenburg, Pomerania nor all but eastern parts around Pojezierze -Malbork(Marienburg), Kwidzyn(Marienwerder) and perhaps Torun(Thorn)- of former "West Prussia".

The Russian Kaliningrad region corresponds essentially to the core prussian provinces like Sembia. Present-day Poland's Mazury was South Prussia's provinces of Masurland & Sudovia, which included the Galindans & western Suduvians to the south & south-east. Under the Brandenburg-Prussia state most the rest of the Western-Balts (Aestians) like eastern Suduvian, Scalovian, Nadrovian and some Cour lands to the northeast were decisively incorporated into Prussia forming their own regions and eastern province. From Memel (Klaipeda) down to Goldap and as far west as Labiau/Labguva (Polessk) was once Prussia's "Province of Lithuania Minor". It is important to mention that the memel region was never a Prusi homeland, Prussians only migrated and integrated there during the time of The Kingdom. Tribes of "western Litts" which may have been any of the Aestians including the Norman influenced Prusi, migrated in masses after the Order's conquering wars.

Prussians

Though rapidly losing its sense of identity and with no political unity, Prussia still exists as a dispersed nation in exile. In addition, southern Germans described all Northern German as Prussians, while Rheinlander call people from Brandenburg, Mecklenburg or Berlin Prussians. For the vast majority however, Prussia is remembered only in the past tense, for its role in uniting Germany and is still, especially abroad, often wrongly perceived as a synonymous term for Germany. In this article "Prussians" are any of the multi-ethnic (including, unless otherwise specified, Prussia's Baltic German Prussishers) inhabitants of (GB) Prussia, while Prusi refers to the indigenous ancestral inhabitants of Prussia.

Notable Persons of Prussian History

History of Prussia

Historical texts using the word Prussia might refer to the geographical region of the Baltic Prussian country; the Papal Fief ruled by the Teutonic Knights; the Prussian Confederation; the Polish province of Prussia or its components of Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia; the state of Brandenburg Prussia or its provinces of West Prussia and East Prussia; or simply and most commonly East Prussia on its own.

Please refer to articles related to the following specific periods for detailed discussions:

Habitation in the area of former Prussia might date back to 9000 B.C. and Scyth graves have been found in the area. It is thought that hemp fields there might have been an important textile source besides the importance of Baltic Amber which reached as far as China. It was probably around C.E. 10 that the Baltic tribes started to move north along the Prypet & Nemunas rivers, driving Finnic peoples north. Documented history of 'the Balts' seems to have started with Tacticus (1st century), and Ptolemy (2nd century). Aestian tribes like the Galindae, Sudeni, and the dark(black)haired warlike Yatvig (Yatvyag) Sudvins and Yadzing became the first documented inhabitants of the area. Historical Atlases show that the area also became the north-easternmost part of Attila's Empire in Central Europe, and at around the same time Danes sailed routes across Baltic shores going down as far as the Nemunas convergence(Muirs).

Weimar Republic & WWII

The "2nd Reich" ended in 1918. During the inter-war years Prussia briefly attained a form of semi autonomy as the autonomous region of "East Prussia" but was soon overrun by Nazis, as Hitler built up to the invasion of 'the Polish corridor' in order to unite the region to the 1932-45 3rd Reich.

Appealing to the spirit of ancient heritage in the area, "Baltic Germans" were sucked in by Hitler's speeches (as were Germanics across Europe), and as the many other ethnicities (most notably Jews, Poles, and Lithuanians) in Prussia were not allowed to vote, Hitler apparently gained quite a few supporters winning a good majority of the "ethnic German" votes in this multi-ethnic and historically richly Yiddish region. Historically Jews had played an important role in the region, though the Jewish religious perspective on christ was not popular, anti-semitism has been said to have been non-existent there upto 1918. Not coincidentally Hitler form his gestapo there but to counter this, and any communist revolutionaries.

The Nazis altered about 1/3 of the toponymy of the area before they were vanquished by Soviet forces. Russia had gained the eastern-most tip of Prussia by the 29th of August 1944. Many inhabitants of Prussia were sucked into evacuations through fear of the Stalinists (propaganda which did not need much exaggeration) who completed the conquest of the area by the end of autumn. Independent figures for Prussians are not recorded but some 350,000 "ethnic Germans" from accross Eastern Europe had been evacuated in covered wagons to the Warthegau in Western Poland where they were settled, and granted German citizenship. They later fled from the Stalinists advance, to the interior of Germany.

Postwar

Prussians being as properly distinct from Germans as Austrians only really became 'German' only after the evacuations & deportations from their Baltic home to Germany, by Nazi & (during the Stalinist genocide) Soviet troops respectively, enabled by the Yalta Conference's agreement (February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) where their Prussian ethnicity was not considered. Ever since many have failed to integrate and have never felt at home even to the point of a 2nd emigration.

Brandenburg's power was declared defunct post-facto in 1947 by the Allied victors of World War II and Prussia was to all intents & purposes "deleted". The Allied Control Council Decree No. 46 of February 25, 1947, declared: "The state of Prussia, which has forever been the carrier of militarism and reaction in Germany, shall herewith be dissolved." and while Brandenburg came under the iron curtain, its capital was was split into eastern & western areas of control the area of Prussia proper was distributed amongst present-day Poland and Russia, with Klaipaedia returning to Lithuania.

The Brandenburg & western areas of Brandenburg-Prussia's former Kingdom of Prussia were distributed among many of Germany's sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), among them Berlin, Brandenburg, Lower Saxony, and North Rhine-Westphalia. The Prussian parts of the pre-war Brandenburg-Prussian state were made parts of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, when the Oder-Neisse line was established as the new border between Poland and Germany.

Prussia fell victim to popular myths that surrounded her, the prussian story was obscured as she was scapegoated for the war. The Yalta Conference determined to delete the area. For being an object of Nazi desire, Prussia was cut into three. South Prussia, the biggest portion including Warmia-Mazurski (Ermeland & Masurland), was ceded to Poland. The major Part of north-east Prussia with the port Konigsburg went to Russia becoming an enclave and colony on the Baltic coast -regardless of the fact that the territories were not even connecting- out of fear that Prussia might be too much of a temptation to Germany. The rest, being the far northern 'Department of Lithuania-Minor' with the port Memel(Klaipeda), was ceded again to Lithuania as part then of the USSR. According to Lithuanian sources, the bulk of the population in this part of former Prussia were and still are Lithuanians. From the same source a major portion of the pre-war Prussish inhabitants emigrated.

Stalin did not differentiate civilian Prussishers (nor any of the other nationalities present in the area) from Nazi Soldiers. He also considered "ethnic Germans" from all over what was Soviet liberated East Europe, repatriated in 1945 as traitors and therefore also war criminals.

For those left in Prussia, "The Terror" of 1945-50 began. In traumatised post-war Europe a silent ethnocide slipped by enabled by Roosevelt and Churchill. All remaining Prussians (110-170 thousand) who had not been forced into evacuation by the Nazis were also accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Stalin, in accordance with the Yalta agreement, set about the deletion process.

Much of the following narative is parallelled from a lithuanian source with details added.

"In the formerly Soviet north, in order to make Prussia look more Russian, the entire ancient toponymy of the land was reinvented as a Russian one, while it suffered badly in the Polish south. Cities, towns and settlements acquired Russian names which were often made of Bolsheviks', statesmen's and servicemen's second names even the second names of the Tsar's generals to complete the artificiality! The names of all places underwent a total metamorphosis. The port and region of Kaliningrad was born, becoming a Russian colony and strategic Soviet power foothold.

People were deprived of their homes and murdered. Some were sent to (East?)Germany between 1946-48. Anything left in the region was confiscated or burned. Some remaining Prussishers fled to Soviet Lithuania, believing they would be safe there, but this was not their salvation. By the autumn 1944 - spring 1945 refugees from Prussia, mostly women, little children and disabled old persons, all living in penury, were concentrated in the western part of Soviet Lithuania. Some spoke Lithuanian but many did not understand the language at all. Despite Bolsheviks' prohibitions, everybody tried to help the deprived. The adults were deported by Soviet power. Mothers left their children with kind Lithuanians who raised these vokietukai (the "Little Germans") up.

Eventually the entire population was deported and sent to labour camps or killed and a Soviet one imported. The rulers of the Kremlin inhabited their part of north Prussia mostly with Russians coming from Smolensk, Voronez, Oriol, and other regions. By the end of 1946 about 12 thousand families had been moved. Absurd ideas about Prussia being the native Russian or at least Slavic land from times immemorial were drummed into their heads. This was even written in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia published in 1953. Authors of scientific researches had been ordered to prove unreal facts."

No autochthons were left in (north)Prussia. As were all newly defined "Soviet Germans" Prussishers were made to sign a statement that they would never return to their former districts, or put in a claim for confiscated property?

Nevertheless, there are people all over the world who still determine themselves ethnically/culturally as Prussians. Thousands of Prussians stil live in central asia and Siberia and attempts are being made to gain international recognition for their minority.

Provinces of Prussia

The following list names all provinces and equivalent subdivisions which were considered part of Prussia between 1815 and 1947.

Further reading

Publications in German

  • B. Schumacher, Geschichte Ost- und Westpreussens, Wurzburg 1959

Publications in Polish

  • K. Piwarski, Dzieje Prus Wschodnich w czasach nowożytnych, Gdańsk 1946
  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. I-IV, Poznań 1969-2003 (also covers East Prussia)
  • collective work, Szkice z dziejów Pomorza, vol. 1-3, Warszawa 1958-61

External links