| Revision as of 00:18, 7 June 2008 editAnyeverybody (talk | contribs)Pending changes reviewers5,541 edits Crum I have been explaining on the talk page, including a warning about WP:3RR which this is your third :(← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:23, 7 June 2008 edit undoCrum375 (talk | contribs)Administrators23,961 edits Any, please stop reverting, 3RR applies to you also - discuss on talkNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Infobox Airliner accident | | {{Infobox Airliner accident | | ||
| name=Arrow Air Flight 1285| | name=Arrow Air Flight 1285| | ||
| Crash image= |
Crash image=McDonnell Douglas DC-8-60.jpg| | ||
| Image caption=DC-8 jetliner similar to accident aircraft| | |||
| Image caption=CG render of N950JW attempting takeoff, witnesses described an orange glow from beneath the aircraft as it struggled for altitude| | |||
| Date=] ] | | Date=] ] | | ||
| Type= |
Type=Stall/Crash (Icing most likely) | | ||
| Site=Gander, Newfoundland | | Site=Gander, Newfoundland | | ||
| Fatalities=256| | Fatalities=256| | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
| The ] began its take-off roll on runway 22 from the intersection of runway 13 at 06:45 ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/graphics/figure_1-3.jpg|title=Gander International Airport Diagram}}</ref> It rotated near taxiway "A", 51 seconds after brake release at an airspeed of about 167 ]. The aircraft had difficulty gaining altitude after rotation; the airspeed reached 172 KIAS and began to decrease again, causing the DC-8 to descend. After crossing the ] at a very low altitude, the pitch angle increased, but the aircraft continued to descend until it struck down-sloping terrain just short of ], and crashed approximately 3,000 feet beyond the departure end of the runway. The aircraft broke up and burst into flames, starting a fire that burned for four hours.<ref name=asn/> | The ] began its take-off roll on runway 22 from the intersection of runway 13 at 06:45 ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/graphics/figure_1-3.jpg|title=Gander International Airport Diagram}}</ref> It rotated near taxiway "A", 51 seconds after brake release at an airspeed of about 167 ]. The aircraft had difficulty gaining altitude after rotation; the airspeed reached 172 KIAS and began to decrease again, causing the DC-8 to descend. After crossing the ] at a very low altitude, the pitch angle increased, but the aircraft continued to descend until it struck down-sloping terrain just short of ], and crashed approximately 3,000 feet beyond the departure end of the runway. The aircraft broke up and burst into flames, starting a fire that burned for four hours.<ref name=asn/> | ||
| ==Investigation and final report== | |||
| ==Investigations== | |||
| ⚫ | The ] (CASB) investigated the crash, and, under the signature of five of nine board members, issued the following Probable Cause statement in its final report:<ref name=asn/><ref name=csb>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_i.shtml|title=CASB Majority Report}}</ref> | ||
| ===Majority report=== | |||
| The ] (CASB) investigated the crash, and, under the signature of five of nine board members, found that during its approach toward Gander, precipitation conditions were favorable for the formation of ice on the aircraft's wings. After landing, it continued to be exposed to "freezing and frozen precipitation capable of producing roughening on the wing upper surface" in addition to the freezing temperature. They also found that prior to takeoff the aircraft was not de-iced.<ref name=majfindings>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_3-1.shtml|title=CASB Majority Report:Findings}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The Board issued the following Probable Cause statement in its final report:<ref name=asn/><ref name=csb>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_i.shtml|title=CASB Majority Report}}</ref> |
||
| {{quotation|The Canadian Aviation Safety Board was unable to determine the exact sequence of events which led to this accident. The Board believes, however, that the weight of evidence supports the conclusion that, shortly after lift-off, the aircraft experienced an increase in drag and reduction in lift which resulted in a stall at low altitude from which recovery was not possible. The most probable cause of the stall was determined to be ice contamination on the leading edge and upper surface of the wing. Other possible factors such as a loss of thrust from the number four engine and inappropriate take-off reference speeds may have compounded the effects of the contamination.}} | {{quotation|The Canadian Aviation Safety Board was unable to determine the exact sequence of events which led to this accident. The Board believes, however, that the weight of evidence supports the conclusion that, shortly after lift-off, the aircraft experienced an increase in drag and reduction in lift which resulted in a stall at low altitude from which recovery was not possible. The most probable cause of the stall was determined to be ice contamination on the leading edge and upper surface of the wing. Other possible factors such as a loss of thrust from the number four engine and inappropriate take-off reference speeds may have compounded the effects of the contamination.}} | ||
| The CASB's mention of inappropriate ] stems from their finding that the |
The CASB's mention of inappropriate ] stems from their finding that the crew selected takeoff reference speeds corresponding to a takeoff weight as much as 14,000 to 35,000 pounds less than the actual takeoff weight for the flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_2-4.shtml|title=CASB majority report: Aircraft Weight}}</ref><ref name=csb/> | ||
| ====Weather and icing==== | |||
| On 12 December 1985, the weather at Gander "was dominated by a deep, almost stationary, low pressure system situated about 250 miles south of Greenland..." creating low ceilings with "occasional light snow, very light snow grams, and very light freezing drizzle." <ref name=csbwthr>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_1-7.shtml|title=CASB Majority Report Meteorological Information}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_appendixb.shtml|title=CASB Majority Report Meteorological Information:Meaning of Terms}}</ref> Ice can form on the leading and upper surfaces of an aircraft's wings either while in the air or on the ground from differing causes.<ref name=nasaice>{{cite web|url=http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses_inflight.html|title=A pilot's guide to inflight icing from the Icing Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center retrieved 06/06/2008}}<br />and<br />{{cite web|url=http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses_ground.html|title=A pilot's guide to ground icing from the Icing Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center retrieved 06/06/2008}}</ref> Conditions at Gander were conductive to the formation of ice as the aircraft landed and while it was on the ground.<ref name=majfindings/> | |||
| ===Dissenting report=== | |||
| Four members of the CASB dissented, issuing a minority opinion which concluded:<ref name=csbd/> | Four members of the CASB dissented, issuing a minority opinion which concluded:<ref name=csbd/> | ||
| {{quotation|An in-flight fire that may have resulted from detonations of undetermined origin brought about catastrophic system failures.}} | {{quotation|An in-flight fire that may have resulted from detonations of undetermined origin brought about catastrophic system failures.}} | ||
Revision as of 00:23, 7 June 2008
| File:McDonnell Douglas DC-8-60.jpgDC-8 jetliner similar to accident aircraft | |
| Occurrence | |
|---|---|
| Date | 12 December 1985 |
| Summary | Stall/Crash (Icing most likely) |
| Site | Gander, Newfoundland |
| Aircraft type | McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF |
| Operator | Arrow Air |
| Registration | N950JW |
| Flight origin | Cairo International Airport |
| Stopover | Cologne |
| Last stopover | Gander International Airport |
| Destination | Fort Campbell |
| Passengers | 248 |
| Crew | 8 |
| Fatalities | 256 |
| Injuries | 0 |
| Survivors | 0 |
Arrow Air Flight 1285 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF jetliner, registered N950JW, which operated as an international charter flight, carrying U.S. troops from Cairo to their home base in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, via Cologne, Germany and Gander, Newfoundland. On the morning of December 12, 1985, shortly after takeoff from Gander en route to Fort Campbell, the aircraft stalled, crashed and burned about half a mile from the runway, killing all 256 passengers and crew on board.
The accident was investigated by the Canadian Aviation Safety Board (CASB), and was determined to have been caused by the aircraft's unexpectedly high drag and reduced lift condition, which most likely was due to ice contamination on the wings' leading edges and upper surfaces. A minority report stated that the accident could have been caused by an on board explosion of unknown origin prior to impact.
Flight history
The aircraft was chartered to carry U.S. servicemen, mostly members of the 101st Airborne Division, United States Army, from a six-month stay in the Sinai, where they had served in the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force, back to their base in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The four-engine turbofan departed Cairo, Egypt on December 11, 1985 at 20:35 UTC, headed to Fort Campbell via Cologne, Germany and Gander.
The aircraft landed at Gander International Airport early in the morning of December 12 for a refueling stop. Flight 1285 then departed Gander later that morning, bound for Kentucky.
Crash sequence
The DC-8 began its take-off roll on runway 22 from the intersection of runway 13 at 06:45 NST. It rotated near taxiway "A", 51 seconds after brake release at an airspeed of about 167 KIAS. The aircraft had difficulty gaining altitude after rotation; the airspeed reached 172 KIAS and began to decrease again, causing the DC-8 to descend. After crossing the Trans-Canada Highway at a very low altitude, the pitch angle increased, but the aircraft continued to descend until it struck down-sloping terrain just short of Gander Lake, and crashed approximately 3,000 feet beyond the departure end of the runway. The aircraft broke up and burst into flames, starting a fire that burned for four hours.
Investigation and final report
The Canadian Aviation Safety Board (CASB) investigated the crash, and, under the signature of five of nine board members, issued the following Probable Cause statement in its final report:
The Canadian Aviation Safety Board was unable to determine the exact sequence of events which led to this accident. The Board believes, however, that the weight of evidence supports the conclusion that, shortly after lift-off, the aircraft experienced an increase in drag and reduction in lift which resulted in a stall at low altitude from which recovery was not possible. The most probable cause of the stall was determined to be ice contamination on the leading edge and upper surface of the wing. Other possible factors such as a loss of thrust from the number four engine and inappropriate take-off reference speeds may have compounded the effects of the contamination.
The CASB's mention of inappropriate reference speeds stems from their finding that the crew selected takeoff reference speeds corresponding to a takeoff weight as much as 14,000 to 35,000 pounds less than the actual takeoff weight for the flight.
Four members of the CASB dissented, issuing a minority opinion which concluded:
An in-flight fire that may have resulted from detonations of undetermined origin brought about catastrophic system failures.
Aftermath
On the day of the crash, responsibility was claimed by Islamic Jihad, a wing of Hezbollah. The crash came on the second anniversary (1983) of another attack for which Islamic Jihad took credit: the near-simultaneous bombings of six targets in Kuwait, the French and American Embassies among them. Members of Hezbollah had participated in and were jailed for those attacks, but most of the conspirators were members of the Iraqi Shia party al-Dawa, or the Call (today one of the largest political parties in Iraq).
The claim was dismissed by the Canadian and U.S. governments soon afterwards. According to United Press International:
Hours after the crash the Islamic Jihad - a Shiite Muslim extremist group - claimed it destroyed the plane to prove "our ability to strike at the Americans anywhere." Pentagon and Canadian government officials rejected the claim, made by an anonymous caller to a French news agency in Beirut.
256 people died: 248 U.S. servicemen and 8 crew. That death toll constituted the deadliest plane crash in Canada (and remains so to date in 2007), and the highest death toll on any day for the U.S. armed forces since World War II, even including combat losses, the greatest of which occurred in 1983, after the Marine barracks bombing in Beirut.
Of the 248 servicemen, all but twelve were members of 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), most of whom were from the 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry; eleven were from other Forces Command units; and one was an agent from the Criminal Investigations Command (CID).
A memorial to the 256 victims at the crash site overlooks Gander Lake in Newfoundland, another memorial was erected at Fort Campbell.
See also
References
- ^ "Arrow Air Flight 1285 accident record". ASN.
- ^ "CASB Majority Report".
- ^ "CASB Minority Report".
- "Gander International Airport Diagram".
- "CASB majority report: Aircraft Weight".
- Watson, Laurie (November 6, 1988). "Errors By Crew Reportedly Cited In Gander Crash". Philadelphia Inquirer, United Press International. p. A33.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - "Aviation Safety Network". Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- "Tragedy at Gander". U.S. Army.
External links
- Time Magazine - The Fall of the Screaming Eagles - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- Time Magazine - Gander: Different Crash, Same Answers - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- globalsecurity.org - 1989 Congressional Debates on Gander Crash - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- wfpl.org - The Gander Crash: 20 Years Later (audio/visual presentation) - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- Fort Campbell Courier - Gander-related news articles - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- gandercanada.com - Photos of the 20th Anniversary Memorial Service in Gander - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- CBC News - Ceremonies mark anniversary of deadly Newfoundland air crash - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- CBC News - Broken Arrow: debate continues after 20 years - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- rootsweb.com - List of victims - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- screamingeagle.org - List of victims - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- screamingeagle.org - Photographs of the Silent Witness Memorial in Gander - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- Canadian Air Force - The Silent Witness Memorial in Gander - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- rootsweb.com - Photographs of the Gander Memorial in Hopkinsville, Kentucky - retrieved 28 Dec 2006
- Pre-crash photographs of the DC-8 at Airliners.net
48°54′43″N 54°34′27″W / 48.91194°N 54.57417°W / 48.91194; -54.57417
Categories: