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| |{{Infobox Settlement | |||
| |official_name = Pristina<br>Prishtina / Prishtinë<br>Приштина / Priština | |||
| |image_skyline=BoroRamizi.jpg | |||
| |image_caption=The Palace of Youth and Sports | |||
| |subdivision_type1 = District | |||
| |subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| |subdivision_type2 = Municipality | |||
| |subdivision_name2 = Municipality of Pristina | |||
| |image_flag = | |||
| |image_flag_size = 130px | |||
| |Flag_legend = ] | |||
| <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: |image_shield = prishtinalogo.jpg --> | |||
| |pushpin_map = Kosovo | |||
| |leader_title =Mayor | |||
| |leader_name = Isa Mustafa | |||
| |area_km2 = 854 | |||
| |elevation_m = 652 | |||
| |population_total = 500,000 - 600,000 | |||
| |population_footnotes = <ref name="OSCE profile"/><ref name="UK profile"/> | |||
| |population_as_of = 2007 | |||
| |population_density_km2 = 661 | |||
| |date-density = (2000) | |||
| |latd=42 |latm=40 |lats= |latNS=N | |||
| |longd=21 |longm=10 |longs= |longEW=E | |||
| |postal_code = 10000 | |||
| |area_code = +381 38 | |||
| |timezone = ] | |||
| |utc_offset =+1 | |||
| |website = | |||
| }} | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
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| |] | |||
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| |] Head Quarters - Pristina.]] | |||
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| |] Boulevard.]] | |||
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| |] | |||
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| |] | |||
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| |], now fully renovated).]] | |||
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| |] | |||
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| |<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: ] --> | |||
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| |} | |||
| <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ] --> | |||
| SRBIJA !!!!!!! | |||
| '''Pristina''', also spelled '''Prishtina''' or '''Priština''' {{audio|Prishtina.ogg|listen}} (]: ''Prishtinë'' or ''Prishtina'', ]: Приштина, ''Priština'') is the capital and the largest city of the ] ] nation of ] which declared its independence from ] on ] ]. It is the administrative center of the homonymous municipality and ]. | |||
| It is estimated that the current population of the city stands between 500,000<ref name="OSCE profile">] {{PDF|}}, October 2007. Retrieved on 21 February 2008.</ref> and 600,000.<ref name="UK profile">. Retrieved on 21 February 2008.</ref> The city has a majority ] population, alongside other smaller communities including ], ], ], ] and others. The territory's interim government and the ] (UNMIK) have their headquarters in the city. It is the administrative, educational, cultural center of Kosovo. The city is home to the ] and has an international airport, ], with the ] of PRN and ] code LYPR (temporarily BKPR while UNMIK in effect). | |||
| The city is named after a local river; whose name in turn probably derives from the ] ''prišt'' (пришт), meaning "ulcer" or "tumor", referring to its "boiling".<ref>R<small>OOM</small>, Adrian: ''Placenames of the World'', Second Edition, McFarland, 2006, page 304. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3</ref> The inhabitants of this city are called ''Prishtinali'' or ''Prishtinas'' in Albanian and ''Prištinci'' (Приштинци) or ''Prištevci'' (Приштевци) in Serbian. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| Pristina lies in these geographical coordinates 42° 40' 0" North and 21° 10' 0" East Pristina covers {{convert|572|km2|sqmi}}. Pristina lies in the Northeastern part of Kosovo close to the "silver mountains". It has a good geographical position because it lies in the continental cross roads. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Early history=== | |||
| In ] times a large town called '']'' existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Pristina. This city was destroyed but was restored by the ] ]. Today the town of ] stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen. | |||
| After the fall of Rome, Pristina grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the ]. For this reason Pristina rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern Europe. | |||
| Pristina came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King ] (]-]) and other Serbian rulers from the ] and ] dynasties until the ] in ], when an invading ] army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. In the following decades the area gradually came under Ottoman control, there was an Ottoman law-court in Pristina in ]. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire in ]. | |||
| Pjeter Bogdani, who is the most original writer of early literature in Albanian, lived and worked in Kosovo. After his return to the Balkans in March 1686 and spent the next years promoting resistance to the armies of the Ottoman Empire, in particular in Kosovo. In 1686 Pristina was briefly liberated by Pjeter Bogdani with aid of Austrians. He published his book ''Cuneus Profetarum'' (Alb: ''Ceta e Profeteve'' roughly ''Vanguard of the Prophets'') in 1685. ] | |||
| During the Ottoman Empire, Pristina became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to ] of many of its inhabitants, both Albanians and Slavs. | |||
| From the ] onwards Albanians in the region formed the ] to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in ]. In ] Pristina along with the rest of Kosovo was briefly included in the newly independent state of ]. But the following year the ] forced Albania to cede the region to the ]. In ] Kosovo became a part of the newly formed ], though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed. | |||
| Before ], Pristina was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported to Turkey as a consequence of the ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors' homes. The Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by ] and ]. | |||
| The Second World War saw the decline of Pristina's ]ian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between ] and ] Pristina was incorporated into the ]-occupied ]. | |||
| ===Pristina after World War II=== | |||
| In ], Pristina became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between ] and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from Mountains areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in ]. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population. | |||
| Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November ], student demonstrations and riots in ] spread to Pristina, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the ] government, including the establishment in ] of the ] as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of ] and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag. | |||
| In March 1981, students at Pristina University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Pristina and other Kosovo towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined. | |||
| ===Pristina in the Kosovo War and afterwards=== | |||
| <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ] --> | |||
| Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by ] ] in ], a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. University of Pristina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the ] (LDK), led by the writer ]. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the Milošević government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population. | |||
| The LDK's role meant that when the ] began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until the outbreak of the ] in March ]. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After ] began air strikes against Yugoslavia on ] 1999, widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to the border of the ], where they were forced into exile. The ] estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Pristina by government forces and ].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | |||
| Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000<ref></ref> Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Pristina's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused by Albanians of collaboration with the Serbian war effort; notably the ] – were also driven out. According to the ], by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March ]. In early 2008 only a few dozen Serbs remained in Pristina, most of whom were elderly people.<ref></ref> | |||
| == Economy == | |||
| The number of registered businesses in Pristina is currently at 8,725, with a total of 75,089 employees. The exact number of businesses is unknown due to the fact that not all are registered.Since the independence the Mayor of Pristina, Isa Mustafa has built many new roads in Pristina. Also he has plans of constructing a ring around the city. The government is taking part as well, building motorways to ] and other cities. An Albanian millionaire in Croatia is building the largest building in the Balkans. Up to {{convert|262|m|ft}} high and with a capacity to hold 20,000 people it is indeed a jewel. The cost for this is 400 million Euro. On the 38th floor there will be a restaurant where you can see the whole city .{{fact|date=May 2008}} | |||
| <!-- Comment statistics as it is poorly arranged and not cited. Please rearrange the statistics, cite it, and re-insert it back into the main article. Thanks. | |||
| * Hunting and Agriculture- 27 businesses with 29 employees | |||
| * Fishing - 2 businesses with 31 employees | |||
| * Utilities - 5 businesses with 12,836 employees | |||
| * General Industry - 616 businesses with 4,635 employees | |||
| * Accomodation - 781 businesses with 6,584 employees | |||
| * Transportation - 1,672 businesses with 18,351 employees | |||
| * Total number - 8,412 businesses with 73,429 employees | |||
| According to the list of the MTI for businesses and their classification in Kosovo: | |||
| * Trading - 48 % | |||
| * Transport - 12 % | |||
| * Hotels,Restaurants etc. - 9 % | |||
| * Food and Drinks - 3 % | |||
| * others - 28 % --> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Museum of Kosovo''' is located in an Austro-Hungarian inspired building originally built for the regional administration of the Ottoman ]. From 1945 until 1975 it served as headquarters for the ]. In 1963 it was sold to the Kosovo Museum. From 1999 until 2002, the ] had its main office in the museum building. The Kosovo Museum has an extensive collection of archaeological and ethnological artifacts, including the Neolithic ''Goddess on the Throne'' terracotta, unearthed near Pristina in 1960<ref>, by Nick Thorpe, ''BBC'', Priština, 4 June 2007. Retrieved on 21 February 2008.</ref> and depicted in the city's emblem. Although a large number of artifacts from antiquity is still in Belgrade, since 1999 when the museum was looted. | |||
| The '''Clock Tower''' (''Sahat Kulla'') dates back to the 19th century. Following a fire, the tower has been reconstructed using bricks. The original bell was brought to Kosovo from ]. It bore an inscription reading "this bell was made in 1764 for ''Jon Moldova Rumen''." In 2001, the original bell was stolen. The same year, French KFOR troops replaced the old clock mechanism with an electric one. Given Kosovo's electricity problems the tower is struggling to keep time. | |||
| == Sport == | |||
| ] | |||
| Basketball is one of the most popular sports in Pristina since 2000. In this sport Pristina is represented by two teams. Football is also very popular. Pristina's representatives ] plays its home games in the city's stadium. | |||
| ] is also very popular. Pristina's representatives are recognized internationally and play international matches. | |||
| == Demographics == | |||
| === Ottoman Empire === | |||
| * The ] conducted their first census in 1486; there were 392 families then. | |||
| * In 1487, an ] census was conducted in the domain of the ]. Pristina had together with Vucitrn 412 ] households and 94 ] housing. | |||
| * The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1569; listing 692 families | |||
| * The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1669; listing some 2,060 families | |||
| * In 1685 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in ]; enlisting around 3,000 families. | |||
| * The Ottomans officially conducted a population census in 1689 in ]; enlisting around 4,000 families. | |||
| * In 1850 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in the ]; enlisting around 12,000 citizens in around 3,000 families. | |||
| * The Ottomans conducted in 1902 an official population census in the ]; enlisting around 18,000 citizens in some 3,760 families. | |||
| === Pristina District between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia === | |||
| In 1912, a German scholar conducted an estimate within the Pristina District just before the ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The population of the entire district was: | |||
| :* ''67%'' ] | |||
| :* ''30%'' ] | |||
| === Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia === | |||
| * The 1921 official population census conducted by the ] listed 14,338 citizens. | |||
| * The 1931 official population census organized by the ] listed 18,358 inhabitants by mother tongues: | |||
| :* ] - 7,573 (''41%'') | |||
| :* ] - 5,738 (''31%'') | |||
| :* ] - 2,351 (''13%'') | |||
| :* ''other languages'' (], ] etc.) - 2,651 (''14%'') | |||
| === Socialist Yugoslavia === | |||
| ] | |||
| * The 1948 official population census of the ] organized by the government of the ] under the ] government recorded 19,631 citizens in 4,667 families. | |||
| * The 1953 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of ] under the ] government recorded 24,229 citizens: | |||
| :* 9,034 ] (''37%'') | |||
| :* 7,951 ] and ] (''33%'') | |||
| :* 4,726 ] (''20%'') | |||
| :* 2,518 ] and ''others'' (''10%'') | |||
| * The 1961 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the ] government recorded 38,593 citizens in 9,095 families: | |||
| :* 19,060 ] (''49%'') | |||
| :* 14,695 ] and ] (''38%'') | |||
| ] - A hero of a partially-recognized country of Kosovo.]] | |||
| :* 404 ] (''1%'') | |||
| :* 195 ] | |||
| * The 1971 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 69,514 citizens in 14,813 families: | |||
| :* 40,873 ] (''59%'') | |||
| :* 19,767 ] and ] (''28%'') | |||
| :* 4,119 ] (''6%'') | |||
| * The 1981 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 108,083 citizens in 21,017 families: | |||
| :* 75,803 ] (''70%'') | |||
| :* 21,067 ] and ] (''19%'') | |||
| :* 5,101 ] (''5%'') | |||
| :* 2,504 ] (''2%'') | |||
| According to the last census in ] (boycotted by the Albanian majority), the population of the Pristina municipality was 199,654, including 77.63% Albanians, 15.43% Serbs and Montenegrins, 1.72% Muslims by nationality, and others.<ref></ref> This census cannot be considered accurate as it is based on previous records and estimates. | |||
| In 2004 it was estimated that the population exceeded half a million, and that ] form around ''98%'' of it. The Serbian population in the city has fallen significantly since 1999, many of the city's Serbs having fled or been expelled following the end of the war. In early 1999 Pristina had about 230,000 inhabitants. There were more than 40,000 Serbs and about 6,500 Romas with the remainder being Albanians. | |||
| {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" rules="all" width="75%%" style="clear:all; margin:5px 0 1em 1em; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; empty-cells:show" | |||
| |colspan="10" align=center style="background:#778899; color:white"|'''Ethnic Composition, Including IDPs'''<sup>1</sup> | |||
| |- | |||
| |- bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | |||
| !Year | |||
| !Albanians | |||
| ! % | |||
| !Serbs | |||
| ! % | |||
| !Roma | |||
| ! % | |||
| !Others<sup>2</sup> | |||
| ! % | |||
| !Total | |||
| |- bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | |||
| |'''1991 census'''<sup>3</sup> | |||
| | 161,314 | |||
| | 78.7 | |||
| | 27,293 | |||
| | 13.3 | |||
| | 6,625 | |||
| | 3.2 | |||
| | 9,861 | |||
| | 4.8 | |||
| | 205,093 | |||
| |- bgcolor="#fffaf0" | |||
| |'''1998'''<sup>4</sup> | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | 225,388 | |||
| |- bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | |||
| |'''February 2000 estimate'''<sup>5</sup> | |||
| | 550,000 | |||
| | 97.4 | |||
| | 12,000 | |||
| | 2.2 | |||
| | 1,000 | |||
| | 0.1 | |||
| | 1,800 | |||
| | 0.3 | |||
| | 564,800 | |||
| |- | |||
| |colspan="10" align=left style="background:#FFEBCD;"|<small>Source: {{PDFlink||511 ]<!-- application/pdf, 523986 bytes -->}}, June 2006, page 2 (Table 1.1).</br> | |||
| 1. IDP: ].</br> | |||
| 2. Others include Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Turks, etc.</br> | |||
| 3. 1991 figures from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) Institute for Statistics. It is noted that the 1991 census was highly politicised and is thus unreliable.</br> | |||
| 4. 1999 figures from UNHCR, "Kosovo Village List", ] 1999 (1998 population estimate excluding forced displacement).</br> | |||
| 5. 2001 figures from KFOR – MNB (c) and for minority figures OSCE/UNHCR ‘Situation of Ethic Minorities in Kosovo’, February 2001.</small> | |||
| |} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** University of Prishtina (Albanian language of instruction, located in Pristina) | |||
| ** University of Priština (Serbian language of instruction, located in ]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * {{wikitravelpar|Pristina}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{coor title dm|42|40|N|21|10|E|type:city(500,000)_region:CS}}. | |||
| {{Municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo}} | |||
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Revision as of 11:56, 19 June 2008
CCCC
SRBIJA !!!!!!!