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] ]

==Stretching the rope ==


In ancient Egypt '''Rope stretchers''' were ] who ]d out the sides of fields 3ht using ] which they stretched in order to take the sag out of the rope and keep the 3ht measures uniform. As far back as the ]s of ] and the ] the Egyptians document the process the royal surveyors used to restore the boundaries of fields after each innundation or ]. In ancient Egypt '''Rope stretchers''' were ] who ]d out the sides of fields 3ht using ] which they stretched in order to take the sag out of the rope and keep the 3ht measures uniform. As far back as the ]s of ] and the ] the Egyptians document the process the royal surveyors used to restore the boundaries of fields after each innundation or ].

==to survey the fields==


* ] * ]
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: 1 ] = 1 side of an 3ht of length 100 ]s : 1 ] = 1 side of an 3ht of length 100 ]s
: 1 st3t = a field of side 100 royal cubits. : 1 st3t = a field of side 100 royal cubits.

* ] "The knowledge of pleasing proportions of the rope stretchers was incorporated by the Greeks"


"Of the officials, some are market commissioners, others are city commissioners and others are in charge of the soldiers. Among these, the first keep the rivers improved and the '''land remeasured''', as in Egypt, and inspect the closed canals from which the water is distributed into the conduits, in order that all may have an equal use of it. The same men also have charge of the hunters and are authorized to reward or punish those who deserve either. They also collect the taxes and superintend the crafts connected with the land -- those of wood-cutters, carpenters, workers in brass, and miners. '''And they make roads, and at every ten stadia place pillars showing the by-roads and the distances.''' Strabo. "The Geography" "Of the officials, some are market commissioners, others are city commissioners and others are in charge of the soldiers. Among these, the first keep the rivers improved and the '''land remeasured''', as in Egypt, and inspect the closed canals from which the water is distributed into the conduits, in order that all may have an equal use of it. The same men also have charge of the hunters and are authorized to reward or punish those who deserve either. They also collect the taxes and superintend the crafts connected with the land -- those of wood-cutters, carpenters, workers in brass, and miners. '''And they make roads, and at every ten stadia place pillars showing the by-roads and the distances.''' Strabo. "The Geography"
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* ] * ]


=== Metrological references ===
On Every Road built by the Romans throughout ] a milestone, was erected every mile to announce the distance to Rome.

Many ''mile'' units based on or similar to this standard of measure have been used historically. It was derived from the The Greek Milos or ] of 4800 ] and from it the English of c 49 BC - 1593 AD are 8 ]s, ]s, ]s of 185 m was derived.

Other classically related divisions and multiples of the Mille Passus include the ] and ].

Miles and ] have been intended to be ] ] of a ] of the Earth's ] ] since they were first] as ] of ] by the ] of ] and ].

The most interesting thing about the Mille passus is that it is classically alleged to have been composed of 8 stadia such that the Mille Passus and its subdivisions of stadium, passus and pes were geo-commensurate with a degree of the Earths great circle.

A Mille Passus, meaning thousand paces or milliare, is a division of a degree of the earth's great circle. This may have derived from the baselines between benchmarks or milestones which often terminated at an omphalos or geodetic marker.

The Roman ] of 5000 ] and 5000 ] was derived from the Greek milion.

* 1 Mille passus = 1/75 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
* 1 Stadia = 1/600 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
* 1 Passus = 1/75,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
* 1 Pes = 1/375,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle

=== The Degree Mille Passus ===

* 1 ] ] = 75 ] = ]
* 7.5 milliare = 1 ] = 1 ] = 60 stadiums of 185 m
* 60 ]s = 60 ]s = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

===The Degree of Aristotle ===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 400,000 stadia = 1111.1 stadia = 111km
* 10 Stadions = 1 km
* 1 Stadion = 100 m = 300 pous of 333.3 mm
* 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

===The Degree of Posidonius ===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 216,000 stadia
* 1 Degree = 600 stadions = 111km
* 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

===The Degree of Marinus ===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
* 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111km
* 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

===The Degree of Ptolemy ===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
* 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111km
* 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

The Ptolomaic stadia is divided into ]instead of ] because in Egypt Remen had always been used for land surveys.

=== The Degree of Erathosthenes ===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 252,000 stadia
* 1 Persian degree = 700 stadia = 111 km
* 10 Egyptian schoeni = 20 Persian parasangs = 600 furlongs
* 1 Persian stadia = 157 m = 3 Egyptian st3t

===The Egyptian Degree===
* 1 Degree = 1/360 of 2,520,000 itrw
* 1 Egyptian degree = 10 itrw = 700 stadia = 210,000 royal cubits
* 1 itrw = 21,000 royal cubits = 70 stadia of 3 st3t
* 3 st3t of 100 royal cubits = 157 m

* 700 x 157 = 10.99 km
* 1 itrw is 1 hours river journey
* 1 atur is 1 hour of March
* 1 Egyptian Minute of March is 350 royal cubits of 525 mm = 183 m

===The Degree of Herodotus===

* 1 ] ] = 75 ] = ]
* 7.5 milions = 1 ] = 1 ] = 60 stadions of 185 m
* 60 ]s = 60 ]s = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

=== The Stadium Mille Passus ===

A ] is a division of a degree into a fraction of a mile.

* The ordinary ]n ] or side at 6 ] and 180 meters was the basis for the ]
* the ] at 183 m and 350 ]s was the basis for the of the Greek Milos or ]
* The stadion of the ] Milos at 6 ]s or 100 ] and 600 Atic ] of 308.4 mm at 185 m was the basis for the ] of the Roman ]
* The ] of the ] ] at 625 ] of 296 mm was also 185 m and at 1000 ] of 5 ] was the basis for the ] of 625 ] of the English ]

===The Leauge of The Mille Passus ===

A ] is a division of a degree into a multiple of a mile.

* 3 ] or Milos of 4800 pous = 24 ]s = 14,400 ]
* 1 leauge of a Milion = 4440 m
* 3 ] of 5000 ] = 24 ] = 15,000 pes
* 1 leauge of a Milliare = 4440 m
* 3 ] of 5000 fote = 24 ]s = 15,000 fote = 9375 ]
* 1 ] = 4440 m
* 3 Miles of 5280 feet = 24 furlongs = 15,840 feet = 9900 English cubits
* 1 Leauge of a Mile = 4828 m

=== Metrological References ===


* R. A. Cordingley{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1951|Title=Norman's Parrallel of the Orders of Architecture|Publisher=Alex Trianti Ltd|ID=}} * R. A. Cordingley{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1951|Title=Norman's Parrallel of the Orders of Architecture|Publisher=Alex Trianti Ltd|ID=}}
Line 131: Line 40:
* H Arthur Klein{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The World of Measurements |Publisher=Simon and Schuster|ID=}} * H Arthur Klein{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The World of Measurements |Publisher=Simon and Schuster|ID=}}


=== Mathmatical References === === Mathmatical references ===


* Lucas N. H. Bunt, Phillip S.Jones, Jack D. Bedient {{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The Historical Roots of Elementary Mathematics|Publisher=Dover|ID=ISBN 0486255638}} * Lucas N. H. Bunt, Phillip S.Jones, Jack D. Bedient {{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The Historical Roots of Elementary Mathematics|Publisher=Dover|ID=ISBN 0486255638}}
Line 143: Line 52:
* J. P. Mallory{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1989|Title=In Search of the Indo Europeans |Publisher=Thames and Hudson|ID=ISBN 050027616-1}} * J. P. Mallory{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1989|Title=In Search of the Indo Europeans |Publisher=Thames and Hudson|ID=ISBN 050027616-1}}


=== Classical References === === Classical references ===
* Strabo{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=|Title=The Geography|Publisher=|ID=}} * Strabo{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=|Title=The Geography|Publisher=|ID=}}
* Vitruvius{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1960|Title=The Ten Books on Architecture|Publisher=Dover|ID=}} * Vitruvius{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1960|Title=The Ten Books on Architecture|Publisher=Dover|ID=}}
Line 149: Line 58:
* Herodotus{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1952|Title=The History|Publisher=William Brown|ID=}} * Herodotus{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1952|Title=The History|Publisher=William Brown|ID=}}


=== Historical References=== === Historical references===


* Michael Grant{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1987|Title=The Rise of the Greeks |Publisher=Charles Scribners Sons|ID=}} * Michael Grant{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1987|Title=The Rise of the Greeks |Publisher=Charles Scribners Sons|ID=}}


=== Archaeological References=== === Archaeological references===


* Lionel Casson{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1991|Title=The Ancient Mariners|Publisher=PUP|ID=ISBN 06910147879}} * Lionel Casson{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1991|Title=The Ancient Mariners|Publisher=PUP|ID=ISBN 06910147879}}
Line 159: Line 68:
* Nelson Glueck{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1959|Title=Rivers in the Desert|Publisher=HUC|ID=ISBN}} * Nelson Glueck{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1959|Title=Rivers in the Desert|Publisher=HUC|ID=ISBN}}


=== Medieval References=== === Medieval references===


* Jean Gimpel{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The Medieval Machine|Publisher=Holt Rheinhart & Winston|ID=ISBN 0030146364}} * Jean Gimpel{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1976|Title=The Medieval Machine|Publisher=Holt Rheinhart & Winston|ID=ISBN 0030146364}}
Line 165: Line 74:
* Elizabeth Hallam{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1986|Title=The Plantagenet Chronicles|Publisher=Weidenfield & Nicholson|ID=ISBN 1555840183}} * Elizabeth Hallam{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1986|Title=The Plantagenet Chronicles|Publisher=Weidenfield & Nicholson|ID=ISBN 1555840183}}
* H.W. Koch{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1978|Title=Medieval Warfare|Publisher=Prentice Hall|ID=ISBN 0135736005}} * H.W. Koch{{Section:Book reference after author|Year=1978|Title=Medieval Warfare|Publisher=Prentice Hall|ID=ISBN 0135736005}}
===Extrnal links===
* ] "The knowledge of pleasing proportions of the rope stretchers was incorporated by the Greeks"

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File:3kr.jpg

Stretching the rope

In ancient Egypt Rope stretchers were surveyors who measured out the sides of fields 3ht using knotted cords which they stretched in order to take the sag out of the rope and keep the 3ht measures uniform. As far back as the palettes of Narmer and the Scorpion King the Egyptians document the process the royal surveyors used to restore the boundaries of fields after each innundation or flood.

to survey the fields

Narmer and the Scorpion King portray themselves controlling the land through their control of the water that irrigates the land. On the Narmer palette Horus assists Narmer by opening the ways of 3kr the personified god of the land itself shown in the image to the right as a man with a field growing out of his head.

The Narmer pose () is a man striding forward with raised mace toward a subservient subject, which in this case is labled st3t or a field whose kht is 100 royal cubits.

1 khet = 1 side of an 3ht of length 100 cubits
1 st3t = a field of side 100 royal cubits.

"Of the officials, some are market commissioners, others are city commissioners and others are in charge of the soldiers. Among these, the first keep the rivers improved and the land remeasured, as in Egypt, and inspect the closed canals from which the water is distributed into the conduits, in order that all may have an equal use of it. The same men also have charge of the hunters and are authorized to reward or punish those who deserve either. They also collect the taxes and superintend the crafts connected with the land -- those of wood-cutters, carpenters, workers in brass, and miners. And they make roads, and at every ten stadia place pillars showing the by-roads and the distances. Strabo. "The Geography"

Many people think the Romans invented the idea of the milestone but here we can see that it may have originated as a benchmark used by rope stretchers to reastablish the metes and bounds of fields after all other references had been washed away by flood.

The idea of surveying fields using benchmarks would be to establish them along a baseline so that from any one a bearing could be taken and a distance measured out to the place where the next should be. Baselines could be laid out by sighting on the sun or stars, Very likely this would be accomplished by the use of mekhert and bey the Egyptian sighting instruments which preceeded the Greek Dioptra and Roman Groma. The Egyptians also used hayt of ten cubits which were very similar to what modern surveyors call stadia rods and served the same purpose. The Egyptians also used the plumet and 3 - 4 - 5 triangles which are still in use by modern surveyors. The plumet can be used with a square ruled off into intervals on tounge and blade to get a unit rise and run or angle when taking an elevation to a distant point as with a modern sextant.

Metrological references

Mathmatical references

Linguistic references

Classical references

Historical references

Archaeological references

Medieval references

Extrnal links

  • "The knowledge of pleasing proportions of the rope stretchers was incorporated by the Greeks"
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