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| == Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| Petro Kalnyshevsky's early life largely remains unknown and is surrounded by folk-tales and myths. According to one of them one day an eight years-old orphaned Petro Kalnysh tending livestock was picked up by passing Cossacks on their way to the Zaporozhian Sich. Modern research, however, contradicts that verstion and points out that he was born in 1691 in the Village of Pustovoitivka (present-day Sumy oblast, Ukraine) and stemmed from the Cossack petty gentry — sotnyk starshyna. His relatives active in administration of the Cossack Hetmanate in Poltava regiment were already known in the Zaporozhian Sich, so it was natural that he ended up in that Cossack host too.<ref name="dt">Anatoly Dilanian Zerkalo Nedeli. № 43 (468) 8 — 14 November 2003</ref><ref name="Grib">Vladyslav Hrybovsky Expedition XXI century. №5 (67) December 2007</ref> | Petro Kalnyshevsky's early life largely remains unknown and is surrounded by folk-tales and myths. According to one of them one day an eight years-old orphaned Petro Kalnysh tending livestock was picked up by passing Cossacks on their way to the Zaporozhian Sich. Modern research, however, contradicts that verstion and points out that he was born in 1691 in the Village of Pustovoitivka (present-day Sumy oblast, Ukraine) and stemmed from the Cossack petty gentry — sotnyk starshyna. His relatives active in administration of the Cossack Hetmanate in Poltava regiment were already known in the Zaporozhian Sich, so it was natural that he ended up in that Cossack host too. It is suggested that he came to the Sich while already a grown up man, in his 40s.<ref name="dt">Anatoly Dilanian Zerkalo Nedeli. № 43 (468) 8 — 14 November 2003</ref><ref name="Grib">Vladyslav Hrybovsky Expedition XXI century. №5 (67) December 2007</ref> | ||
| == In the Sich == | == In the Sich == | ||
| His career in the Sich was quite fast, partly due to his talents and the support of the Kalnysh clan that had established itself in the host earlier. His first position was that of kosh ], whose duties were to maintain order in the Sich, to investigate abuse and to collect taxes from nearby settlements. His main task at that time, however was to fight Cossack bands, known as ], who were harassing and robbing people in the areas close to the Zaporozhian Sich. Having established himself as an efficient law enforcer and a commander of his own military detachment that was fighting haidamakas, Kalnyshevsky earned respect of his fellow Cossacks and quickly raised through the ranks of the Sich starshyna. | |||
| In years 1754-1755 he already headed a comission that was set up to settle relations of Cossacks with the neighbouring Tatars. Twice, in 1755 and in 1757 he was elected to represent Cossacks within a deputation sent to the Russian court. There he not only effectively lobbied for the Cossacks' rights but made a few important friends that would help him later in his career. Thus, by 1760s Peter Kalnysh (as he was known then) had become one of the strong men in the Sich and a right hand of the then kosh otaman Hryhoriy Lantukh. As the otaman Lantukh grew older Kalnyshevsky would eventually talk over his responsibilities and use him as a nominal figure head. Finally in 1762 he replaced the old Lantukh and became the kosh otaman - an effective leader of the Zaporozhian Sich. | |||
| == Arrest and exile == | == Arrest and exile == | ||
Revision as of 19:58, 11 July 2008
Petro Ivanovych Kalnyshevsky (Template:Lang-uk) (1690 – 31 October 1803) was the last Kosh otaman of the Zaporozhian Host in 1762 and in 1765–1775 years period. Kalnyshevsky took part in Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774 and was honored with a gold medal with brilliants for courage.
Being a head of the Zaporozhian Host Petro Kalnyshevsky defended the rights of cossacks and their independence from increasing Imperial Russian Tsarist influence, encouraged agriculture development and trade in the Zaporizhian steppe.
After the destruction of Zaporizhian Sich by Russian troops, Petro Kalnyshevsky was arrested and deported to the Solovetsky Monastery, where he spent over 26 years in solitary confinement in a cold and dark cell (1 m wide, 2 m long). Three times a year he was allowed outside to breathe the open air.
He was pardoned by Emperor Alexander at the age of 110 years. Kalnyshevsky by that time had become blind and decided to remain in the monastery, where he died 2 years later in 1803.
Early life
Petro Kalnyshevsky's early life largely remains unknown and is surrounded by folk-tales and myths. According to one of them one day an eight years-old orphaned Petro Kalnysh tending livestock was picked up by passing Cossacks on their way to the Zaporozhian Sich. Modern research, however, contradicts that verstion and points out that he was born in 1691 in the Village of Pustovoitivka (present-day Sumy oblast, Ukraine) and stemmed from the Cossack petty gentry — sotnyk starshyna. His relatives active in administration of the Cossack Hetmanate in Poltava regiment were already known in the Zaporozhian Sich, so it was natural that he ended up in that Cossack host too. It is suggested that he came to the Sich while already a grown up man, in his 40s.
In the Sich
His career in the Sich was quite fast, partly due to his talents and the support of the Kalnysh clan that had established itself in the host earlier. His first position was that of kosh yesaul, whose duties were to maintain order in the Sich, to investigate abuse and to collect taxes from nearby settlements. His main task at that time, however was to fight Cossack bands, known as haidamakas, who were harassing and robbing people in the areas close to the Zaporozhian Sich. Having established himself as an efficient law enforcer and a commander of his own military detachment that was fighting haidamakas, Kalnyshevsky earned respect of his fellow Cossacks and quickly raised through the ranks of the Sich starshyna.
In years 1754-1755 he already headed a comission that was set up to settle relations of Cossacks with the neighbouring Tatars. Twice, in 1755 and in 1757 he was elected to represent Cossacks within a deputation sent to the Russian court. There he not only effectively lobbied for the Cossacks' rights but made a few important friends that would help him later in his career. Thus, by 1760s Peter Kalnysh (as he was known then) had become one of the strong men in the Sich and a right hand of the then kosh otaman Hryhoriy Lantukh. As the otaman Lantukh grew older Kalnyshevsky would eventually talk over his responsibilities and use him as a nominal figure head. Finally in 1762 he replaced the old Lantukh and became the kosh otaman - an effective leader of the Zaporozhian Sich.
Arrest and exile
Legacy
See also
Literature
- Oral Narrative of Former Zaporozhian, Dweller of Ekaterinoslav Governorate and District, of the village Mykhailivka — Mykyta Leontiyovych Korzh. Recorded by Gavriil Rozanov. Odessa. 1842.
References
- Anatoly Dilanian The last of the Kosh Otamans Zerkalo Nedeli. № 43 (468) 8 — 14 November 2003
- Vladyslav Hrybovsky Kalnyshevsky against Catherine II Expedition XXI century. №5 (67) December 2007
- Kalnyshevsky against Catherine II
- The last Sich
- The last of the Atamans
- Historiographic questions surrounding the study of Kalnyshevsky's biography
- Destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich and Kalnyshevsky's destiny
- Solovki and Petro Kalnyshevsky
- Oral Narrative of Former Zaporozhian, Dweller of Ekaterinoslav Governorate and District, of the village Mykhailivka — Mykyta Leontiyovych Korzh.