Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts: Difference between revisions

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	{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Conflicts}}		{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Conflicts}}
	Since the departure of the British from British-India] in August ] which resulted in the creation of the ] and the ], there have been three military border conflicts and one minor battle between the two states. In each case, the ] was the disputed ], except the ]. This limited border conflict during December 1971 which lasted only about 11 days initialled in the ] of Pakistan and India at the fag end of the war between Pakistan and Bangladesh, after India officially declared with assistance from the Soviet Union, that it was ready to join military forces with the Bangladesh.		Since the departure of the British from British-India ] in August ] which resulted in the creation of the ] and the ], there have been three military border conflicts and one minor battle between the two states. In each case, the ] was the disputed ], except the ]. This limited border conflict during December 1971 which lasted only about 11 days initialled in the ] of Pakistan and India at the fag end of the war between Pakistan and Bangladesh, after India officially declared with assistance from the Soviet Union, that it was ready to join military forces with the Bangladesh.
	Bangladesh had seceded from Pakistan and declared independence after all political negotiations due to inequalities in basic human rights, civil liberties and citizenship had stalled and ultimately collapsed and the Pakistani military cracked down on East Bengali civilian population.		Bangladesh had seceded from Pakistan and declared independence after all political negotiations due to inequalities in basic human rights, civil liberties and citizenship had stalled and ultimately collapsed and the Pakistani military cracked down on East Bengali civilian population.
	India, immediately thereafter diplomatically supported Bangladesh and according to its limited capacity also provided light military support. Between end of November and early December India officially declared intent of joining Bangladesh independence struggle against Pakistan. Immediately, India was attacked on the western front over air by Pakistan. By the end of day, India officially declared war over Pakistan and the conflict ended a few days after declaration without any battales planned or fought. India's participation in Bangladesh's independence war against Pakistan though heavily politicised and controversial remains unclear and countless facts twisted and partisan to this day.		India, immediately thereafter diplomatically supported Bangladesh and according to its limited capacity also provided light military support. Between end of November and early December India officially declared intent of joining Bangladesh independence struggle against Pakistan. Immediately, India was attacked on the western front over air by Pakistan. By the end of day, India officially declared war over Pakistan and the conflict ended a few days after declaration without any battales planned or fought. India's participation in Bangladesh's independence war against Pakistan though heavily politicised and controversial remains unclear and countless facts twisted and partisan to this day.

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Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Conflicts Since the departure of the British from British-India Indian Independence Act in August 1947 which resulted in the creation of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, there have been three military border conflicts and one minor battle between the two states. In each case, the casus belli was the disputed Kashmir region, except the Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1971. This limited border conflict during December 1971 which lasted only about 11 days initialled in the Western Zone of Pakistan and India at the fag end of the war between Pakistan and Bangladesh, after India officially declared with assistance from the Soviet Union, that it was ready to join military forces with the Bangladesh. Bangladesh had seceded from Pakistan and declared independence after all political negotiations due to inequalities in basic human rights, civil liberties and citizenship had stalled and ultimately collapsed and the Pakistani military cracked down on East Bengali civilian population. India, immediately thereafter diplomatically supported Bangladesh and according to its limited capacity also provided light military support. Between end of November and early December India officially declared intent of joining Bangladesh independence struggle against Pakistan. Immediately, India was attacked on the western front over air by Pakistan. By the end of day, India officially declared war over Pakistan and the conflict ended a few days after declaration without any battales planned or fought. India's participation in Bangladesh's independence war against Pakistan though heavily politicised and controversial remains unclear and countless facts twisted and partisan to this day.

The Wars in chronological order

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: Pakistan captures one-third of Kashmir (which Pakistan claims as its territory) with the help of Pashtun tribals. Hindus and Sikhs are annihilated from Pakistani Kashmir. India retains three-fifths of Kashmir by sending troops through Gurdaspur.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965: Pakistani troops attempt to infiltrate into Indian Kashmir hoping for an uprising by Kashmiris. The plan backfires as Kashmiris arrest the infiltrators instead. In desperation, Pakistan opens other fronts. India retalitates on multiple western fronts in response. War results in strategic stalemate with both countries holding on each other's territories (India held 710 sq. mi, Pakistan held 210 sq. mi).
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: Bangladesh demands independence from Pakistan. Pakistani army conducts mass killings and rapes in Bangladesh and executes Bengali civilians, especially Bengali intellectuals and Hindus. Millions of refugees pour over into India. India joins Bangladeshi Mukti-Bahini and decisively defeats Pakistan resulting in the independence of Bangladesh and complete surrender by Pakistan.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1999,also known as "Kargil War": Pakistani troops and some Kashmiri insurgents occupied Indian army posts across the Line of Control (LoC) and began shelling Indian controlled territory. The Indian Army forces Pakistani units back across the LoC.

Origins of conflict

The root of most conflicts and the mutual antipathy lies in the Hindu-Muslim divide that led to the partition of India in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan. The partition was an ill-conceived idea, since many Muslim majority areas remained within India and could not possibly be united into a common geographic area. The political leaders of the newly created state of Pakistan nursed a hatred for India and propagated their feelings among their masses.In fact, in Pakistani schools, their history books begin with the independence of Pakistan and ignore the past history of the Indian subcontinent of which they are a part. Dispute over the mountainous region of Kashmir and in the manner in which its political alignment was decided by the two countries following partition in 1947. Kashmir was ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu, but following an invasion by Pakistani tribals he ceded his territory to India, though Pakistan argues that he did so under duress. This resulted in the breaking out of the First Kashmir War between Indian and Pakistani troops which lasted until 1948, when India moved the issue to the UN Security Council. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on April 21, 1948. The resolution stated "that the final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the United Nations". The cease fire took place on December 31, 1948.

The Second Kashmir War began with Pakistan infiltrating into and starting a rebellion in Jammu and Kashmir. (See Operation Gibraltar) The plan was a non-starter and India retaliated by launching an attack on Pakistan thus igniting the war.

The third war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis brewing in East Pakistan. After months of internal conflict, India decided to help the Bengalis in East Pakistan - much to the consternation of West Pakistan. Within just a fortnight the Indian Military had defeated Pakistan with the aid of the rebels and forced Pakistan to surrender. This war, despite lasting only a fortnight, saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of Prisoners of War since the Second World War after the surrender of nearly 100,000 Pakistani troops and civilians. It is believed that 1,000,000-3,000,000 Bangladeshis were killed as a result of this war.

The latest war, the Kargil War, is considered a minor war because fighting was limited to a single front in Kashmir; though it produced stirring emotions between the two nations involved, coming at a time of increased media and electronic coverage. This was the first ground war between any two nations after they had developed nuclear weapons.

Other conflicts

Apart from the aforementioned wars, there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time. Some have bordered on all-out war, while others were limited in scope. The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides, but full-scale war did not break out. In 1984 there was a flashpoint as both nations attempted to control the Siachen Glacier. Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought without success to oust India from their stronghold.

Between November 1986 and March 1987, India conducted Operation Brasstacks. This military exercise - the largest of its kind in South Asia - raised eyebrows in Pakistan and it was feared that it would lead to another war between the two neighbours. Tensions were high again in 1990 after militancy in Indian-administered Kashmir greatly increased. A terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001, blamed by India on the Pakistan-based terrorist organizations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, prompted the 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war.

Until the ceasefire the LOC was also spectator to daily artillery exchange between Indian and Pakistani armies.

Dramatization

Films

Lakshya, a 2004 Bollywood film based on the historical events of the "Kargil War" or the "Indo-Pakistani War of 1999", directed by Farhan Akhtar
LOC Kargil, a 2003 Bollywood war film based on "Kargil War" or the "Indo-Pakistani War of 1999", directed by J.P.Dutta
- LOC Kargil at IMDb
Border, a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P.Dutta. This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan (Western Theatre) during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
- Border at IMDb
Hindustan Ki Kasam- a 1973 war movie

Dramas

Angaar Waadi, directed by Rauf Khalid
Laag, directed by Rauf Khalid

v t e India–Pakistan relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commissioners of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi
Diplomacy	Karachi Agreement Jinnah–Mountbatten talks Liaquat–Nehru Pact Evacuee Trust Property Board Indus Waters Treaty Permanent Indus Commission Tashkent Declaration Simla Agreement Delhi Agreement Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974 Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline Lahore Declaration Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline Agra Summit Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee India–Pakistan maritime trespassing Sir Creek Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground
Conflicts	Partition of India Kashmir conflict Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir Annexation of Junagadh Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 Insurgency in Balochistan Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 Operation Gibraltar Custodian for Enemy Property for India Bangladesh Liberation War Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 Pakistani Instrument of Surrender Islamabad–New Delhi hotline POWs Line of Control NJ9842 Siachen conflict Operation Tupac Kargil War Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir 2008 Kashmir unrest 2010 Kashmir unrest 2016–2017 Kashmir unrest 2019–2021 lockdown Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India
Incidents	1947 Amritsar train massacre Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948 Sino-Pakistan Agreement Trans-Karakoram Tract 1959 Canberra shootdown 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking Kashmir Singh Samba spy scandal Indian Airlines Flight 423 Ravindra Kaushik Pan Am Flight 73 Operation Brasstacks Sarabjit Singh Sanaullah Haq 1992 India–Pakistan floods 1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001–2002 standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes Khaleel Chishty 2013 border skirmishes 2014–2015 border skirmishes 2014 India–Pakistan floods 2014 Wagah border suicide attack Kulbhushan Jadhav 2016 Pathankot attack 2016 Uri attack 2016 Indian Line of Control strike 2016–2018 border skirmishes 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2019 Balakot airstrike 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes Media coverage 2020–2021 skirmishes 2021 Lahore bombing 2022 missile incident 2023 border skirmishes
Related	Border Wagah-Attari Attari–Wagah border ceremony Ganda Singh Wala-Hussainiwala Kartarpur Corridor Indians in Pakistan Pakistanis in India Anti-Indian sentiment Anti-Pakistan sentiment Illegal immigration to India East Bengali refugees Sports rivalries Cricket Field hockey Transport between India and Pakistan Delhi–Lahore Bus Jammu–Sialkot line Poonch-Rawalakot Bus Samjhauta Express Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Sind Mail Jinnah House Aaghaz-e-Dosti Aman ki Asha Indian reunification Indo-Pakistani Confederation Akhand Bharat Hindi–Urdu controversy Pakistani textbooks controversy Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project Nuclear arms race India and weapons of mass destruction Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts New Concept of War Fighting Cold Start Foodistan Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour
Category:India–Pakistan relations