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Anthropogenic global warming refers to that portion of global warming attributed to human activity, including but not limited to the introduction of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Despite the general agreement that temperatures have risen in the last century (somewhere between 0.4 and 0.8°C), the proportion of this warming that is due to human influence is still open to question. Most climate scientists recognize that the Little Ice Age, a cold period, ended recently and of course warming happens at the end of a cold period.

A summary of climate research may be found in the IPCC assessment reports.

Attribution of 20th century climate change

The most fiercely-contested question in current climate change research is over attribution of climate change to either natural/internal or human factors over the period of the instrumental record - from about 1860, and especially over the last 50 years. In the 1995 SAR the IPCC made the widely quoted statement that "The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate”. The phrase "balance of evidence" was used deliberately to suggest the (English?) common-law standard of proof required in civil as opposed to criminal courts: not as high as "beyond reasonable doubt". In 2001 the TAR upgraded this by saying "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities" .

Over the past 5 decades there has been a warming of approximately 0.3 oC at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record. This warming might have been caused by internal variability, or by external forcing, or by "greenhouse" gases. Current studies indicate the latter is most likely, on the grounds that

• estimates of internal variability from climate models, and reconstructions of past temperatures, indicate that the warming is unlikely to be entirely natural;
• climate models, forced by changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols, reproduce the observed global changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not;
• "fingerprint" methods indicate that the pattern of change is closer to that expected from GHG forced change than from natural change .

However, there is room for disagreement, both about the magnitude of the observed temperature changes and the certainty of the attribution.

The attribution of climate change is discussed extensively, with references to peer-reviewed research, in chapter 12 or the IPCC TAR, which discusses The Meaning of Detection and Attribution, Quantitative Comparison of Observed and Modelled Climate Change, Pattern Correlation Methods and Optimal Fingerprint Methods.

A recent paper (Estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to twentieth century temperature change, Tett SFB et al., JGR 2002), says "Our analysis suggests that the early twentieth century warming can best be explained by a combination of warming due to increases in greenhouse gases and natural forcing, some cooling due to other anthropogenic forcings, and a substantial, but not implausible, contribution from internal variability. In the second half of the century we find that the warming is largely caused by changes in greenhouse gases, with changes in sulphates and, perhaps, volcanic aerosol offsetting approximately one third of the warming."

Others have different opinions. Astrophysicist Sally Baliunas said in a speech (note: a speech, not a scientific paper) delivered at Hillsdale College on February 5, 2002, "...about 80 percent of the carbon dioxide from human activities was added to the air after 1940. Thus increased carbon dioxide in the air cannot account for the pre-1940 warming trend. That trend had to be largely natural. Then, as the air's carbon dioxide content increased most rapidly, temperatures dropped for nearly 40 years. And it seems that human effects amount at most to about 0.1 degree Celsius per decade -- the maximum increase in warming seen after the 1970s." ().

In 1996, in a paper in Nature entitled "A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere", Benjamin D. Santer et al. wrote: "The observed spatial patterns of temperature change in the free atmosphere from 1963 to 1987 are similar to those predicted by state-of-the-art climate models incorporating various combinations of changes in carbon dioxide, anthropogenic sulphate aerosol and stratospheric ozone concentrations. The degree of pattern similarity between models and observations increases through this period. It is likely that this trend is partially due to human activities, although many uncertainties remain, particularly relating to estimates of natural variability.". Note that this earlier work only addressed the most recent period, and that estimates of natural variability are important for assessing the significance of the trend.

Even some scientists noted for their somewhat doubtful view of global warming accept that recent climate change is mostly anthropogenic. John Christy said: "...he supports the AGU declaration, and is convinced that human activities are the major cause of the global warming that has been measured..."

Political aspects

Internationally, political debate has been going on about the possibility of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. This led to the Kyoto protocol.

The U.S. Democratic Party considers anthropogenic global warming to be a well-established danger to humanity. Many conservatives in the U.S., among them President Bush, believe that the dangers of anthropogenic global warming are exaggerated.

Related Articles

More is available from the global warming page.