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| == Finnish system == | == Finnish system == | ||
| In ], approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some ], and later some ] units have also been used. | In ], approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some ], and later some ] units have also been used. | ||
| ⚫ | *''vaaksa'' – The distance between the tips of little finger and thumb, when the fingers are fully extended. Today defined as 150 mm. | ||
| === Units of length === | |||
| ⚫ | *''kyynärä'' – ( |
||
| *''linja'' – (2.06 mm) The width of barleycorn, 1/12th of ''tuuma'' | |||
| *''tuuma'' – (24.74 mm) The width of tumb, 1/6th of ''vaaksa'' or 1/12th of ''jalka''. ''Metrinen tuuma'' = 25 mm. | |||
| ⚫ | *''vaaksa'' – (148.44 mm) The distance between the tips of little finger and thumb, when the fingers are fully extended. 6 ''tuuma'' or 1/2 ''jalka''. Today defined as 150 mm. | ||
| *''jalka'' – (296.9 mm) The length of human foot. 1/2 ''kyynärä''. | |||
| ⚫ | *''kyynärä'' – (593.76 mm) The distance from the elbow to the fingertips. ''Metrinen kyynärä'' = 500 mm. | ||
| *''syli'' – Fathom, (c. 180 cm) the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides. In maritime, ''syli'' is 1/1000th of ] (1.852 m) | *''syli'' – Fathom, (c. 180 cm) the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides. In maritime, ''syli'' is 1/1000th of ] (1.852 m) | ||
| *'' |
*''vakomitta'' – (213.6 m) The furrow's length on field. 1/5 ''virsta'' | ||
| *'' |
*''virsta'' – 2672 m (Swedish) 1068.84 m (Finnish). 1/10th ''peninkulma''. | ||
| *'' |
*''peninkulma'' – (before 1600 5 ''virsta'' (5344.2 m, after 1600 10 ''virsta'' (10 688.4 m) The distance a barking dog can be heard in still air. | ||
| *'' |
*''päivämatka'' – (c. 20 km) The distance of one day's travel. 2 ''peninkulma'' or 20 ''virsta''. | ||
| ⚫ | *''kappa'' – (5.4961 l) Still in use (rectified as exactly 5 liters) at market places to measure potatoes. | ||
| === Units of weight === | |||
| *''luoti'' – (13.95 g); the weight of a musket ball. 1/2 ''unssi'' | |||
| *''unssi'' – (27.9 g). 1/8 of ''markka'' or 1/16th of ''naula'' | |||
| *''markka'' – (213.8 g). 1/2 of ''naula''. Name of the Finnish monetary unit 1861-2002 | |||
| *''naula'' – (425.6 g). 1/20 of ''leiviskä''; ''metrinen naula'' = 500 g | |||
| *''leiviskä'' – (8.5004 kg). 1/5 of ''sentneri''; ''metrinen leiviskä'' = 10 kg | |||
| *''sentneri'' – (42.56 kg): 100 ''naula''. ''Senttaali'' = 200 ''metrinen naula'' or 100 kg. | |||
| *''kippunta'' – (170 kg); 20 ''leiviskä'' or 400 ''naula''. | |||
| === Units of area === | |||
| *''kapanala'' – (154 m<sup>2</sup>) 1/32 of ''tynnyrinala''. The area (of field) that could be sown with one bushel of grain. | |||
| *''tynnyrinala'' – (4936.5 m<sup>2</sup>) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain. | *''tynnyrinala'' – (4936.5 m<sup>2</sup>) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain. | ||
| *''äyrityisenmaa'' – 3 926 square ''kyynärä''. The area which grows grain worth of one ''äyrityinen'' for taxation | |||
| *''kannu'' – (2,6172 l) | |||
| *''äyrinmaa'' – 11 777 square ''kyynärä''. The area which grows grain worth of one ''äyri'' for taxation. | |||
| *''kortteli'' – Used for both length (14.845 cm) and volume (3.2715 dl). | |||
| *''penninginmaa'' – 490 790 square ''kyynärä''. The area which grows grain worth of one ''penninki'' for taxation. | |||
| === Units of volume === | |||
| *''kortteli'' – Used for both length (14.845 cm, same as ''vaaksa'') and volume (3.2715 dl). Name derives from Swedish ''kvartdel'', meaning "quarter". As unit of length 1/4 of ''kyynärä''. | |||
| *''tuoppi'' – (1.3274 dl). 1/2 of ''kannu''. | |||
| *''kannu'' – (2.6172 l). 1/2 of ''kappa''. Also called ''pikkukappa'' (exactly 2.5 l) | |||
| ⚫ | *''kappa'' – (5.4961 l) Still in use (rectified as exactly 5 liters) as ''kappa'' or ''isokappa'' at market places to measure potatoes. | ||
| *''nelikko'' – (43.986 l). 8 ''kappa''. Used for solids. | |||
| *''panni'' – (87.96 l). 2 ''nelikko'' and 1/2 ''tynnyri''. Used for solids | |||
| *''tynnyri'' &ndash''; (125.6 l) 48 ''kannu''. Barrel for liquids. | |||
| *''tynnyri'' – (175 l) 32 ''kappa''. Barrel for solids. | |||
| *''lästi'' – (1507 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for liquids. | |||
| *''lästi'' – (2110 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for solids. | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
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Finnish system
In Finland, approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some Swedish, and later some Russian units have also been used.
Units of length
- linja – (2.06 mm) The width of barleycorn, 1/12th of tuuma
- tuuma – (24.74 mm) The width of tumb, 1/6th of vaaksa or 1/12th of jalka. Metrinen tuuma = 25 mm.
- vaaksa – (148.44 mm) The distance between the tips of little finger and thumb, when the fingers are fully extended. 6 tuuma or 1/2 jalka. Today defined as 150 mm.
- jalka – (296.9 mm) The length of human foot. 1/2 kyynärä.
- kyynärä – (593.76 mm) The distance from the elbow to the fingertips. Metrinen kyynärä = 500 mm.
- syli – Fathom, (c. 180 cm) the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides. In maritime, syli is 1/1000th of nautical mile (1.852 m)
- vakomitta – (213.6 m) The furrow's length on field. 1/5 virsta
- virsta – 2672 m (Swedish) 1068.84 m (Finnish). 1/10th peninkulma.
- peninkulma – (before 1600 5 virsta (5344.2 m, after 1600 10 virsta (10 688.4 m) The distance a barking dog can be heard in still air.
- päivämatka – (c. 20 km) The distance of one day's travel. 2 peninkulma or 20 virsta.
Units of weight
- luoti – (13.95 g); the weight of a musket ball. 1/2 unssi
- unssi – (27.9 g). 1/8 of markka or 1/16th of naula
- markka – (213.8 g). 1/2 of naula. Name of the Finnish monetary unit 1861-2002
- naula – (425.6 g). 1/20 of leiviskä; metrinen naula = 500 g
- leiviskä – (8.5004 kg). 1/5 of sentneri; metrinen leiviskä = 10 kg
- sentneri – (42.56 kg): 100 naula. Senttaali = 200 metrinen naula or 100 kg.
- kippunta – (170 kg); 20 leiviskä or 400 naula.
Units of area
- kapanala – (154 m) 1/32 of tynnyrinala. The area (of field) that could be sown with one bushel of grain.
- tynnyrinala – (4936.5 m) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain.
- äyrityisenmaa – 3 926 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one äyrityinen for taxation
- äyrinmaa – 11 777 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one äyri for taxation.
- penninginmaa – 490 790 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one penninki for taxation.
Units of volume
- kortteli – Used for both length (14.845 cm, same as vaaksa) and volume (3.2715 dl). Name derives from Swedish kvartdel, meaning "quarter". As unit of length 1/4 of kyynärä.
- tuoppi – (1.3274 dl). 1/2 of kannu.
- kannu – (2.6172 l). 1/2 of kappa. Also called pikkukappa (exactly 2.5 l)
- kappa – (5.4961 l) Still in use (rectified as exactly 5 liters) as kappa or isokappa at market places to measure potatoes.
- nelikko – (43.986 l). 8 kappa. Used for solids.
- panni – (87.96 l). 2 nelikko and 1/2 tynnyri. Used for solids
- tynnyri – (125.6 l) 48 kannu. Barrel for liquids.
- tynnyri – (175 l) 32 kappa. Barrel for solids.
- lästi – (1507 l) 12 tynnyri for liquids.
- lästi – (2110 l) 12 tynnyri for solids.