| Revision as of 09:57, 11 September 2005 edit62.237.141.28 (talk) →Units of volume← Previous edit | Revision as of 10:28, 11 September 2005 edit undo62.237.141.28 (talk) →Finnish systemNext edit → | ||
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| In ], approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some ], and later some ] units have also been used. | In ], approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some ], and later some ] units have also been used. | ||
| The measurements were first standardized in the law of |
The measurements were first standardized in the law of 1665 and revised 1735. Before that, the measurements varied from town to town. The units used in town of ] were unusually large; the proverb ''mitata Porvoon mitalla'' (to measure in Porvoo units) means to measure in excess or generously. | ||
| Certain units were standardized to Metric in 1861; Finland converted fully to Metric system 1880. | Certain units were standardized to Metric in 1861; Finland converted fully to Metric system 1880. | ||
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| === Units of area === | === Units of area === | ||
| *''kannunala'' – (88.15 m<sup>2</sup>). 1000 square ''jalka''. | |||
| *''kapanala'' – (154 m<sup>2</sup>) 1/32 of ''tynnyrinala''. The area (of field) that could be sown with one bushel of grain. | *''kapanala'' – (154 m<sup>2</sup>) 1/32 of ''tynnyrinala''. The area (of field) that could be sown with one bushel of grain. | ||
| *''panninala'' – (2464 m<sup>2</sup>) 16 ''kapanala'', 1/2 of ''tynnyrinala''. The area (of field) that could be sown with one ''panni'' of grain, | |||
| *''tynnyrinala'' – (4936.5 m<sup>2</sup>) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain. | *''tynnyrinala'' – (4936.5 m<sup>2</sup>) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain. | ||
| *''äyrityisenmaa'' – 3 926 square ''kyynärä''. The area which grows grain worth of one ''äyrityinen'' for taxation | *''äyrityisenmaa'' – 3 926 square ''kyynärä''. The area which grows grain worth of one ''äyrityinen'' for taxation | ||
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| *''lästi'' – (1507 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for liquids. | *''lästi'' – (1507 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for liquids. | ||
| *''lästi'' – (2110 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for solids. | *''lästi'' – (2110 l) 12 ''tynnyri'' for solids. | ||
| === Maritime units === | |||
| *''Meripeninkulma'' – 1852 m. Same as ]. One angular minute at equator. | |||
| *''Kaapelinmitta'' – 185.2 m. 1/10 of a nautical mile. | |||
| *''Syli'' – 1.852 m. 1/1000 of a nautical mile. Seldom used. | |||
| *''Solmu'' – nautoval miles per hour. Speed unit. | |||
| Obsolete: | |||
| *''Merisekunti''* – 30.8666 m. 1/60 of nautical mile | |||
| *''Meritertia''* – 0.51444 m. 1/3600 of nautical mile | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
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Finnish system
In Finland, approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some Swedish, and later some Russian units have also been used.
The measurements were first standardized in the law of 1665 and revised 1735. Before that, the measurements varied from town to town. The units used in town of Porvoo were unusually large; the proverb mitata Porvoon mitalla (to measure in Porvoo units) means to measure in excess or generously.
Certain units were standardized to Metric in 1861; Finland converted fully to Metric system 1880.
Units of length
- linja – (2.06 mm) The width of barleycorn, 1/12th of tuuma
- tuuma – (24.74 mm) The width of tumb, 1/6th of vaaksa or 1/12th of jalka. Metrinen tuuma = 25 mm.
- vaaksa – (148.44 mm) The distance between the tips of little finger and thumb, when the fingers are fully extended. 6 tuuma or 1/2 jalka. Today defined as 150 mm.
- jalka – (296.9 mm) The length of human foot. 1/2 kyynärä.
- kyynärä – (593.76 mm) The distance from the elbow to the fingertips. Metrinen kyynärä = 500 mm.
- syli – Fathom, (c. 180 cm) the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides. In maritime, syli is 1/1000th of nautical mile (1.852 m)
- vakomitta – (213.6 m) The furrow's length on field. 1/5 virsta
- virsta – 2672 m (Swedish) 1068.84 m (Finnish). 1/10th peninkulma.
- peninkulma – (before 1600 5 virsta (5344.2 m, after 1600 10 virsta (10 688.4 m) The distance a barking dog can be heard in still air.
- päivämatka – (c. 20 km) The distance of one day's travel. 2 peninkulma or 20 virsta.
Units of weight
- luoti – (13.95 g); the weight of a musket ball. 1/2 unssi
- unssi – (27.9 g). 1/8 of markka or 1/16th of naula
- markka – (213.8 g). 1/2 of naula. Name of the Finnish monetary unit 1861-2002
- naula – (425.6 g). 1/20 of leiviskä; metrinen naula = 500 g
- leiviskä – (8.5004 kg). 1/5 of sentneri; metrinen leiviskä = 10 kg
- sentneri – (42.56 kg): 100 naula. Senttaali = 200 metrinen naula or 100 kg.
- kippunta – (170 kg); 20 leiviskä or 400 naula.
Units of area
- kannunala – (88.15 m). 1000 square jalka.
- kapanala – (154 m) 1/32 of tynnyrinala. The area (of field) that could be sown with one bushel of grain.
- panninala – (2464 m) 16 kapanala, 1/2 of tynnyrinala. The area (of field) that could be sown with one panni of grain,
- tynnyrinala – (4936.5 m) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain.
- äyrityisenmaa – 3 926 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one äyrityinen for taxation
- äyrinmaa – 11 777 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one äyri for taxation.
- penninginmaa – 490 790 square kyynärä. The area which grows grain worth of one penninki for taxation.
Units of volume
- jumpru – 0.818 cl. 1/4 of kortteli.
- kortteli – Used for both length (14.845 cm, same as vaaksa) and volume (3.2715 dl). Name derives from Swedish kvartdel, meaning "quarter". As unit of length 1/4 of kyynärä.
- tuoppi – (1.3274 dl). 1/2 of kannu.
- kannu – (2.6172 l). 1/2 of kappa. Also called pikkukappa (exactly 2.5 l)
- kappa – (5.4961 l) Still in use (rectified as exactly 5 liters) as kappa or isokappa at market places to measure potatoes.
- ankkuri – (39.26 l). 15 kannu. Used for liquids.
- nelikko – (43.986 l). 8 kappa. Used for solids.
- panni – (87.96 l). 2 nelikko and 1/2 tynnyri. Used for solids
- tynnyri – (125.6 l) 48 kannu. Barrel for liquids.
- tynnyri – (175 l) 32 kappa. Barrel for solids.
- lästi – (1507 l) 12 tynnyri for liquids.
- lästi – (2110 l) 12 tynnyri for solids.
Maritime units
- Meripeninkulma – 1852 m. Same as nautical mile. One angular minute at equator.
- Kaapelinmitta – 185.2 m. 1/10 of a nautical mile.
- Syli – 1.852 m. 1/1000 of a nautical mile. Seldom used.
- Solmu – nautoval miles per hour. Speed unit.
Obsolete:
- Merisekunti* – 30.8666 m. 1/60 of nautical mile
- Meritertia* – 0.51444 m. 1/3600 of nautical mile