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| {{about|the reggae musician|the comedian|Bob Marley (comedian)}} | |||
| == == | |||
| {{Infobox musical artist | |||
| ]]]] | |||
| | Name = Bob Marley | |||
| | Img = Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg | |||
| | Landscape = Yes | |||
| | Background = solo_singer | |||
| | Birth_name = Robert Nesta Marley | |||
| | Born = {{birth date|1945|2|6|mf=y}}<br />Nine Mile, ], ] | |||
| | Died = {{Death date and age|1981|5|11|1945|2|6}}<br />], ], ] | |||
| | Instrument = ], ], ] | |||
| | Genre = ], ], ] | |||
| | Occupation = ], ] | |||
| | Years_active = 1962 – 1981 | |||
| | Label = ], ], ]/], ]/] | |||
| | Associated_acts = Member of ],<br>band leader of the ],<br>associated with the ],<br>associated with the ] | |||
| | URL = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley''' ] (], ] – ] ]) was a ]n ], ] and ]. He was the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist for the ], ] and ] bands: ] (1964 – 1974) and ] (1974 – 1981). Marley died nearly thirty years ago, but remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited for helping spread ] to the worldwide audience.<ref></ref> | |||
| Marley's best known hits include "]", "]", "]", "]", "]", "]", "]", "]" and, together with '']'', ""]",<ref name=EB>"Bob Marley," ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 2006</ref> as well as the posthumous releases "]" and "]". The compilation album, '']'', released in 1984, three years after his death, is the best-selling reggae album ever (10 times ]<ref>Doug Miller, "", ''BobMarley.com'', February 26, 2007</ref>), with sales of more than 12 million copies.<ref name=EB/> | |||
| ==Early life and career== | |||
| Bob Marley was born in the small village of Nine Mile in ], Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=1}}</ref> A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first and middle names.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=9}}</ref> His father Norval Sinclair Marley was a white English Jamaican of ] descent. Norval was a ] and captain, as well as a ] overseer, when he married ], a black Jamaican then eighteen years old.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=2}}</ref> Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. In 1955, when Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 60.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=4}}</ref> | |||
| Marley suffered ] as a youth, because of his ] and faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected: | |||
| <blockquote>I don't have prejudice against meself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.</blockquote><ref>{{cite web|last=Webley|first=Bishop Derek|title=One world, one love, one Bob Marley|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/comment/birmingham-columnists/more-columnists/2008/05/10/bishop-webley-one-world-one-love-one-bob-marley-65233-20891539/|work=The Birmingham Post|date=2008-05-10|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> | |||
| Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (later known as ]), with whom he started to play music. He left school at the age of 14 to make music with ], a local singer and devout ]. It was at a ] with Higgs and Livingston that Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as ]), who had similar musical ambitions.<ref name="all music">{{cite web|last=Ankeny|first=Jason|title=Bob Marley - Biography|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0ifpxqq5ldte~T1|work=All Music Guide|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> | |||
| In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "]" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer ]. These songs, released on the ] label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,<ref> at bobmarley.com</ref> attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the box set, '']'', a posthumous collection of Marley's work. | |||
| ==Musical career== | |||
| ===The Wailers=== | |||
| {{main|The Wailers (reggae band)}} | |||
| {{wikinews|Vivien Goldman: An interview with Bob Marley's biographer}} | |||
| In 1963, Bob Marley, ], ], ], ], and ] formed a ] and ] group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", at which point they were discovered by record producer ], and finally to "]". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh. | |||
| In 1966, Marley married ], and moved near his mother's residence in ] in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a ] lab assistant and on the assembly line at a ] plant, under the alias Donald Marley.<ref>Timothy White, , ], June 25, 1981</ref> Upon returning to Jamaica, Marley became a member of the Rastafari movement, and started to wear his trademark ] (''see the '']'' for more on Marley's religious views''). | |||
| After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with ] and his studio band, ]. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again. | |||
| Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter McIntosh and Bunny Livingston re-cut some old tracks with ] in Kingston and ] in an attempt to commercialize The Wailers' sound. Livingston later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album … they were just demos for record companies to listen to." | |||
| ] | |||
| The Wailers' first album, '']'', was released worldwide in 1973, and sold well. It was followed a year later by '']'', which included the songs "]" and "]". ] made a hit cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" in 1974, raising Marley's international profile. | |||
| The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members going on to pursue solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Livingston, McIntosh, and Marley concerning performances, while others claim that Livingston and McIntosh simply preferred solo work. McIntosh began recording under the name Peter Tosh, and Livingston continued as Bunny Wailer. | |||
| ===Bob Marley & The Wailers=== | |||
| {{main|Bob Marley & The Wailers}} | |||
| Despite the breakup, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new ] included brothers ] and ] on drums and bass respectively, ] and ] on lead guitar, ] and ] on keyboards, and ] on percussion. The "]", consisting of ], ], and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. | |||
| In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "]," from the '']'' album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the ], '']'' (1976), which spent four weeks on the ] Top Ten. | |||
| In December 1976, two days before "]", a free concert organized by the Jamaican Prime Minister ] in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley<!--Manley is correct, do not change it to Marley-->. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled. | |||
| ] | |||
| Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976 for ], where he recorded his '']'' and '']'' albums. ''Exodus'' stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting In Vain", "Jamming", "One Love", and a rendition of ]'s hit, "]". It was here that he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of ] while traveling in London. | |||
| In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the ], again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley<!--Manley is correct, do not change it to Marley--> and his political rival, ], joined each other on stage and shook hands. | |||
| Babylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 to critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jammin'" with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances. | |||
| '']'', a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "]", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of ]ns. His appearance at the ] in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African ], which he already had shown in his song "]" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the ] celebration of ]'s Independence Day. | |||
| '']'' (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah". It was in "Redemption Song" that Marley sang the famous lyric, | |||
| {{cquote|Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery<br>None but ourselves can free our minds…|10px}} | |||
| '']'', released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "]" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. | |||
| ==Later years== | |||
| ===Cancer diagnosis=== | |||
| In July 1977, Marley was found to have ], a form of ], in a ] wound - according to widely held urban legend, inflicted by broadcaster and pundit ]<ref></ref> - on his right ] (big toe). Marley refused amputation, because of the Rastafari belief that the body must be "whole": | |||
| {{cquote|Rasta no abide amputation. I don't allow a man to be dismantled.|10px|10px|From the biography ''Catch a Fire''}} | |||
| Marley may have seen ] as ''samfai'' (tricksters, deceivers). True to this belief Marley went against all surgical possibilities and sought out other means that would not break his religious beliefs. He also refused to register a ], based on the Rastafari belief that writing a will is acknowledging death as inevitable, thus disregarding the everlasting (or everliving, as Rastas say) character of life. | |||
| === Collapse and treatment === | |||
| The ] then ] to Marley's ], ]s, ], and ]. After playing two shows at ] as part of his fall 1980 ], he collapsed while jogging in ] ]. The remainder of the tour was subsequently cancelled. | |||
| Bob Marley played his final concert at the ] in ] on ], ]. The live version of "Redemption Song" on ''Songs of Freedom'' was recorded at this show.<ref>http://www.bobmarley.com/songs/songs.cgi?redemption</ref> Marley afterwards sought medical help from ] specialist ], but his cancer had already progressed to the terminal stage. | |||
| === Death and posthumous reputation === | |||
| While flying home from ] to Jamaica for his final days, Marley became ill, and landed in Miami for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in ] on the morning of ], ] at the age of 36. The spread of ] to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son ] were "Money can't buy life."<ref name="timeline">{{cite web | |||
| | last = Steffens | |||
| | first = Roger | |||
| | title = Bob Marley Chronology 1945-1981 | |||
| | url = http://www.reggae.com/artists/bob_marley/chronology.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}</ref> | |||
| Marley received a ] in Jamaica on ], ] which combined elements of ] and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his ], a football, a Cannabis bud, a ring that he wore every day that was given to him by the Prince ] of Ethiopia (eldest son of ]), and a ]. A month before his death, he was awarded the ]. | |||
| Marley was inducted into the ] in 1994. '']'' magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' '']'' as the greatest album of the 20th century. | |||
| In 2001, Marley was posthumously awarded the ], and a feature-length documentary about his life, ''Rebel Music'', won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, the Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. | |||
| In 2006, the City of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the ] section of ] "Bob Marley Boulevard".<ref></ref> | |||
| == Religion == | |||
| Bob Marley was a member of the ], whose culture was a key element in the development of ]. Bob Marley became a leading proponent of the Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of ] and onto the international music scene. | |||
| Bob Marley was baptized by the Archbishop of the ] ] Church in Kingston, Jamaica on ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/ethiopian_church.shtml |title=The Ethiopian Orthodox Church & Bob Marley's Baptism And The Church |publisher=Jamaicans.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/cgi-bin/forum/archive1/config.pl?noframes;read=47421 |title=Bob Marley's Baptism in Ethiopian Orthodox Church |publisher=Rastafarispeaks.com}}</ref> Marley was also a ].<ref></ref> | |||
| == Wife and children == | |||
| Bob Marley had 13 children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and the remaining eight with separate women.<ref>Dixon, Meredith. ''The Dread Library'' (Accessed 21 June 2007)</ref> His children are, in order of birth: | |||
| # Imani Carole, born ], ], to Cheryl Murray; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Rita in previous relationship; | |||
| # ] born ], ], to Rita; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Rita; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Rita; | |||
| # Robert "Robbie", born ], ], to Pat Williams; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Janet Hunt; | |||
| # Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen; | |||
| # Stephanie, born ], ]; according to ] she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Lucy Pounder; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to Anita Belnavis; | |||
| # ], born ], ], to ]; | |||
| # Makeda, born ], ], to Yvette Crichton. | |||
| == Discography == | |||
| {{main|Bob Marley and the Wailers discography}} | |||
| == Tours == | |||
| * Apr–Jul 1973: ''']''' (England, USA) | |||
| * Oct–Nov 1973: ''']''' (USA, England) | |||
| * Jun–Jul 1975: ''']''' (USA, Canada, England) | |||
| * Apr–Jul 1976: ''']''' (USA, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, France, England, Wales) | |||
| * May–Jun 1977: ''']''' (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, England) | |||
| * May–Aug 1978: ''']''' (USA, Canada, England, France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium) | |||
| * Apr–May 1979: ''']''' (Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii) | |||
| * Oct 1979–Jan 1980: ''']''' (USA, Canada, Trinidad/Tobago, Bahamas, Gabon) | |||
| * May–Sep 1980: ''']''' (Switzerland, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, USA) | |||
| == Awards and honors == | |||
| ]]] | |||
| * 1976: Band of the Year (]) | |||
| * June 1978: Awarded the ] from the ] | |||
| * February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honor, the ] | |||
| * March 1994: Inducted into the ] | |||
| * 1999: Album of the Century for '']'' (]) | |||
| * February 2001: A star on the ] | |||
| * February 2001: Awarded ] | |||
| * 2004: ] ranked him #11 on their list of the .<ref>{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work = Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}}</ref> | |||
| <!-- * 2005: Posthumous Achievement Award -- by who? --> | |||
| * "One Love" named song of the millennium by The ] | |||
| * Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.<ref name=greatest> | |||
| , ''BBC'', May 23, 2001</ref> | |||
| *2006 A plaque dedicated to him by Nubian Jak community trust and supported by Her Majesties Foreign Office.<ref>{{cite web| title = London honours legendary reggae artist Bob Marley with heritage plaque| work = AfricaUnite.org| url =http://africa-unite.org/site/content/view/63/54}}</ref> | |||
| ==Film adaptation(s)== | |||
| In February 2008, director ] announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film is set to be released on February 6, ], on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.<ref>{{cite news | author=Winter Miller | url=http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=246581796&p=z4658z5xz | title=Scorsese to make Marley documentary | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> Recently, however, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He is being replaced by ].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Martin Scorsese Drops Out of Bob Marley Documentary |url=http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=8737&count=25 |work= |publisher=WorstPreviews.com |date=] |accessdate=2008-05-26 }}</ref> | |||
| In March 2008, ] announced its plans to produce a ] of Bob Marley, based on the book ''No Woman No Cry: My Life With Bob Marley'' by ]. ] will produce the script by ] and Rita Marley will ].<ref>{{cite news | author=Winter Miller | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117981772.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title=Weinstein Co. options ''Marley'' | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> | |||
| ==Sound samples== | |||
| * {{audio|Bob Marley & The Wailers - Simmer Down (1964).ogg|"Simmer Down"}} (1964) | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * ] (2007). ''Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley'', Amistad Press ISBN 0060539925 | |||
| * ] (2006). ''The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century'', Aurum Press ISBN 1845132106 | |||
| * Henke, James (2006). ''Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley'', Simon & Schuster Ltd ISBN 0743285514 | |||
| * ]; Jones, Hettie (2004) ''No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley'' Hyperion Books ISBN 0786887559 | |||
| * ] (2007) ''Wailing Blues: The Story of Bob Marley's "Wailers"'' Wise Publications ISBN 1846096898 | |||
| *{{citation|last=Moskowitz|first=David|title=The Words and Music of Bob Marley|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JJ4ub5h5E6sC&printsec=frontcover|year=2007|place=], ]|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0275989356}}</ref> | |||
| * ] (2006). ''Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley'' Owl Books ISBN 0805080864 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| {{commons|Bob Marley}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Could You Be Loved.com | |||
| *''' ''' | |||
| * | |||
| * at Rollingstone | |||
| * addressed to the ], which was made into Marley's famous song "War". | |||
| * ''BBC News'', 23 May, 2001 | |||
| * , first officially approved Bob Marley remix album | |||
| * | |||
| * Bob Marley Community Forums (Unofficial) | |||
| * Bob Marley Magazine (Unofficial) | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * {{MusicBrainz artist|id=c296e10c-110a-4103-9e77-47bfebb7fb2e|name=Bob Marley and the Wailers}} | |||
| * | |||
| <br /> | |||
| {{Bob Marley}} | |||
| {{Pan-Africanism}} | |||
| <!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
| {{lifetime|1945|1981|Marley, Bob}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME= Marley, Bob | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Marley, Robert Nesta | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= Singer, songwriter, guitarist | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH= ], ] | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH= Nine Miles, ], ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH= ], ] | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH= ], ], ] | |||
| }} | |||
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Revision as of 21:38, 12 August 2008
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