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| '''Decompression sickness''' |
'''Decompression sickness''', '''DCS''' or '''the bends''' is caused by breathing ] at high pressure so that it is adsorbed into the tissues of the body in high concentrations and then reducing the pressure without allowing the adorbed gas time to safely leave the body through the lungs. It typically happens to ] divers who do long, deep dives without slowly ascending and making the necessary ''decompression stops''. | ||
| == Cause == | |||
| ⚫ | When air under high pressure is breathed for any length of time, ] dissolves in the body fluids in higher than usual concentration. |
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| ⚫ | When ] under high pressure is breathed for any length of time, ] dissolves in the body fluids in higher than usual concentration (]). Moving the body to a lower pressure causes the gas to come back out of solution, and form bubbles in the ]. The physiologist ] studied this problem in the early ], eventually devising the method of staged, gradual decompression, whereby the pressure on the diver is released slowly enough that the nitrogen comes gradually out of solution without forming bubbles. Repeated cases of decompression sickness can lead to brittle bones. Severe cases can lead to death because large bubbles can impede the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain and other vital organs. | ||
| == Cause == | |||
| The is only one final treatment of decompression sickness: recompression in a '']''. | |||
| A useful first aid treatment is to breath high concentrations of oxygen: either pure ] or a rich ]. | |||
| == Avoiding ''decompression sickness'' == | |||
| ''Decompression tables'' and ''dive computers'' have been developed that help the diver choose the depth and duration of ''decompression stops'' for a particular dive ''profile'' at depth. | |||
| == History == | |||
| An alternative name is ''caisson disease''; this name comes from the 19th century, when large engineering excavations (]s, ]s) required the work to be done in "caissons" under pressure to keep water from flooding the excavations. This was a major factor for laborers working on the ], and incapacitated the project leader ]. | An alternative name is ''caisson disease''; this name comes from the 19th century, when large engineering excavations (]s, ]s) required the work to be done in "caissons" under pressure to keep water from flooding the excavations. This was a major factor for laborers working on the ], and incapacitated the project leader ]. | ||
| == Helium == | |||
| Because ] has a far lower solubility in water, nitrogen decompression sickness can be avoided by using other ]es such as ] and ] instead of air. Unfortunateley there is a ] decompression sickness, which takes longer exposure to helium before it becomes a problem. Helium is mainly used in ]es to reduce ]. | Because ] has a far lower solubility in water, nitrogen decompression sickness can be avoided by using other ]es such as ] and ] instead of air. Unfortunateley there is a ] decompression sickness, which takes longer exposure to helium before it becomes a problem. Helium is mainly used in ]es to reduce ]. | ||
| == Other diseases == | |||
| ⚫ | Other |
||
| ⚫ | Other ], due to ]es, experienced by divers are ] and ]. | ||
Revision as of 20:48, 9 February 2004
Decompression sickness, DCS or the bends is caused by breathing nitrogen at high pressure so that it is adsorbed into the tissues of the body in high concentrations and then reducing the pressure without allowing the adorbed gas time to safely leave the body through the lungs. It typically happens to SCUBA divers who do long, deep dives without slowly ascending and making the necessary decompression stops.
Cause
When air under high pressure is breathed for any length of time, nitrogen dissolves in the body fluids in higher than usual concentration (Henry's Law). Moving the body to a lower pressure causes the gas to come back out of solution, and form bubbles in the blood. The physiologist J.S. Haldane studied this problem in the early 20th century, eventually devising the method of staged, gradual decompression, whereby the pressure on the diver is released slowly enough that the nitrogen comes gradually out of solution without forming bubbles. Repeated cases of decompression sickness can lead to brittle bones. Severe cases can lead to death because large bubbles can impede the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain and other vital organs.
Cause
The is only one final treatment of decompression sickness: recompression in a hyperbaric chamber.
A useful first aid treatment is to breath high concentrations of oxygen: either pure oxygen or a rich nitrox.
Avoiding decompression sickness
Decompression tables and dive computers have been developed that help the diver choose the depth and duration of decompression stops for a particular dive profile at depth.
History
An alternative name is caisson disease; this name comes from the 19th century, when large engineering excavations (bridges, tunnels) required the work to be done in "caissons" under pressure to keep water from flooding the excavations. This was a major factor for laborers working on the Brooklyn Bridge, and incapacitated the project leader Washington Roebling.
Helium
Because helium has a far lower solubility in water, nitrogen decompression sickness can be avoided by using other breathing gases such as heliox and trimix instead of air. Unfortunateley there is a Helium decompression sickness, which takes longer exposure to helium before it becomes a problem. Helium is mainly used in breathing gases to reduce nitrogen narcosis.
Other diseases
Other diving disorders, due to breathing gases, experienced by divers are nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity.