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| ===Persecution of Buddhism=== | ===Persecution of Buddhism=== | ||
| ⚫ | ], wife of the God of Cyclic Destruction ], Sunga period, ], ], ]]] | ||
| ], a ], is known for his hostility and persecution towards the ]. He is recorded as having "destroyed monasteries and killed Monks" (Divyavadana, p429-434): 84.000 Buddhist ]s which had been built by the ] king ] were destroyed (R. Thaper), and 100 gold coins were offered for the head of each Buddhist monk (Indian Historical Quarterly Vol. XXII, p.81 ff cited in Hars.407). A large number of Buddhist monasteries (]s) were converted to ] temples, in such places as ], ], ] or ]. | ], a ], is known for his hostility and persecution towards the ]. He is recorded as having "destroyed monasteries and killed Monks" (Divyavadana, p429-434): 84.000 Buddhist ]s which had been built by the ] king ] were destroyed (R. Thaper), and 100 gold coins were offered for the head of each Buddhist monk (Indian Historical Quarterly Vol. XXII, p.81 ff cited in Hars.407). A large number of Buddhist monasteries (]s) were converted to ] temples, in such places as ], ], ] or ]. | ||
| ⚫ | ], wife of the God of Cyclic Destruction ], Sunga period, ], ], ]]] | ||
| ===Conflict with the Indo-Greeks (180 BCE- )=== | ===Conflict with the Indo-Greeks (180 BCE- )=== | ||
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| ===Later Sunga realizations=== | ===Later Sunga realizations=== | ||
| ], ] (?), Sunga period (2nd-1st century BCE). ].]] | |||
| During the historical Sunga period (] to ]), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (]) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the ]s of ] and ], originally started under King Ashoka. These stupas, however, are located quite far from the Sunga center of power, and it is questioned whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Sungas in these areas, or a late sign of tolerance on their part. | During the historical Sunga period (] to ]), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (]) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the ]s of ] and ], originally started under King Ashoka. These stupas, however, are located quite far from the Sunga center of power, and it is questioned whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Sungas in these areas, or a late sign of tolerance on their part. | ||
Revision as of 23:12, 23 September 2005
For other uses of the term Sunga see Sunga (disambiguation)
The Sunga empire (or Shunga empire) controlled the eastern part of India from around 185 to 73 BCE. It was established after the fall of the Indian Mauryan empire. The capital of the Sungas was at Pataliputra.
Overthrow of the Mauryan dynasty (185 BCE)
The Sunga dynasty was established in 185 BCE, about 50 years after Ashoka's death, when the king Brhadrata, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was brutally murdered by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga then ascended the throne.
Persecution of Buddhism
Pusyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin, is known for his hostility and persecution towards the Buddhist faith. He is recorded as having "destroyed monasteries and killed Monks" (Divyavadana, p429-434): 84.000 Buddhist stupas which had been built by the Mauryan king Ashoka were destroyed (R. Thaper), and 100 gold coins were offered for the head of each Buddhist monk (Indian Historical Quarterly Vol. XXII, p.81 ff cited in Hars.407). A large number of Buddhist monasteries (viharas) were converted to Hindu temples, in such places as Nalanda, Bodhgaya, Sarnath or Mathura.
Conflict with the Indo-Greeks (180 BCE- )
From around 180 BCE the Indian territory was invaded as far as Pataliputra by the Greco-Bactrian ruler Demetrius, with the long-term effect of confining the Sungas to the eastern part of India. Demetrius established an Indo-Greek kingdom in the northern and northwestern part of India, which was to last until the end of the 1st century BCE, and under which Buddhism was able to flourish. In particular, one of the successors of Demetrius, the Indo-Greek "Saviour king" Menander (Pali: Milinda) was a strong benefactor of the Buddhist faith at that time.
Later Sunga realizations
During the historical Sunga period (185 to 73 BCE), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (Madhya Pradesh) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the stupas of Sanchi and Bharhut, originally started under King Ashoka. These stupas, however, are located quite far from the Sunga center of power, and it is questioned whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Sungas in these areas, or a late sign of tolerance on their part.
The last of the Sunga kings was Devabhuti.
List of Sunga kings
- Pusyamitra Sunga (185 - 149 BCE)
- Agnimitra (149 - 141 BCE)
- Vasujyeshtha (141 - 131 BCE)
- Vasumitra (131 - 124 BCE)
- Andhraka (124 - 122 BCE)
- Pulindaka (122 - 119 BCE)
- Ghosha
- Vajramitra
- Bhagavata
- Devabhuti (83 - 73 BCE)
See also:
History of Buddhism
History of India
Greco-Buddhism
References:
- "Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien KEOWN (Oxford University Press, 2003)
- "Ashoka and the decline of the Mauryas" Romila Thaper (London 1961).