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{{otheruses4|the city}}
{{redirect4|New York, New York|NYC}}
{{featured article}}
<!-- Don't add a particular image size to most images of this article, it will be reverted. The images need to be able to customize from personal preferences. -->
{{Infobox Settlement
| name = City of New York
| native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| nickname = ''The ], Gotham, The City That Never Sleeps, The Capital of The World (]), The Empire City, The City So Nice They Named It Twice.''
| settlement_type =
| motto =
| image_skyline = NYC Montage 8.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| image_caption = From top left: ] south of Rockefeller Center, the ], ], ], and ]
| image_flag = Flag of New York City.svg
| flag_size =
| image_seal = Seal of New York City.png
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| city_logo =
| citylogo_size =
| image_map = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg
| mapsize = 200px
| map_caption = Location in the state of ]
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/Template:Location_map -->
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| government_foonotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ] (])
| leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| established_title = ]
| established_date = 1624
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3 = 1898
| area_magnitude = 1 E9
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1214.4
| area_land_km2 = 789.4
| area_water_km2 = 428.8
| area_total_sq_mi = 468.9
| area_land_sq_mi = 304.8
| area_water_sq_mi = 165.6
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 8683.2
| area_urban_sq_mi = 3352.6
| area_metro_km2 = 17405
| area_metro_sq_mi = 6720
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = July 1, 2007
| population_footnotes = <ref name=100000plus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007| format = ] | publisher = ], Population Division | date = ] | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref>
| population_note =
| population_total = 8274527 (], ])
| population_density_km2 = 10482
| population_density_sq_mi = 27147
| population_metro = 19750000
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_urban = 18498000
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_blank1_title = ]
| population_blank1 = New Yorker
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| latd=40 | latm=43 | lats= | latNS=N
| longd=74 | longm=00 | longs= | longEW=W
| elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref></ref> tags -->
| elevation_m = 10
| elevation_ft = 33
| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code =
| area_code = 212, 718, 917, 347, 646
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''New York City''' (officially '''The City of New York''') is the ] in the United States, with a ] that is among the ] in the world. The city serves as one of the world's primary ], exerting a powerful influence over worldwide ], ], ], and ]. The city is also an important center for international affairs, hosting the ] headquarters.

The city consists of five distinct ]: ], ], ], ], and ]. It is the most densely populated major city in the United States, with an estimated 8,274,527 people<ref name=100000plus /> within an area of {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|2|}}.<ref name="NYC Land Estimate">{{cite web |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |title=NYC Profile |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/nycprofile.pdf |accessdate=2008-05-22|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="NYT Land Estimate">{{cite web |publisher=The New York Times |title=It’s Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big |first=Sam |last=Robers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html |accessdate=2008-05-22}}</ref><ref>] is more densely populated but has a population of 63,930.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm |title=2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density |publisher=Demographia |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080115171647/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv |archivedate=2008-01-15 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The ] is also the largest metropolitan area in the country, with an estimated 19,750,000 people over {{convert|6720|sqmi}} in three states.<ref>Consists of two separate ]s (MSA): the New York-Northern New Jersey Long Island MSA and the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk MSA.</ref>

New York is largely unique among American cities for its high use of ], and the overall density and diversity of its population. In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36% of its population was ] the United States.<ref name="languages in NYC">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt3-2007queens.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">{{cite web |title=The Newest New Yorkers: 2000 |publisher=] |year=2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city is sometimes referred to as "The City That Never Sleeps" due to its extensive 24-hour ] and constant bustling of traffic and people, while other nicknames include ] and the ].<ref></ref><ref>Irving's mocking ''Salmagundi Papers'', 1807, noted by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, ''Gotham: A History of New York to 1898'' (Oxford) 1999:xii.</ref>

Founded as a commercial trading post by the ] in 1624, it served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,<ref name=senate>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm|title=The Nine Capitals of the United States |publisher=]|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> and has been the nation's largest city since 1790. The ] greeted millions of ] as they came to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ], in ], has been a dominant global ] since ] and is home to the ]. Today, the city has many renowned landmarks and neighborhoods that are world famous. The city has been home to several of the ], including the ] and the twin towers of the former ].

New York is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the ] in literature and visual art, ] (also known as the ]) in painting, and ],<ref name = "Toop-RapAttack2">{{cite book |first=David |last=Toop |title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop|publisher=Serpents Tail |year=1992 |isbn=1852422432}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/american.html |accessdate=2008-09-01 |title=A timeline of the USA |first=Piero |last=Scaruffi}}</ref> ], ] and ] in music. It is also the home of ].

==History==
{{main|History of New York City}}
]
The region was inhabited by about 5,000 ] ] at the time of its European discovery in 1524<ref> Timeline 1500 - 1700</ref> by ], an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (]).<ref name="rodgers">{{cite book |title=New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |author=Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}</ref> European settlement began with the founding of a ] ] settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (]), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. ] colonial Director-General ] purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626 for a value of 60 ] (about $1000 in 2006);<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php |title=Value of the Guilder / Euro |accessdate=2008-08-19 |publisher=International Institute of Social History }}</ref> a legend, now disproved, says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<ref>The message of the purchase, which was sent to Amsterdam, is present in the National Archive in The Hague.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |month=September | title=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |accessdate=2007-03-21 |month=Sep |year=1986 |pages=311 |doi=10.2307/1908224}}</ref> In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |author=Homberger, Eric |year=2005 |pages=p. 34 |publisher=Owl Books |isbn=0805078428}}</ref> At the end of the ] the Dutch gained control of ] (a much more valuable asset at the time) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200.<ref> Timeline 1700-1800</ref>

New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under ]. The city hosted the seminal ] trial in 1735, helping to establish the ] in North America. In 1754, ] was founded under charter by ] as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754-1876 |author=Moore, Nathaniel Fish |year=1876 |pages=p. 8 |publisher=Columbia College}}</ref> The ] met in New York in October of 1765.

The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the ] during the ]. After the ] in upper Manhattan in 1776 the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America until military occupation ended in 1783. The assembly of the ] made New York City the national capital shortly thereafter; the ] was ratified and in 1789 the first ], ], was inaugurated there; the first ] assembled for the first time in 1789, and the ] drafted; all at ] on Wall Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789) |publisher=U.S. News and World Report |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> By 1790, New York City had surpassed ] as the largest city in the United States.

], circa 1900]]

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. A visionary development proposal, the ], expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the 1819 opening of the ] connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Bridges, William |title=Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References |year=1811}}; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> Local politics fell under the domination of ], a ] supported by Irish immigrants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |author=Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1990 |pages=p. 36 |isbn=087338413X}}</ref> Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of ], which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857. A significant free-black population also existed in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn. Slaves had been held in New York through 1827, but during the 1830s New York became a center of interracial abolitionist activism in the North.

Anger at military conscription during the ] (1861–1865) led to the ], one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |author=Cook, Adrian |year=1974 |pages=pp. 193-195}}</ref> In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<ref>, New York City. Accessed June 29, 2007.</ref> The opening of the ] in 1904 helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. However, this development did not come without a price. In 1904, the steamship ] caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the ], the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the ] and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ |title=Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire |publisher=Cornell University |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

], New York City, from ], 1932]]

In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for ]s during the ] from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The ] flourished during the era of ], coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing ]s. New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920's, overtaking ], and surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930's becoming the first ] in human history.<ref></ref> The difficult years of the ] saw the election of reformer ] as mayor and the fall of ] after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |author=Allen, Oliver E. |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |accessdate=2007-05-25 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Decline |year=1993}}</ref>

Returning ] veterans and ] from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed and the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendance as the world's dominant economic power, the ] (completed in 1950) emphasizing New York's political influence, and the rise of ] in the city precipitating New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |author=Burns, Ric |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html| accessdate=2008-09-01 |date=2003-08-22}}</ref> In the 1960s, New York suffered from economic problems, rising crime rates and racial tension, which reached a peak in the 1970s.

], August 2001]]

In the 1980s, resurgence in the financial industry improved the city's fiscal health. By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as ], emerged in the city's economy and New York's population reached an all-time high in the ].

The city was one of the sites of the ], when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/missing-doctor-added-to-list-of-9-11-victims/81626/ |title=2008 9/11 Death Toll |date=July 2008|publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> The ], along with a memorial and three other office towers, will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2013.<ref name="nypost-ap1">{{cite news | title = Report: WTC Faces Up To 3-Year Delay | url = http://www.nypost.com/seven/06302008/news/regionalnews/report__wtc_faces_up_to_3_year_delay_117912.htm | work = Associated Press via '']''. | location = ] | date = 2008-06-30 | accessdate = 2008-07-05 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of New York City|Geography of New York Harbor}}
]. Over 10 million people live in the imaged area.]]

New York City is located in the ], in southeastern ], approximately halfway between ] and ].<ref>Washington, DC is {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York City, and Boston is {{convert|217|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York. - </ref> The location at the mouth of the ], which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the ], has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

The Hudson River flows through the ] into ]. Between New York City and ], the river is an ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |title=Information about the Hudson River estuary}}</ref> The Hudson separates the city from ]. The ], actually a tidal strait, flows from ] and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The ], another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx.

The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial ] along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in ], with developments such as ] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 71}}</ref> Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lopate , Phillip |title=Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan |publisher=Anchor Press |year=2004 |isbn=0385497148}}</ref>

The city's land area is estimated at {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|2|}}.<ref name="NYC Land Estimate" /><ref name="NYT Land Estimate" /> New York City's total area is {{convert|468.9|sqmi|km2|1|}}. {{convert|164.1|sqmi|km2|2|}} of this is water and {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|0|}} is land. The highest point in the city is ] on Staten Island, which at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY |author=Lundrigan, Margaret |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |ID=ISBN 0738524433 |pages=p. 10}}</ref> The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City |author=Howard, David |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2002 |isbn=0393322122 |pages=p. 35}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
New York City has a ] according to the ], because the coldest month's (January) average temperature is 29°F (&ndash;1.5°C) at ] and 32°F (0°C) in Central Park.

Summers are typically very warm and humid with average high temperatures of 79&ndash;84°F (26&ndash;29°C) and lows of 63&ndash;69°F (17&ndash;21°C).
Winters are cold but the city's coastal position keeps temperatures slightly milder than inland regions, with high temperatures of just above freezing and lows of just below freezing.<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title=The Climate of New York |publisher=New York State Climate Office |url=http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Spring and autumn are erratic, and can range from cool to hot, although they are usually pleasantly mild with low humidity.
New York City sees on average 234 sunny days every year.<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title=Weatherbase |publisher=New York State Climate Office |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=330527&refer==&units=metric |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Temperature extremes do occur; readings above 90°F (32°C) and below 20°F (&ndash;7°C) are observed on average 15&ndash;20 days each year,<ref name="NYC climate" /> but temperatures below 0°F (&ndash;18°C) or above 100°F (38°C) are extremely uncommon, occurring about once every 5 to 6 years on average.

The annual precipitation, which is spread throughout the year, is around 46 inches (1,180 mm). The average winter snowfall is around 25 inches (63.5 cm), but this often varies considerably from year to year. Thunderstorms, which occasionally reach ] limits, are common during the summer months.

Though not usually associated with ], New York City is susceptible to them, notably the ], which flooded southern Manhattan, and the ], which brushed the eastern end of the city. The city's long-term climate patterns have been affected by the ], a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of coastal storms in the region.<ref>{{cite web |author=Riley, Mary Elizabeth |title=Assessing the Impact of Interannual Climate Variability on New York City's Reservoir System |year=2006 |publisher=Cornell University Graduate School for Atmospheric Science |url=http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2623/1/MER+Thesis-new.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Although direct strikes from hurricanes are very rare in New York, the city has been identified as one of the three cities in the United States most vulnerable to hurricanes, mainly due to its many narrow river channels, tall skyscrapers, large population, and low-lying infrastructure and coastal subway system, the other two cities being ] and ].<ref name="Katrina">{{cite book|last=Tidwell|first=Mike|title=''The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities|publisher=Free Press|year=2006|isbn=0-7432-9470-X}}</ref>

{{Infobox Weather
|metric_first=<!--Entering Yes will display metric first. Leave blank for imperial-->
|single_line=Yes <!--Entering Yes will display metric and imperial units on same line.-->
|location=New York City (Central Park)
|Jan_Hi_°F = 38 | Jan_REC_Hi_°F = 72
|Feb_Hi_°F = 41 | Feb_REC_Hi_°F = 75
|Mar_Hi_°F = 50 | Mar_REC_Hi_°F = 86
|Apr_Hi_°F = 61 | Apr_REC_Hi_°F = 96
|May_Hi_°F = 71 | May_REC_Hi_°F = 99
|Jun_Hi_°F = 79 | Jun_REC_Hi_°F = 101
|Jul_Hi_°F = 84 | Jul_REC_Hi_°F = 106
|Aug_Hi_°F = 82 | Aug_REC_Hi_°F = 104
|Sep_Hi_°F = 75 | Sep_REC_Hi_°F = 102
|Oct_Hi_°F = 64 | Oct_REC_Hi_°F = 94
|Nov_Hi_°F = 53 | Nov_REC_Hi_°F = 84
|Dec_Hi_°F = 43 | Dec_REC_Hi_°F = 75
|Year_Hi_°F = | Year_REC_Hi_°F =
|Jan_Lo_°F = 26 | Jan_REC_Lo_°F = -6
|Feb_Lo_°F = 28 | Feb_REC_Lo_°F = -15
|Mar_Lo_°F = 35 | Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 3
|Apr_Lo_°F = 44 | Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 12
|May_Lo_°F = 54 | May_REC_Lo_°F = 32
|Jun_Lo_°F = 63 | Jun_REC_Lo_°F = 44
|Jul_Lo_°F = 69 | Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 52
|Aug_Lo_°F = 68 | Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 50
|Sep_Lo_°F = 60 | Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 39
|Oct_Lo_°F = 50 | Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 28
|Nov_Lo_°F = 41 | Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 7
|Dec_Lo_°F = 32 | Dec_REC_Lo_°F = -13
|Year_Lo_°F = | Year_REC_Lo_°F =
|Jan_Precip_inch = 4.13
|Feb_Precip_inch = 3.15
|Mar_Precip_inch = 4.37
|Apr_Precip_inch = 4.28
|May_Precip_inch = 4.69
|Jun_Precip_inch = 3.84
|Jul_Precip_inch = 4.62
|Aug_Precip_inch = 4.22
|Sep_Precip_inch = 4.23
|Oct_Precip_inch = 3.85
|Nov_Precip_inch = 4.36
|Dec_Precip_inch = 3.95
|Year_Precip_inch =
|source=<ref name= >{{cite web
|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate_cms.html |from=yest_bottomnav_undeclared |title=Average Weather for New York, NY - Temperature and Precipitation |accessmonthday=August 12 |accessyear=2008 |publisher=NOAA/National Weather Service |language=English}}</ref>
|accessdate=
}}

=== Environment ===
{{main|Environmental issues in New York City|Food and water in New York City}}
Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in United States and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">{{cite book |first=Ben |last=Jervey |title=The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City |isbn=0762738359 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |year=2006}}</ref> New York City's high rate of transit use saved 1.8 billion gallons of oil in 2006; New York saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit |publisher=U.S. Public Interest Research Group |month=March | year=2008 |url=http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owen, David |title=Green Manhattan |publisher=The New Yorker |date=October 18, 2004}}</ref> New York City's greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 ]s per person compared with the national average of 24.5.<ref name="NYC emissions"/> New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation's total ] emissions<ref name="NYC emissions">{{cite web |title=Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions |publisher=New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability |month=April | year=2007 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> though comprising 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge/faq.shtml |title=Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases |publisher=]/The City of New York |date=] |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

In recent years the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York City led to high incidence of ] and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Urban Asthma and the Neighbourhood Environment in New York City |author=Coburn, Jason, Jeffrey Osleeb, Michael Porter |journal=Health & Place |month=June | year=2006 |volume=12(2) |pages=pp. 167–179 |pmid=16338632}}</ref> The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.<ref>{{cite news |author=DePalma, Anthony |title=It Never Sleeps, but It's Learned to Douse the Lights |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 11, 2005 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York has the largest clean air diesel-] and ] bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060525043420/http://mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm |archivedate=2006-05-25 |title=A Century of Buses in New York City |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |accessdate=2008-09-01}} See also {{cite press release |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp |title=New York City's Yellow Cabs Go Green |publisher=Sierra Club |date=July 1, 2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city government was a petitioner in the landmark ] Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient ], including the ] among others.<ref name="greenbuilding">{{cite news |title=7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 16, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html |accessdate=2008-09-01 |author=Pogrebin, Robin}}</ref>

New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html |title=Current Reservoir Levels |publisher=New York City Department of Environmental Protection |accessdate=2007-06-04}}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by ] plants.<ref>{{cite news |title=City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen |publisher=The New York Sun |date=August 6, 2008 |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-10b-cost/83288/ |accessdate=2008-08-09 |author=Lustgarten, Abrahm}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==
] skyline from the ]]]
<gallery>
Image:Brooklyn view from south seaport.jpg|The ] skyline
Image:FLushingPark5915.JPG|The ] in ]
Image:Co-op City Hutch River.jpg|] in ]
Image:Marathon2007.jpg|The ], from ]
</gallery>


=== Architecture ===
{{main|Architecture in New York City}}
The building form most closely associated with New York City is the ], that saw New York buildings shift from the low-scale European tradition to the vertical rise of business districts. As of August 2008, New York City has 5,538 highrise buildings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101028|title=High-rise Buildings of New York City|publisher=Emporis.com|accessdate=2008-08-22}}</ref> with ]. This is more than any other city in United States, and second in the world behind ].<ref name="Highrises">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/|title=Emporis Skyline Ranking|accessdate=2008-06-16|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> Surrounded mostly by water, the city's residential density and high real estate values in commercial districts saw the city amass the largest collection of individual, free-standing office and ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |title=About New York City |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=newyorkcity-ny-usa |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2008}}

] rowhouses in Brooklyn]]

New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles. These include the ] (1913), an early ] skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing able to be read from street level several hundred feet below. The ] required ] in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance |author=Fischler, Raphael |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=64(2) |year=1998}}</ref> The ] design of the ] (1930), with its tapered top and steel spire, reflected the zoning requirements. The building is considered by many historians and architects to be New York's finest building, with its distinctive ornamentation such as replicas at the corners of the 61st floor of the 1928 Chrysler eagle hood ornaments and V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers |publisher=The Skyscraper Museum |date=January 22, 2006 |url=http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm# |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> A highly influential example of the ] in the United States is the ] (1957), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The ] (2000) is an important example of ] in American skyscrapers.<ref name="greenbuilding" />

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant ] ], ]s, and shabby ] that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis |author=Plunz, Richar A. |chapter=Chapters 3 & 4 |year=1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |id=ISBN 0231062974}}</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the ].<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; {{cite book |title=New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks |author=Wilson, Rufus Rockwell |year=1902 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |pages=p. 354}}</ref> Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. Diamonstein–Spielvoegel, Barbaralee |title=The Landmarks of New York |publisher=Monacelli Press |year=2005 |id=ISBN 1580931545}} See also {{cite book |author=Whyte, William H. |title=The WPA Guide to New York City |year=1939 |publisher=New Press |id=ISBN 1565843215}}</ref> A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted ]s. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wondering About Water Towers |author=Elliot, Debbie |publisher=National Public Radio |date=] |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6567297 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including ] in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.<ref>{{cite book |title=722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and how They Transformed New York |author=Hood, Clifton |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2004 |pages=pp. 175–177}}</ref>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

===Parks===
] is the most visited city park in the United States<ref name = "TPL.org-CFCPE">{{cite web |title=City Park Facts |publisher=The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>]]
New York City has over {{convert|28000|acre|ha}} of municipal parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html |title=Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000-acre Mark |date=February 3, 1999 |publisher=New York City Mayor's Office |accessdate=2008-09-01}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/af_beaches.html |title=Beaches |publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This parkland is augmented by thousands of acres of ], part of the ], that lie within city boundaries. The Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the only wildlife refuge in the National Park System, alone is over {{convert|9000|acre|ha}} of marsh islands and water taking up most of ]. Manhattan's ], designed by ] and ], is the most visited city park in the United States with 30 million visitors each year — 10 million more than ] in Chicago, which is 2nd.<ref name = "TPL.org-CFCPE"/> ] in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90&nbsp;acre (36&nbsp;]) meadow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectpark.org/general/main.cfm?target=home |title=General Information |publisher=Prospect Park Alliance |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] in Queens, the city's third largest, was the setting for the ] and ].

=== Boroughs ===
{{main|Borough (New York City)|Neighborhoods of New York City}}
New York City is composed of five ], an unusual form of government.<ref>{{cite book |title=Regionalism and realism: A Study of Government in the New York Metropolitan Area |author=Benjamin, Gerald, Richard P. Nathan |year=1990 |publisher=] |pages=p. 59}}</ref> Each borough is coextensive with a respective ] of ] as shown below. Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct ], many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.
* ''']''' (Bronx County: Pop. 1,373,659)<ref name="census" /> is New York City's northernmost borough, the site of ], home of the ], and home to the largest ] complex in the United States, ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Frazier, Ian |title=Utopia, the Bronx |publisher=The New Yorker |date=June 26, 2006 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Except for a small piece of Manhattan known as ], the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the ], the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265&nbsp;acres (107.2&nbsp;]) and is home to over 6,000 animals.<ref>{{cite book |title=New York City Museum Guide |author=Ward, Candace |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2000 |id=ISBN 0486410005 |pages=p. 72}}</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of ] and ].<ref name = "Toop-RapAttack2"/>
]
* ''']''' (Kings County: Pop. 2,528,050)<ref name="census">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Big Apple Coming to Its Census |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/03202008/news/regionalnews/big_apple_coming_to_its_census_102755.htm |accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, ] and a unique architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown area. The borough features a long beachfront and ], established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |author=Immerso, Michael |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |pages=p. 3 |id=ISBN 0813531381}}</ref>
* ''']''' (New York County: Pop. 1,620,867)<ref name="census" /> is the most densely populated borough and home to most of the city's ]s, as well as ]. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the ], as well as a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions, including numerous museums, the ] district, ], and ]. Manhattan is loosely divided into ], ], and ] regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the ] and the ], and above the park is ].
* ''']''' (Queens County: Pop. 2,270,338)<ref name="census" /> is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,<ref name="queensdiverse">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html |author=O'Donnell, Michelle |title=In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th... |publisher=New York Times|date=July 4, 2006 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is largely residential and middle class. It is the only large county in the United States where the median income among ], approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of ]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 10, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Queens is the site of ], the home of the ], and annually hosts the ]. Additionally, it is home to New York City's two major airports, ] and ].
* ''']''' (Richmond County: Pop. 481,613)<ref name="census" /> is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the ] and to Manhattan via the free ]. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the ], ], and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 25 km² Greenbelt has some {{convert|35|mi|km}} of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt encompasses seven city parks. The F.D.R. Boardwalk along South Beach is two and one-half miles long, which is the fourth largest in the world.

== Culture and contemporary life ==
{{main|Culture of New York City}}
{{see also|List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City}}
] is one of the largest museums in the world]]

"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather", the writer ] has said of New York City.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Speeches: Tom Christopher Exhibit Opening |publisher=Consulate General of the United States: Frankfurt, Germany |date=May 9, 2007 |url=http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007b.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070723115555/http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007.html |archivedate=2007-07-23 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the ], which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of ] in the 1940s, ] in the 1950s and the birthplace of ] in the 1970s. The city's ] and ] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for ]. Prominent ] bands coming out of New York in recent years include ], ], ], ], and ].

=== Entertainment and performing arts ===
{{main|Music of New York City}}
] is home to 12 influential arts organizations, making it the largest performing arts complex in the United States.]]

The city is also important in the American film industry. '']'' (1920), an early ] film, was filmed in the city.<ref>{{cite video |people=Bruce Posner |title=Picturing a Metropolis: New York City Unveiled |medium=DVD |publisher=Unseen Cinema |year=2005}}</ref> Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.<ref name="NYC arts">{{cite web |title=Creative New York |publisher=Center for an Urban Future |month=December | year=2005 |url=http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the ].<ref name="NYC arts" /> Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed ] and ], that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on ] and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the ].

Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of ], ] and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "]," after the ] that crosses the ] theatre district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html |title=2 plays + 9 nominations=good odds for locals |publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune |author=Welsh, Anne Marie |date=June 6, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This area is sometimes referred to as The Main Stem, ] or The Realto.

The ], which includes ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and ], is the largest performing arts center in the United States. ] presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park and 1,200 free concerts, dance, and theater events across all five boroughs in the summer months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summerstage: Our Mission |url=http://www.summerstage.org/index.aspx?lobid=854 |publisher=Summerstage.org |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York City is considered by many to be the heart of ] in the United States.<ref></ref><ref></ref>

===Cuisine===
New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for ]s, ], and ]. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as ]s and ]s standbys of contemporary New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kebabs on the Night Shift |first=Jennifer |last=Bleyer |publisher=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city is also home to many of the finest ] restaurants in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste |first=Glenn |last=Collins |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2005 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D9163EF930A35752C1A9639C8B63 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{main|Media in New York City}}
]

New York is a global center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by ], ], and ]).<ref>{{cite press release |title=Tampa Bay 12th largest media market now |publisher=Tampa Bay Partnership |date=August 26, 2006 |url=http://tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991& |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Some of the city's media conglomerates include ], the ], the ], and ]. Seven of the world's top eight global ] networks are headquartered in New York.<ref>, '']'' Agency Report 2007 Index (April 25, 2007). Retrieved on June 8, 2007.</ref> Three of the "]" record labels are also based in the city, as well as in Los Angeles. One-third of all American ]s are produced in New York.<ref name="NYC Media">{{cite web |title=Request for Expressions of Interest |publisher=The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation |year=2005 |url=http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city<ref name="NYC Media" /> and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Media and Entertainment |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: '']'' and '']''. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include '']'' and '']'', founded in 1801 by ]. The city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Press Booms In New York City |publisher=Editor & Publisher |date=July 10, 2002 |url=http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> '']'' is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768 |title=el diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily |date=July 27, 2005 |publisher=New America Media |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> '']'', published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. '']'' is the largest ].

] is home to NBC Studios]]

The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ], ], ] and ], are all headquartered in New York. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including ], ], ] and ]. In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.<ref>{{cite press release |title=2005 is banner year for production in New York |publisher=The City of New York Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting |date=December 28, 2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest ] channel in the United States is the ], founded in 1971.<ref>, ] press release dated August 6, 2006. Accessed April 28, 2007. "Public access TV was created in the 1970s to allow ordinary members of the public to make and air their own TV shows—and thereby exercise their free speech. It was first launched in the U.S. in Manhattan July 1, 1971, on the Teleprompter and Sterling Cable systems, now Time Warner Cable."</ref> ] is the city's major public television station and a primary provider of national ] programming. ], a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Radio Research Consortium |title=Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers: Spring 2006 Arbitron |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, ], that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods, as well as city government.

===Accent===
The New York City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the ], alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within ].<ref>Newman, Michael (2005) "New York Talk" in ''American Voices'' Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds). p.82-87 Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2</ref> The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of ] descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect.<ref name=NYT19930214/>

The traditional New York area accent is ], so that the sound {{IPA|}} does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city as "New Yawk."<ref name=NYT19930214/> There is no {{IPA|}} in words like ''park'' {{IPA|}} (with vowel raised due to the low-back chain shift), ''butter'' {{IPA|}}, or ''here'' {{IPA|}}. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the {{IPA|}} vowel sound of words like ''talk'', ''law'', ''cross'', and ''coffee'' and the often homophonous {{IPA|}} in ''core'' and ''more'' are tensed and usually raised more than in ].

In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" both become a diphthong {{IPA|}}. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the ''er'' and ''oy'' sounds, so that ''girl'' is pronounced "goil" and ''oil'' is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).<ref name=NYT19930214/> The character ] from the 1970s ] '']'' was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. This particular speech pattern is no longer very prevalent.<ref name=NYT19930214>Sontag, Deborah. , '']'', February 14, 1993. Accessed July 8, 2007.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{main|Sports in New York City}}
] is home to the ]]]
New York City has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues.

New York is one of the few areas of the United States where ], rather than ], remains the most popular sport. There have been fourteen ] championship series between New York City teams, in matchups called ]. New York is one of only five metro areas (Chicago, Washington-Baltimore, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. The city's two current ] teams are the ] and the ], who compete in six games every regular season. The Yankees have enjoyed 26 world titles, while the Mets have taken the Series twice. The city also was once home to the ] (now the ]) and the ] (now the ]). Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two ] teams in the city, the ] and ].

The city is represented in the ] by the ] and ] (officially the New York Football Giants), although both teams play their home games in ] in nearby ].

] is the largest marathon in the world]]

The ] represent the city in the ].

In ], New York is represented by the ] side, ]. The "Red Bulls" also play their home games at the ] in New Jersey.

The city's ] team is the ] and the city's ] team is the ]. The first national college-level basketball championship, the ], was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |title=Postseason Overview |publisher=National Invitation Tournament |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] in ] is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league.

] (held in Queens) is the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments]]

As a global city, New York supports many events outside these sports. Queens is host of the U.S. Tennis Open, one of the four ] tournaments. The ] is the world's largest, and the 2004-2006 runnings hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.<ref>, ]. Accessed June 28, 2007.</ref> The ] is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the ]. Boxing is also a very prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.

Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. ], a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in working class Italian, ], and Irish neighborhoods in the 1930s. Stickball is still commonly played, as a street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd. as tribute to New York's most known street sport. In recent years several amateur ] leagues have emerged with the arrival of immigrants from South Asia and the Caribbean. Street hockey, football, and baseball are also commonly seen being played on the streets of New York. New York City is often called "The World's Biggest Urban Playground," as street sports are commonly played by people of all ages.<ref>{{cite video |people=Sas, Adrian (Producer) |year=2006 |url=http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search= |title=It's my Park: Cricket |medium=TV-Series |location=New York City |publisher=]}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of New York City}}
] on ] is the largest ] in the world by dollar volume]]
New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the ] (along with ] and ]).<ref>{{cite book |author=] |title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=2nd edition |isbn=0691070636}}</ref> The city is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. The New York ] had an estimated ] of $1.13 trillion in 2005,<ref name="World's Most Economically Powerful Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities_slide_2.html?thisSpeed=15000&boxes=custom|title=World's Most Economically Powerful Cities|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>, dated March 11, 2007. The list fails to include Taipei. Accessed July 3, 2007.</ref> the largest regional economy in the United States and second largest city economy in the world.<ref name="London ranked as world's six largest economy">{{cite web|url=http://www.itweek.co.uk/accountancyage/news/2184877/london-ranked-world-six-largest=|title=London ranked as world's six largest economy|publisher=ITWeek|accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref> The metropolitan area's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New York and New Jersey. Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 44 ] companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/FactsFigures/FactsFigures.htm |title=NYC Business Climate - Facts & Figures |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keeping the Economy Growing |author=Wylde, Kathryn |publisher=Gotham Gazette |date=January 23, 2006 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/fea/20060123/202/1727 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York City is home to some of the nation's — and the world's — most valuable real estate. 450 ] was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.<ref>Quirk, James. {{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg== |title= "Bergen offices have plenty of space" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071222235142/http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg== |archivedate=2007-12-22}}, '']'', July 5, 2007. Accessed July 5, 2007. "On Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous record—set four weeks earlier—when 660 Madison Ave. sold for $1,476 a square foot."</ref>

] had 353.7 million square feet (32,859,805 m²) of office space in 2001.<ref name="Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack">{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/4266400-1.html|title=Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack|publisher=Allbusiness|date=September 25, 2001|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref>

] is the largest central business district in the United States and is home to the highest concentration of the city's skyscrapers. ] is the third largest central business district in the United States, and is home to The ], located on ], and the ], representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.<ref>{{cite web |authors=Claessens, Stjin |title=Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World |publisher=The World Bank |month=September | year=2000 |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf|format=PDF |title=Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy |author=Orr, James and Giorgio Topa |work=Current Issues in Economics and Finance - Second District Highlights |publisher=New York Federal Reserve |date=Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate">{{cite web |title=Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008 |publisher=New York City Department of Finance |date=January 15, 2007 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll-07-08t.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The ] is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate" />

] has been dubbed "the Crossroads of the World"]]

The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml |title=NYC Film Statistics |publisher=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Currid, Elizabeth |title=New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on World Cities |journal=Economic Development Quarterly |year=2006 |volume=20(4) |pages=pp. 330–350 |doi=10.1177/0891242406292708}}</ref> High-tech industries like bioscience, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action|publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |month=March | year=2005 |url=http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.

Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/whitepaper.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |month=January | year=2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<ref name="food manufacturing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf |format=PDF |title=More Than a Link in the Food Chain |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |accessdate=2008-09-01 |month=February | year=2007}}</ref> Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.<ref name="food manufacturing" />

] is important to New York City, with about 40 million foreign and American tourists visiting each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Statistics |publisher=NYC & Company |url=http://www.nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey=57 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Major destinations include the ], ], Broadway theatre productions, museums such as the ], and other tourist attractions including ], ], ], ], the ], ], luxury shopping along ] and ], and events such as the ] in ], the ], and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. The Statue of Liberty is a major tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/statue_of_liberty/ |title=Statue of Liberty |publisher=New York Magazine |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as ], ], and ] are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast.

== Demographics ==
<!-- CONSIDER ADDING TO "DEMOGRAPHICS OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Demographics of New York City}}

{{Historical populations|type=USA
| 1698|4937
| 1712|5840
| 1723|7248
| 1737|10664
| 1746|11717
| 1756|13046
| 1771|21863
| 1790|33131
| 1800|60515
| 1810|96373
| 1820|123706
| 1830|202589
| 1840|312710
| 1850|696490
| 1860|813669
| 1870|942292
| 1880|1206299
| 1890|1515301
| 1900|3437202
| 1910|4766883
| 1920|5620048
| 1930|6930446
| 1940|7454995
| 1950|7891957
| 1960|7781984
| 1970|7894862
| 1980|7071639
| 1990|7322564
| 2000|8008288
| 2007*|8295029
|footnote=Beginning 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. Sources: 1698 — 1771,<ref>{{cite book|last=Greene and Harrington|first=|title=American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790|publisher=|location=New York|year=1932|isbn=|pages=}}, as cited in: {{cite book|last=Rosenwaike|first=Ira|title=Population History of New York City|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|year=1972|isbn=0815621558|pages=p.8}}</ref> 1790 — 1990,<ref>Gibson, Campbell., ], June 1998. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> *2007 est<ref name=CensusEst>, ]. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref>
}}

New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 2007 population of 8,274,527 (up from 7.3 million in 1990).<ref name="census" /> This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing and demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030 |publisher=] |month=December | year=2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}} See also {{cite news |last=Roberts, Sam |title=By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City |publisher=New York Times |date=February 19, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York's two key demographic features are its ] and ]. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²) makes it the most densely populated American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref>, ] ]. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States.<ref>, Geographic Information Systems - GIS of Interest. Accessed May 17, 2007. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre."</ref><ref name="census2000">{{cite web |title=Census 2000 Data for the State of New York |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/census2000/states/ny.html|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for ]; the term '']'' was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the ]. Today, 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.<ref name="NYC immigration" /> Among American cities, this proportion is exceeded only by ] and ].<ref name="census2000" /> While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin for modern immigration are the ], China, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and Russia.<ref name="newestnewyorkers">{{cite web |title=The Newest New Yorkers, 2000 |publisher=] |year=2004 |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/census/nny_exec_sum.shtml |accessdate=2008-05-27 |quote=The Dominican Republic was the largest source of the foreign-born, numbering 369,200 or 13 percent of the total, followed by China (262,600), Jamaica (178,900), Guyana (130,600), and Mexico (122,600). Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, and Russia rounded out the city's ten largest sources of the foreign-born.}}</ref> About 170 languages are spoken in the city.<ref name="languages in NYC" />

The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ] outside ]; ] proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has a smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world. About 12% of New Yorkers are Jewish or of Jewish descent and roots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Community Study of New York |publisher=United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York |year=2002 |url=http://www.ujafedny.org/atf/cf/%7BAD848866-09C4-482C-9277-51A5D9CD6246%7D/JCommStudyIntro.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's ]s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population |publisher=Asian American Federation of New York |year=2004 |url=http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/indianamer.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and the largest ] community of any city in the United States.

The five largest ethnic groups as of the 2005 census estimates are: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="acs_socio_05">{{cite web |title=NYC2005 — Results from the 2005 American Community Survey : Socioeconomic Characteristics by Race/Hispanic Origin and Ancestry Group |publisher=]|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/acs_socio_05_nyc.pdf |format=PDF |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}; , ]</ref> The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the ].<ref>Archive of the Mayor's Press Office, , Tuesday, June 9, 1998.</ref> Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century. The ], the sixth largest ethnic group, also have a ]; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from ], an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG |title=A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=334–338 |month=February | year=2006 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/43032/43032.web.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=16358217 |accessdate=2007-06-07 |doi=10.1086/500055}}{{Dead link|date=September 2008}}See also {{cite news |title=If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve |publisher=The New York Times |date=]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070 |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roberts, Sam |title=In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 9, 2005 |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest growing among the largest counties in the United States.<ref name=ManhattanLabor>{{cite web |title=Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor|date=February 20, 2007 |url=http://www.bls.gov/ro2/fax/qcew9310.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The borough is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

Home ownership in New York City is about 33%, much lower than the national average of 69%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeownership/ |title=Homeownership}}</ref> Rental vacancy is usually between 3% and 4.5%, well below the 5% threshold defined to be a housing emergency and used to justify the continuation of ]. About 33% of rental units are rent-stabilized. Finding housing, particularly affordable housing, in New York City can be more than challenging.<ref>; </ref>

==Government==
<!-- PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING TO "GOV'T OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Government of New York City}}
], a 40-story building built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of New York City]]

Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a ] with a "strong" ]. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The ] and ]s are elected to four-year terms. The ] is a ] body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm |title=About the Council |publisher=New York City Council |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> The mayor and councilors are limited to two four-year terms.

The mayor is ], a former Democrat and current independent elected as a ] in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005 |publisher=New York City Board of Elections |date=November 8, 2005 |url=http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2005/general/Manhattan/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Mike Bloomberg |url=http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061207/http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg |archivedate=2007-09-28 |publisher=The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Together with ] mayor ], in 2006 he founded the ], an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal ] off the streets."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}} Retrieved on June 20, 2007</ref> The ] holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |title=County Enrollment Totals |publisher=New York State Board of Elections |date=April 1, 2006 |url=http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_apr06.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York City has not been won by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. ]s center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.

] is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions]]

New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ] in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the ], generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes |publisher=Opensecrets.org |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.asp?cycle=2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in ] (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?|publisher=New York City Finance Division |date=March 11, 2005 |url=http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

Located near City Hall are the courthouse for the ] and ], and the ]. Manhattan also hosts the ]. Brooklyn hosts the ], and ]. As with any county, each Borough has a branch of the ] and other New York State courts.

==Crime==
{{main|Crime in New York City}}
Since 2005 the city has had the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1980s and early 1990s from the ] that impacted many neighborhoods. By 2002, New York City had about the same crime rate as ] and was ranked 197th in overall crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<ref>{{cite news |''Law Enforcement News'' |title=Don't tell New York, but crime is going up |url=http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html}}</ref> In 2005 the ] was at its lowest level since 1963, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 ]s for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.<ref>{{cite paper |title=The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City |author=Langan, Patrick A. |date=October 21, 2004 |url=http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy) |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref>

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the ], including its use of ] and the ]. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime Drop in America |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York |author=Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap |editor=Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0521862795}}; {{cite book |title=New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s |author=Karmen, Andrew |year=2000 |publisher=NYU Press |id=0814747175}}</ref>

] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the ] and the ] in the ] in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the ] dominated by the ]. ]s including the ] also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=NYPD: A City and Its Police |author=Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto |publisher=Owl Books |year=2000 |pages=pp. 18–21}}</ref>

==Education==
{{main|Education in New York City}}
]'s Keating Hall in The Bronx]]
The city's public school system, managed by the ], is the largest in the United States. About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls |title=School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over |publisher=] |year=2000 |format=MS Excel |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city, including some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |title=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
Though it is not often thought of as a ], there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States.<ref>{{cite paper |publisher=Brookings Institution |title=New York in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000 |month=November | year=2003 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities/newyork2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates |author=McGeehan, Patrick |publisher=The New York Times |date=August 16, 2006 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DE143EF935A2575BC0A9609C8B63 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Public postsecondary education is provided by the ], the nation's third-largest public university system, and the ], part of the ]. New York City is also home to such notable private universities as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The city has dozens of other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as ], ] and ].

]'s Low Memorial Library]]

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.<ref name="NYC science institutions">{{cite press release |title=Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |date=November 18, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the ] among all U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/top100fy03.htm |title=NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003 |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2003 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> Major biomedical research institutions include ], ], ], ], ] and ].

The ], which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island.<ref name="libraryspot">{{cite web |url=http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |title=Nation's Largest Libraries |publisher=LibrarySpot |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Queens is served by the ], which is the nation's second largest public library system, and ] serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot"/> The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the ].

New York City also features many of the most elite and exclusive private schools in the country. These schools include ], ], ], ], ], ] on the ] of ]; ] and ] on the ] of Manhattan; ] in ]; ], ], and ] in ]; and ] in ]. Some of New York City's renowned public secondary schools, often considered the best in the nation, include: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].

==Transportation==
{{main|Transportation in New York City}}
] (seen here)]]
Public transit is overwhelmingly the dominant form of travel for New Yorkers.<ref name=2001summary>{{cite web |title=NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |year=2001 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.<ref name="MTAinfo">{{cite web |title=The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |url=http://www.mta.info/mta/network.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts |author=Pisarski, Alan |publisher=Transportation Research Board |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.<ref name=2001summary /> New York is the only city in the United States where more than half of all ] (in Manhattan, more than 75% of residents do not own a car; nationally, the percentage is 8%).<ref name=2001summary /> According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes per day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Has Longest Commute to Work in Nation, American Community Survey Finds |month=December | year=2004 |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html |accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref>

New York City is served by ], which uses ]. Amtrak provides connections to ], ], and ]

The ] is the largest ] system in the world when measured by the number of stations in operation, with 468. It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).<ref name=MTAinfo /> New York's subway is also notable because nearly all of the system remains open 24 hours per day (though in some cases with significant differences in routings from the daytime network), in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including ], ], ], ] and ]. The transportation system in New York City is extensive and complex. It includes the longest ] in North America,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/ |title=Verrazano-Narrows Bridge |publisher=Nycroads.com |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/writeups/93001619.nl.pdf |title=Holland Tunnel |publisher=National Park Service |date=November 4, 1993 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> more than 12,000 yellow cabs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf |title=The State of the NYC Taxi |publisher=New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission |date=] |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> an ] that transports commuters between ] and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various locales within and outside the city. The busiest ferry in the United States is the ], which annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2&nbsp;mile (8.4&nbsp;km) run between Staten Island and ].

]]]

New York City's public ] and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the ] to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |title=About the MTA Long Island Rail Road |url=http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facts at a Glance |publisher=NJ Transit |year=2005 |url=http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/an_factsataGlance_FY.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The commuter rail system converges at ] and ].

New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.<ref name=IntlTravel>{{cite web |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html |title=U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |year=2002 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The area is served by three major airports, ], ] and ], with plans for a fourth airport, ] near Newburgh, NY, to be taken over and enlarged by the ] (which administers the other three airports), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf |title=2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=November 2, 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724 |title=Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=August 29, 2005 |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref>

] is the world's largest mass transit system by number of stations and mileage of track]]

New York's high rate of ], 120,000 daily cyclists<ref>{{cite news |title=Biking It|author=Schaller, Bruce |publisher=Gotham Gazette |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718/16/1910/|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and many ] makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption" /> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |month=December | year=2004 |url=http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>

To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of ] and ]s, that link New York City to northern ], ], ], and southwest ] through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who ] into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in ] that are a daily occurrence, particularly during ]. The ] is considered one of the world's busiest bridges in terms of vehicle traffic.<ref>, '']'', October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it won't even be on ''what is now the world's busiest bridge'' for fear of snarling traffic."</ref>

Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street and Madison Avenue are also used as shorthand in the American vernacular for national industries located there: the theater, finance, and advertising organizations, respectively.

==Sister cities==
<!-- ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml -->
New York City has ten ] recognized by ] (SCI).<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC's Sister Cities |publisher=Sister City Program of the City of New York |year=2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities International: Online Directory: New York, USA |year=2007 |publisher=Sister Cities International |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/NY}}</ref> The date section indicates the year in which the city was twinned with New York City.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! style="background:#811541" width="120" | <font color=white>Country</font>
! style="background:#810001" width="100" | <font color=white>City</font>
! style="background:#811541" width="130" | <font color=white>County/District/Region/State</font>
! style="background:#811541" width="40" | <font color=white>Date</font>
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Japan}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1960
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|China}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | ''Beijing''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1980
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Egypt}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1982
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Spain}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1982
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1983
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Hungary}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1992
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Italy}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1992
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Israel}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1993
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | ''England''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 2001
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|South Africa}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 2003
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ] and ] (1998), '']'', Oxford University Press.
* ] (1976). '']'', Little, Brown & Co.
* ] (1939). ''The WPA Guide to New York City'', The New Press (1995 reissue).
* ] (ed.) (1995). '']'', Yale University Press.
* Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds.) (2005), ''Empire City: New York Through the Centuries'', Columbia University Press.
* {{cite book |title=American Metropolis: A History of New York City |author=Lankevich, George L. |publisher=NYU Press |year=1998 |isbn=0814751865}}
* ] (1949). ''Here is New York'', Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).
* ] (2003). ''The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts'', Doubleday.
* E. Porter Belden (1849). , New York, G.P. Putnam. from ].

==External links==
{{portal|New York City|Flag of New York City.svg}}
{{commons|New York City}}
{{wiktionary|New York City}}
* – Official website of New York City
* – Official tourism website of New York City
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City|New York City}}
{{Geolinks-cityscale|40.71|-74.00|region:US-NY_type:city(8,143,000)_scale:300000}}
* – Interactive Map of New York City – includes subway stations and entrances
* A of many of the events mentioned in this article

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
| Centre = New York City
| North = ], ]<br>]
| Northeast = '']''
| East = ], ]
| Southeast = '']''
| South = '']''
| Southwest = ], ]
| West = ], ]<br>]
| Northwest = ], ]
| image = Compass_rose_pale.svg
}}
{{New York City}}
{{New York}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{USLargestMetros}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Location of US capital}}

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Revision as of 15:53, 23 September 2008

AHHHHHHH PENIS