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{{LHC}}

The '''Large Hadron Collider''' ('''LHC''') is the ] ], intended to ] opposing ] of ]s or ] ions, each moving at over 99.9999991% of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/Facts-en.html|title=CERN - LHC: Facts and figures|publisher=CERN|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>

The LHC was built by the ] (CERN) with the intention of testing various predictions of ], including the existence of the hypothesized ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Higgs-en.html|title=CERN - Missing Higgs|publisher=CERN|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> and of the large family of ]s predicted by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Superforce-en.html|title=CERN - Towards a superforce|publisher=CERN|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> It lies underneath the Franco-Swiss border between the ] and the ] near ], ]. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over 10,000 ]s and ]s from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/09/16/sciwriters116.xml|title=Large Hadron Collider: thirteen ways to change the world|date=Tuesday, 16 September 2008|publisher=Telegraph|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>

On 10 September 2008 proton beams were successfully circulated in the main ring of the LHC for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science|date=Wednesday, 10 September 2008|publisher=CERN Press Office|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
On 19 September 2008, the operations were halted due to a serious ] between two superconducting bending magnets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7632408.stm|title=Collider halted until next year|date=Tuesday, 23 September 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Owing to the already planned winter shutdown, the LHC will not be operational again until the spring of 2009.<ref name="CERNPress2">{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR10.08E.html|title=LHC re-start scheduled for 2009|date=Tuesday, 23 September 2008|publisher=CERN Press Office|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
The LHC will be officially inaugurated on 21 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR12.08E.html|title=LHC to be inaugurated on 21 October 2008|date=Thursday, 2 October 2008|publisher=CERN Press Office|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>

==Purpose==
].]]
] of one way the ] may be produced at the LHC. Here, two ] each emit a ], which combine to make a neutral Higgs.]]

It is theorized that the collider will produce the elusive ], the last unobserved particle
among those predicted by the ]. The verification of the existence of the Higgs boson would
shed light on the mechanism of ], through which the particles of the Standard Model are thought to acquire their ]. In addition to the Higgs boson, new particles predicted by possible ] might be produced at the LHC. More generally, ]s hope that the LHC will enhance their ability to answer the following questions:<ref>Greene, Brian (September 11, 2008). "". ''The New York Times''.</ref>

*Is the ] for generating ] ]es in the ] indeed realised in nature?<ref>"...in the public presentations of the aspiration of particle physics we hear too often that the goal of the LHC or a ] is to check off the last missing particle of the ], this year’s Holy Grail of particle physics, the Higgs boson. ''The truth is much less boring than that!'' What we’re trying to accomplish is much more exciting, and asking what the world would have been like without the Higgs mechanism is a way of getting at that excitement." -Chris Quigg, </ref> If so, how many Higgs bosons are there, and what are their masses?
* Are ], the ] and the ] just different manifestations of a single unified force, as predicted by various ]?
*Why is ] so many orders of magnitude weaker than the other three ]? See also ].
*Is ] realised in nature, implying that the known Standard Model particles have ]?
*Will the more precise measurements of the ]es and ] of the ]s continue to be mutually consistent within the Standard Model?
*Why are there apparent violations of the ] between matter and antimatter? See also ].
*What is the nature of ] and ]?
*Are there ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://randall.physics.harvard.edu/RandallCV/Sciencearticle.pdf|title=Extra Dimensions and Warped Geometries.] ''Science''. Vol. 296, 24 May 2002 |last=Randall|first=Lisa}}</ref>, as predicted by various models inspired by ], and can we detect them?

Of the possible discoveries the LHC might make, only the discovery of the Higgs particle is relatively uncontroversial, but even this is not considered a certainty. ] said in a BBC interview that "I think it will be much more exciting if we don't find the Higgs. That will show something is wrong, and we need to think again. I have a bet of one hundred dollars that we won't find the Higgs." In the same interview Hawking mentions the possibility of finding superpartners and adds that "whatever the LHC finds, or fails to find, the results will tell us a lot about the structure of the universe."<ref name="news1">. ''news.bbc.co.uk''. Retrieved on 10 September 2008.</ref>

===As an ion collider===
The LHC physics program is mainly based on ]–proton collisions. However, shorter running periods, typically one month per year, with heavy-] collisions are included in the program. While lighter ions are considered as well, the baseline scheme deals with ] ions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://project-i-lhc.web.cern.ch/project-i-lhc/Welcome.htm|title=Ions for LHC}}</ref> (see ]). This will allow an advancement in the experimental program currently in progress at the ] (RHIC). The aim of the heavy-ion program is to provide a window on a state of matter known as ], which characterized the early stage of the life of the Universe.

==Design==
]
The LHC is the world's largest and highest-energy ].<ref name="LHCbooklet">{{cite web |url=http://cdsmedia.cern.ch/img/CERN-Brochure-2008-001-Eng.pdf |title=CERN FAQ — LHC: the guide |accessdate=2008-09-12 |author=CERN Communication Group |year=2008 |month=January |format=PDF |publisher=CERN |location=Geneva |pages=44}}</ref><ref name="TGPngm">{{cite journal | last = Achenbach | first = Joel | authorlink = Joel Achenbach | date = 2008-03-01 | title = The God Particle | journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = ] | issn = 0027-9358 | url = http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text | accessdate = 2008-02-25 }}</ref> The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of {{convert|27|km|mi}}, at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres underground.

The {{nowrap|3.8 ]}} wide concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 1983 and 1988, was formerly used to house the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/PUBLIC/en/Research/LEP-en.html|title=The Z factory|publisher=European Organization for Nuclear Research}}</ref> It crosses the border between ] and France at four points, with most of it in France. Surface buildings hold ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants.

The collider tunnel contains two adjacent parallel beam pipes that intersect at four points, each containing a proton beam, which travel in opposite directions around the ring. Some {{nowrap|1,232 ]s}} keep the beams on their circular path, while an additional {{nowrap|392 ]s}} are used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize the chances of interaction between the particles in the four intersection points, where the two beams will cross. In total, over {{nowrap|1,600 ]s}} are installed, with most weighing over {{nowrap|27 ]s}}. Approximately {{nowrap|96 tonnes}} of ] is needed to keep the magnets at their operating temperature of {{nowrap|1.9 ]}}, making the LHC the largest ] facility in the world at liquid helium temperature.

] are used to direct the beams to four intersection points, where interactions between protons will take place.]]

Once or twice a day, as the protons are accelerated from {{nowrap|450 ]}} to {{nowrap|7 ],}} the field of the superconducting dipole magnets will be increased from 0.54 to {{nowrap|8.3 ]}}. The protons will each have an ] of {{nowrap|7 TeV}}, giving a total collision energy of {{nowrap|14 TeV}} ({{nowrap|2.2 ]}}). At this energy the protons have a ] of about 7,500 and move at about 99.999999% of the ]. It will take less than {{nowrap|90 ] (&mu;s)}} for a proton to travel once around the main ring – a speed of about {{nowrap|11,000 revolutions}} per second. Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be bunched together, into {{nowrap|2,808 bunches}}, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than {{nowrap|25 ] (ns)}} apart. However it will be operated with fewer bunches when it is first commissioned, giving it a bunch crossing interval of {{nowrap|75 ns}}.<ref name ="commissioning">{{cite web|url=http://lhc-commissioning.web.cern.ch/lhc-commissioning/|title=LHC commissioning with beam |publisher=CERN}}</ref>

Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are prepared by a series of systems that successively increase their energy. The first system is the ] ] generating {{nowrap|50 ]}} protons, which feeds the ] (PSB). There the protons are accelerated to {{nowrap|1.4 GeV}} and injected into the ] (PS), where they are accelerated to {{nowrap|26 GeV}}. Finally the ] (SPS) is used to further increase their energy to {{nowrap|450 GeV}} before they are at last injected (over a period of 20 minutes) into the main ring. Here the proton bunches are accumulated, accelerated (over a period of {{nowrap|20 minutes}}) to their peak {{nowrap|7 TeV}} energy, and finally stored for 10 to {{nowrap|24 hours}} while collisions occur at the four intersection points.<ref name="irfu1">. 53 Microsoft PowerPoint slides.</ref>
] detector for LHC]]
The LHC will also be used to collide ] (Pb) ]s with a collision energy of {{nowrap|1,150 TeV}}. The Pb ions will be first accelerated by the linear accelerator ], and the ] (LEIR) will be used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The ions then will be further accelerated by the PS and SPS before being injected into LHC ring, where they will reach an energy of {{nowrap|2.76 TeV}} per ].

===Detectors===
] detectors being installed.]]

Six detectors have been constructed at the LHC, located underground in large caverns excavated at the LHC's intersection points. Two of them, the ] and the ] (CMS), are large, general purpose ]s.<ref name="TGPngm"/> ] (ALICE) and ] have more specific roles and the last two ] and ] are very much smaller and are for very specialized research. The BBC's summary of the main detectors is:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7604293.stm|title=Cern collider ready for power-up|publisher=BBC|author=Paul Rincon|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=2008-09-09}}</ref>

*ATLAS – one of two so-called general purpose detectors. Atlas will be used to look for signs of new physics, including the origins of mass and extra dimensions.

*CMS – the other general purpose detector will, like ATLAS, hunt for the Higgs boson and look for clues to the nature of dark matter.

*ALICE – will study a "liquid" form of matter called ] that existed shortly after the ].

*LHCb – equal amounts of matter and ] were created in the Big Bang. LHCb will try to investigate what happened to the "missing" anti-matter.

==Test timeline==
The first beam was circulated through the collider on the morning of 10 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7604293.stm|title=Success for 'Big Bang' experiment|publisher=BBC}}</ref> CERN successfully fired the protons around the tunnel in stages, three kilometres at a time. The particles were fired in a clockwise direction into the accelerator and successfully steered around it at 10:28 local time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science |publisher=CERN|accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref> The LHC successfully completed its first major test: after a series of trial runs, two white dots flashed on a computer screen showing the protons traveled the full length of the collider. It took less than one hour to guide the stream of particles around its inaugural circuit.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article4722261.ece | title=Scientists cheer as protons complete first circuit of Large Hadron Collider | publisher=Times Online | accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> CERN next successfully sent a beam of protons in a counterclockwise direction, taking slightly longer at one and a half hours due to a problem with the cryogenics, with the full circuit being completed at 14:59.

On 19 September 2008, a ] occurred in about 100 bending magnets in sectors 3-4, causing loss of approximately one ton of liquid helium, which was vented into the tunnel, and a temperature rise of about 100 kelvins in some of the affected magnets. Vacuum conditions in the beam pipe were also lost.<ref name = "BBCquench">{{cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7626944.stm | title = Hadron Collider halted for months|publisher = BBC News}}</ref> It has been reported by CERN that the most likely cause of the problem was a faulty electrical connection between two magnets, and that it will take at least two months to fix it. Most of this delay is due to the time needed to warm up the affected sectors and then cool them back down to operating temperature.<ref name ="BBCquench"/><ref>""</ref>

In the original timeline of the LHC commissioning, the first "modest" high-energy collisions at a ] energy of 900 GeV were expected to take place before the end of September 2008, and the LHC was expected to be operating at 10 TeV by the time of the official inauguration on 21 October 2008.<ref>Henderson, Mark (18 September 2008) "". ''Times Online''.</ref> However, due to the delay caused by the above-mentioned incident, the collider will not be operational again until spring 2009, after the winter shutdown which had always been scheduled to start at the end of November 2008.<ref name="CERNPress2"/> In the meantime, the superconducting magnets will be trained to work at the full current throughput,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/ferminews01-06-29/p4.html|title=Putting Memory to Work|publisher=Fermilab}}</ref> such that the 2009 run will start at the full 14 TeV design energy.<ref name="commissioning"/>

===Expected results===
Once the supercollider is up and running, CERN scientists estimate that if the Standard Model is correct, a single Higgs boson may be produced every few hours. At this rate, it may take up to three years to collect enough data unambiguously to discover the Higgs boson. Similarly, it may take one year or more before sufficient results concerning supersymmetric particles have been gathered to draw meaningful conclusions.<ref name="LHCbooklet"/>

==Proposed upgrade==

{{main|Super Large Hadron Collider}}

After some years of running, any ] experiment typically begins to suffer from ]; each additional year of operation discovers less than the year before. The way around the diminishing returns is to upgrade the experiment, either in energy or in ]. A luminosity upgrade of the LHC, called the ], has been proposed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chep.knu.ac.kr/ICFA-Seminar/upload/9.29/Morning/session1/Ruggiero-ICFA-05.pdf|title=PDF presentation of proposed LHC upgrade|format=PDF}}</ref> to be made after ten years of LHC operation. The optimal path for the LHC luminosity upgrade includes an increase in the beam current (i.e., the number of protons in the beams) and the modification of the two high-luminosity interaction regions, ATLAS and CMS. To achieve these increases, the energy of the beams at the point that they are injected into the (Super) LHC should also be increased to {{nowrap|1 TeV}}. This will require an upgrade of the full pre-injector system, the needed changes in the ] being the most expensive.

==Cost==
The total cost of the project is expected to be ]3.2–6.4 billion.<ref name="TGPngm"/> The construction of LHC was approved in 1995 with a budget of {{nowrap|2.6 billion}} ]s {{nowrap|(€1.6 billion)}}, with another {{nowrap|210 million}} francs {{nowrap|(€140 million)}} towards the cost of the experiments. However, cost over-runs, estimated in a major review in 2001 at around {{nowrap|480 million}} francs {{nowrap|(€300 million)}} for the accelerator, and {{nowrap|50 million}} francs {{nowrap|(€30 million)}} for the experiments, along with a reduction in CERN's budget, pushed the completion date from 2005 to April 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://user.web.cern.ch/User/LHCCost/2001-10-16/LHCCostReview.html | title=LHC Cost Review to Completion| last=Maiani | first=Luciano | accessdate=2001-01-15 | date=16 October 2001 | publisher=CERN }}</ref>
The superconducting magnets were responsible for 180 million francs ({{nowrap|€120 million}}) of the cost increase. There were also engineering difficulties encountered while building the underground cavern for the ], in part due to ] loaned to CERN by fellow laboratories ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Feder | first=Toni | year=2001 | month=December | accessdate=2007-01-15 | title=CERN Grapples with LHC Cost Hike | journal=] | volume=54 | issue=12 | pages=21 | url=http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-54/iss-12/p21b.html | doi=10.1063/1.1445534 }}</ref>

], the former Chief Scientific Officer for the United Kingdom, has criticised the LHC for taking a higher priority for funds than solving the Earth's major challenges; principally ], but also ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7603257.stm | first = Jonathan |last = Amostitle |title = 'Climate crisis' needs brain gain |publisher =] |date =8 September 2008}}</ref>

==Computing resources==
The ] is being constructed to handle the massive amounts of data produced by the Large Hadron Collider. It incorporates both private fiber optic cable links and existing high-speed portions of the public Internet, enabling data transfer from CERN to academic institutions around the world.

The ] project ] was started to support the construction and calibration of the LHC. The project uses the ] platform, enabling everybody with an internet connection to have scientific projects use their computer idle time, to simulate how particles will travel in the tunnel. With this information, the scientists will be able to determine how the magnets should be calibrated to gain the most stable "orbit" of the beams in the ring.

==Safety of particle collisions==
{{main|Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider}}

The upcoming experiments at the Large Hadron Collider have sparked fears among the public that the LHC particle collisions might produce doomsday phenomena, including dangerous ]s and ].<ref name="CosmicLog-2September2008">Boyle, Alan (2 September 2008). "". ''Cosmic Log''. msnbc.com.</ref> Two CERN-commissioned safety reviews have examined these concerns and concluded that the experiments at the LHC present no danger and that there is no reason for concern,<ref name="2003SafetyReport">Blaizot JP, ], Madsen J, Ross GG, Sonderegger P, Specht HJ (2003). '''' (PDF, 176 ]). CERN. Geneva. .</ref><ref name="LSAGreport">], Giudice G, Mangano ML, Tkachev I, Wiedemann U (LHC Safety Assessment Group) (5 September 2008). "" (PDF, 586 ]). '''']''. 35, 115004 (18pp). ]. ]. .</ref><ref name=SummarySafety>"". CERN 2008 (CERN website).</ref> a conclusion expressly endorsed by the ], the world's second largest organization of physicists.<ref name="APS-Statement">"" issued by the (DPF) of the ] (APS)</ref>

==Operational challenges==
The size of the LHC constitutes an exceptional engineering challenge with unique operational issues on account of the huge energy stored in the magnets and the beams.<ref name="irfu1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/general/acphys.htm|title=Challenges in accelerator physics}}</ref> While operating, the total ] is {{nowrap| ] ]}} (equivalent to one and a half ] or 2.4 ]) and the total energy carried by the two beams reaches {{nowrap|] ]}} (about a tenth of a barrel of oil, or half a lightning bolt).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edms.cern.ch/file/445830/5/Vol_1_Chapter_2.pdf|title=Beam Parameters and Definitions}}</ref>

Loss of only one ten-millionth part (10<sup>−7</sup>) of the beam is sufficient to ] a ], while the ] must absorb ] MJ, an energy equivalent to that of burning eight kilograms of oil, for each of the two beams. These immense energies are even more impressive considering how little matter is carrying it: under nominal operating conditions (2,808 bunches per beam, 1.15×10<sup>11</sup> protons per bunch), the beam pipes contain 1.0×10<sup>-9</sup> gram of hydrogen, which, in ], would fill the volume of one grain of fine sand.

On 10 August 2008, a group of hackers calling themselves the Greek Security Team defaced a website at CERN, criticizing their computer security. There was no access to the control network of the collider.<ref>http://it-support-servicestatus.web.cern.ch/it-support-servicestatus/IncidentArchive/080915-CMSMON.htm</ref><ref>Harvey, Mike; & Henderson, Mark (13 September 2008). "". ''The Times''.</ref>

==Construction accidents and delays==
* On 25 October 2005, a technician was killed in the LHC tunnel when a crane load was accidentally dropped.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Message from the Director-General |publisher=CERN |date=26 October 2005 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |url=http://user.web.cern.ch/user/QuickLinks/Announcements/2005/Accident.html and French}}</ref>

*On 27 March 2007 a cryogenic magnet support broke during a pressure test involving one of the LHC's inner triplet (focusing quadrupole) magnet assemblies, provided by ] and ]. No one was injured. Fermilab director Pier Oddone stated "In this case we are dumbfounded that we missed some very simple balance of forces". This fault had been present in the original design, and remained during four engineering reviews over the following years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photonics.com/content/news/2007/April/4/87089.aspx |title=Fermilab'Dumbfounded'by fiasco that broke magnet}}</ref> Analysis revealed that its design, made as thin as possible for better insulation, was not strong enough to withstand the forces generated during pressure testing. Details are available in a statement from Fermilab, with which CERN is in agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://user.web.cern.ch/user/QuickLinks/Announcements/2007/LHCInnerTriplet_5.html|title=LHC Magnet Test Failure}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/lhc_magnet_archive.html|title=Updates on LHC inner triplet failure}}</ref> Repairing the broken magnet and reinforcing the eight identical assemblies used by LHC delayed the startup date,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/broadband/tx/universe/highlights/ |title=The God Particle|accessdate=2007-05-22|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> then planned for November 2007.

* Problems with a magnetic ] on 19 September 2008, caused a leak of a tonne of liquid helium, and has delayed the operation for several months.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7632408.stm</ref> Since the repairs are scheduled to be finished around late November 2008, this conflicts into the winter shutdown, meaning initial experiments will not take place until Spring 2009.

==In popular culture==
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->
<!-- This is not a trivia list! Please write prose and include notable occurrences. A good measure of notability would be third-party coverage or a response by CERN, for example Angels and Demons. Your favorite webcomic probably does not meet this standard, not even xkcd. -->

The Large Hadron Collider was featured in '']'' by ], which involves dangerous ] created at the LHC used as a weapon against the Vatican. CERN published a "Fact or Fiction?" page discussing the accuracy of the book's portrayal of the LHC, CERN, and particle physics in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/Spotlight/SpotlightAandD-en.html |title=Angels and Demons |accessdate=2008-07-16 |work= |publisher=CERN}}</ref> The ] of the book has footage filmed on-site at one of the experiments at the LHC; the director, ], met with CERN experts in an effort to make the science in the story more accurate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas-service-enews.web.cern.ch/atlas-service-enews/news/news_angelphoto.php |title=ATLAS gets the Hollywood treatment |accessdate=2008-07-16 |work=ATLAS e-News |publisher=CERN |date= |last=Perkins |first=Ceri}}</ref>

CERN employee ]'s "Large Hadron Rap"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM |title=YouTube - Large Hadron Rap |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2008-09-09}}</ref> surpassed three million YouTube views on 15 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msu.edu/~mcalpin9/lhc_rap/largehadron.html|title=Large Hadron Rap links and lyrics}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph02/09/2008">"". ''Telegraph''. Last Updated: 2 September 2008</ref><ref>Bogo, Jennifer (1 August 2008). "". ''Popular Mechanics''.</ref>

] commemorated the switch-on of the LHC on 10 September 2008 with "Big Bang Day".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/bigbang/ |title=BBC - Radio 4 - Big Bang Day |accessdate=2008-09-11 |publisher=] |date=2008-09-10 }}</ref> Included in this event was a radio episode of the TV series '']'', with a plot involving the LHC, entitled '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/08_august/07/cern2.shtml |title=Programming for Big Bang Day on BBC Radio 4 |accessdate=2008-08-11 |publisher=BBC Press Office}}<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/bigbang/ |title=Radio 4 - Big Bang Day |accessdate=2008-09-10 |publisher=BBC}}<br/>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Donovan |title=The BBC has Big Bang to rights |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4669278.ece |work=] |date=2008-09-07 |accessdate=2008-09-11 }}</ref> CERN's director of communications, James Gillies, commented, "The CERN of reality bears little resemblance to that of ]'s Torchwood script."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/bigbang/sciencefiction.shtml |title=CERN in Science-Fiction |accessdate=2008-09-11 |last=Gillies |first=James |work=] website |publisher=]}}</ref>

<!-- This is not a trivia list; please see the comment at the top of this section. -->
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Hadron colliders}}
{{commons|Large Hadron Collider}}

==External links==
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*{{official|http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/}}
* {{Citation |title=LHC Machine |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/-page=extra.lhc/jinst |author=Lyndon Evans and Philip Bryant (editors) |journal=Journal of Instrumentation |date=2008-08-14 |volume=3 |issue=S08001 |doi=10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08001 |pages=S08001 }}. Full documentation for design and construction of the LHC and its six detectors (1600p).
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*]: . The world’s largest particle accelerator.
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* '']'' interviews with physicists.
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Revision as of 20:34, 13 October 2008

DICKS DICKS DICKS DICKS DICKS DICKS 

EVERYWHERE EVERYWHERE EVERYWHERE