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'''Faust Vrančić''' (], ] - ] ], ]) also known as '''Faust Verantius''' was a humanist, philosopher, historian, lexicographer, and an inventor. '''Faust Vrančić''' (], ] - ] ], ]), also known as '''Faust Verantius''', was a humanist, philosopher, historian, lexicographer, and inventor.


==Family history== ==Family history==


The family of Vrančić came to ], (]), from today's ], where a member of the family was mentioned for the first time in ]. His grandfather, Antun Vrančić (]-]), diplomat and high civil was servant and in touch with ] ], ], writer ] (]-]), and German philosopher, ] and ] ] (]-]), with ] (]-]), Croatian ], statesman and soldier. The family of Vrančić came to ], (]), from today's ], where a member of the family was mentioned for the first time in ]. His grandfather, Antun Vrančić (]-]), diplomat and high civil servant, was in touch with ] ], ] and writer ] (]-]); with German philosopher, ] and ] ] (]-]); and with ] (]-]), Croatian ], statesman and soldier.


==Activities== ==Activities==


Since the youth interested in science, attended the schools in ] - ] and Venice, particulary interested in mathematics, engineering and mechanics. Vrančić was ] official on ] Court as well that one of the king ] in ] in ] wher he was in contact ] and ]. After wife's death, he left for Hungary and later for ] to join the brotherhood of ] in ] where he commited himself to the science. Since as a youth Vrančić was interested in science, he attended schools in ] (]) and Venice, where he focused on mathematics, engineering and mechanics. Vrančić was an ] official on the ] Court as well as on the court of king ] in ] in ], where he was in contact with ] and ]. After his wife's death, he left for Hungary and later for ] to join the brotherhood of ] in ], where he committed himself to science.


==Language== ==Language==


The author of a five language dictionary ''Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europeae linguarum; Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, dalmaticae et Hungaricae'' published in ] in ], with 5 000 entries for each particular language. The term ''Dalmatian'' was at that time used to define the Slavic ] spoken from the ] coast to as far ] and ] rivers. Language was called ] since the second edition of it appeared in Prague, eddited by ] and is how it is called today. (NB: Not to be confused with a minor Romance ].) He was the author of a five-language dictionary, ''Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europeae linguarum; Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, dalmaticae et Hungaricae'', published in ] in ], with 5,000 entries for each language. The term ''Dalmatian'' was at that time used to define the Slavic ] spoken from the ] coast to as far as the ] and ] rivers. The language was called ] after the second edition of it appeared in Prague, edited by ], and is how it is called today. (NB: Not to be confused with a minor Romance ].)

In an extension of the dictionary called ''Vocabula dalmatica quae Ungri sibi usurparunt'' there is a list of Croatian words that entered the ] language. The book had a great influence on the formation of both Croatian and Hungarian ], (Hungarian language accepted his suggestions - usage of ''ly,'' '' ny'', ''sz'', ''cz''). It was also the first dictionary of Hungarian language, printed four times, in ], ] ], ] ] what is nowdays ] in ] and in ], ] in ]. Work was important source of inspiration for other European dictionaries among them: In an extension of the dictionary called ''Vocabula dalmatica quae Ungri sibi usurparunt'', there is a list of Croatian words that entered the ] language. The book greatly influenced the formation of both Croatian and Hungarian ]; the Hungarian language accepted his suggestions, for example, the usage of ''ly,'' '' ny'', ''sz'', and ''cz''. It was also the first dictionary of the Hungarian language, printed four times, in ], ] (]), ] (]), what is nowdays ] in ], and in ], ], in ]. The work was an important source of inspiration for other European dictionaries; among them:


* Hungarian and Italian written by ] * Hungarian and Italian written by ]
* German ''Thesaurus polyglottus'' by ] and lexicographer ] * German ''Thesaurus polyglottus'' by ] and lexicographer ]
* Multilingual ''Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum'' by ] of Prague in ] in Latin, Italian, Dalmatian, Bohemian, Polish, German, Hungarian. The author eddited the second eddition of Vrancic's work and renamed the Dalmatian language for the first time into "Croatian". * Multilingual ''Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum'' by ] of Prague in ] in Latin, Italian, Dalmatian, Bohemian, Polish, German, Hungarian. The author edited the second edition of Vrancic's work and renamed the Dalmatian language for the first time into "Croatian".


==Technical== ==Technical==


He wrote mostly abouth technical inventions among which the ], which he tested in Venice in ] jumping from the tower was the most famous. The fact of that is explicitly and precisely stated in the book written by ], (] - ]), the secretary of the ''Royal Society'' in ], just 30 years after it happened. The book mentioning it is ''Mathematical Magic of the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry'', ''Part I: Concerning Mechanical Powers Motion'', ''Part II, Deadloss or Mechanical Motions'', London ]. He wrote mostly about technical inventions, among the most famous of which was the ], which he tested in Venice in ], jumping from a tower. The factuality of that event is explicitly and precisely stated in the book written by ] (] - ]), the secretary of the ''Royal Society'' in ], just 30 years after it happened. The book mentioning it is ''Mathematical Magic of the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry'', ''Part I: Concerning Mechanical Powers Motion'', ''Part II, Deadloss or Mechanical Motions'' (London, ]).
] had a similar idea but only in form of a rough sketch which he never materialized. ] had a similar idea but only in the form of a rough sketch, which he never implemented.


Vrančić's sketch of his own, today famous '']'', appeared in his book on mechanics ''Machinae novae'', (Venice ]). It contained 40 pictures of the big format depicting 56 different machines, devices and technical concepts. The sensational book was soon translated into Italian, Spanish, French, German. Area of his interest in engineering and mechanics was broad. Mills were his maint point of research where he created 18 different designs. He envisioned windmills with both vertical and horizontal axis, different wing construction to improve its efficiency. The idea of the mill powered by tides incorporated accumulation pools filled with water by high tide and releasing it when tide is low, using the simple gravity, the concept just recently engineered and used. Vrančić's sketch of his own, today famous, '']'' appeared in his book on mechanics ''Machinae novae'', (Venice ]). It contained 40 large pictures depicting 56 different machines, devices and technical concepts. The sensational book was soon translated into Italian, Spanish, French, and German. His areas of interest in engineering and mechanics were broad. Mills were his main point of research, where he created 18 different designs. He envisioned windmills with both vertical and horizontal axes, and with different wing construction to improve their efficiency. The idea of a mill powered by tides incorporated accumulation pools filled with water by the high tide and emptying when tide is low, using simple gravity; the concept has just recently been engineered and used.


Ordered by the ], he envisioned and made projects needed in the process of the river regulations since the ] was often flooded by the ] river. He also tackled the problem of the wells and water supply of Venice which is surounded by see. Devices to register the time using water, fire or else were envisioned and materialized. His own sunclock was effective in reading the time, date and month, but was functioning only around the midday hours. Construction method of building the metal bridges, the mechanic of the forces in the area of statics were also part of his research. The last area was described when further developed in separate book by mathematician ], (]) in ]. Ordered by the ], he envisioned and made projects needed for regulating rivers, since ] was often flooded by the ] river. He also tackled the problem of the wells and water supply of Venice, which is surounded by sea. Devices to register the time using water, fire or else were envisioned and materialized. His own sunclock was effective in reading the time, date and month, but functioned only in the middle of the day. The construction method of building metal bridges and the mechanics of the forces in the area of statics were also part of his research. The last area was described when further developed in a separate book by mathematician ] (]) in ].


==History and philosophy== ==History and philosophy==


In his works related to ], just few of them remained - ''Regulae cancellariae regni Hungariae'' and ''De Slavinis seu Sarmatis in Dalmatia'' in the manuscript form while ''Scriptores rerum hungaricum'' was published in ]. In ''Logica nova'' and ''Ethica christiana'', in single Venetian edition in ] , he delt with the problems of ] regarding the ideological clash between the movement of ] and ]. ], (] - ] and ], of ] and ] ], (] - ]) were his intellectual counterparts. Only a few of his works related to ] remain: ''Regulae cancellariae regni Hungariae'' and ''De Slavinis seu Sarmatis in Dalmatia'' in manuscript form, while ''Scriptores rerum hungaricum'' was published in ]. In ''Logica nova'' and ''Ethica christiana'', in a single Venetian edition in ] , he dealt with the problems of ] regarding the ideological clash between the ] movement and ]. ] (] - ]) and the ] of ] and ] ] (] - ]) were his intellectual counterparts.


==Lost works== ==Lost works==


Some of his works Vrancic published under the name '''Veranzo'''. Many of them has not been printed, left in the form of ]. Some were sold to stay in big ]s in capitals of ] or Hungary while some were lost for ever. Vrancic published some of his works under the name '''Veranzo'''. Many of them were never printed, left in the form of ]. Some were sold to stay in big ]s in the capitals of ] or Hungary, while some were lost forever.

Revision as of 17:37, 19 February 2004

Faust Vrančić (1551, Šibenik - January 17 1617, Venice), also known as Faust Verantius, was a humanist, philosopher, historian, lexicographer, and inventor.

Family history

The family of Vrančić came to Šibenik, (Dalmatia), from today's Bosnia, where a member of the family was mentioned for the first time in 1360. His grandfather, Antun Vrančić (1504-1573), diplomat and high civil servant, was in touch with Dutch philosopher, humanist and writer Erasmus (1465-1536); with German philosopher, theologist and reformer Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560); and with Nikola Zrinski (1508-1566), Croatian ban, statesman and soldier.

Activities

Since as a youth Vrančić was interested in science, he attended schools in Padua (Padova) and Venice, where he focused on mathematics, engineering and mechanics. Vrančić was an admistrative official on the Hungarian Court as well as on the court of king Rudolf the II in Hradchany in Prague, where he was in contact with Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe. After his wife's death, he left for Hungary and later for Venice to join the brotherhood of St. Paul in 1609, where he committed himself to science.

Language

He was the author of a five-language dictionary, Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europeae linguarum; Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, dalmaticae et Hungaricae, published in Venice in 1595, with 5,000 entries for each language. The term Dalmatian was at that time used to define the Slavic language spoken from the Adriatic coast to as far as the Danube and Drava rivers. The language was called Croatian after the second edition of it appeared in Prague, edited by Peterus Lodereckerus, and is how it is called today. (NB: Not to be confused with a minor Romance Dalmatian language.)

In an extension of the dictionary called Vocabula dalmatica quae Ungri sibi usurparunt, there is a list of Croatian words that entered the Hungarian language. The book greatly influenced the formation of both Croatian and Hungarian orthography; the Hungarian language accepted his suggestions, for example, the usage of ly, ny, sz, and cz. It was also the first dictionary of the Hungarian language, printed four times, in Venice, Prague (1606), Pozun (1834), what is nowdays Bratislava in Slovakia, and in Zagreb, Croatia, in 1971. The work was an important source of inspiration for other European dictionaries; among them:

  • Hungarian and Italian written by Bernardino Bali
  • German Thesaurus polyglottus by humanist and lexicographer Hieronim Megister
  • Multilingual Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum by Peterus Lodereckerus of Prague in 1605 in Latin, Italian, Dalmatian, Bohemian, Polish, German, Hungarian. The author edited the second edition of Vrancic's work and renamed the Dalmatian language for the first time into "Croatian".

Technical

He wrote mostly about technical inventions, among the most famous of which was the parachute, which he tested in Venice in 1617, jumping from a tower. The factuality of that event is explicitly and precisely stated in the book written by John Willkins (1614 - 1672), the secretary of the Royal Society in London, just 30 years after it happened. The book mentioning it is Mathematical Magic of the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry, Part I: Concerning Mechanical Powers Motion, Part II, Deadloss or Mechanical Motions (London, 1648). Leonardo da Vinci had a similar idea but only in the form of a rough sketch, which he never implemented.

Vrančić's sketch of his own, today famous, Homo volans appeared in his book on mechanics Machinae novae, (Venice 1595). It contained 40 large pictures depicting 56 different machines, devices and technical concepts. The sensational book was soon translated into Italian, Spanish, French, and German. His areas of interest in engineering and mechanics were broad. Mills were his main point of research, where he created 18 different designs. He envisioned windmills with both vertical and horizontal axes, and with different wing construction to improve their efficiency. The idea of a mill powered by tides incorporated accumulation pools filled with water by the high tide and emptying when tide is low, using simple gravity; the concept has just recently been engineered and used.

Ordered by the Pope, he envisioned and made projects needed for regulating rivers, since Rome was often flooded by the Tiber river. He also tackled the problem of the wells and water supply of Venice, which is surounded by sea. Devices to register the time using water, fire or else were envisioned and materialized. His own sunclock was effective in reading the time, date and month, but functioned only in the middle of the day. The construction method of building metal bridges and the mechanics of the forces in the area of statics were also part of his research. The last area was described when further developed in a separate book by mathematician Simon de Bruges (Simon Stevin) in 1586.

History and philosophy

Only a few of his works related to history remain: Regulae cancellariae regni Hungariae and De Slavinis seu Sarmatis in Dalmatia in manuscript form, while Scriptores rerum hungaricum was published in 1798. In Logica nova and Ethica christiana, in a single Venetian edition in 1616 , he dealt with the problems of theology regarding the ideological clash between the Reformation movement and Catholicism. Tommaso Campanela (1568 - 1639) and the Archbishop of Split and Senj Dominis (1560 - 1624) were his intellectual counterparts.

Lost works

Vrancic published some of his works under the name Veranzo. Many of them were never printed, left in the form of manuscripts. Some were sold to stay in big archives in the capitals of Austria or Hungary, while some were lost forever.