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Lima
Top: Plaza Mayor, Middle: Skyline of Lima, Bottom left: Palace of Justice, Bottom right: Plaza San Martin.Top: Plaza Mayor, Middle: Skyline of Lima, Bottom left: Palace of Justice, Bottom right: Plaza San Martin.
Flag of LimaFlagSeal
Nickname: City of the Kings
Motto: Hoc signum vere regum est
Lima Province and Lima within Peru
Country	Peru
Region	Lima Region
Province	Lima Province
Districts	43 districts
Settled	January 18, 1535
Government
• Municipal Province	Metropolitan Municipality of Lima
• Provincal Council	Provincial Council of Lima
• Mayor	Luis Castañeda Lossio
• HQ	Municipal Palace of Lima
• Congress	35 congressional seats
Area
• City	2,672.3 km (1,031.8 sq mi)
• Urban	800 km (300 sq mi)
• Metro	2,819.3 km (1,088.5 sq mi)
Elevation	0 - 1,548 m (0 - 5,079 d ft)
Population
• City	7,605,742
• Density	2,846.1/km (7,371/sq mi)
• Metro	8,482,619
• Metro density	3,008.7/km (7,792/sq mi)
• Demonym	Limeño/a
Time zone	UTC-5 (PET)
Website	www.munlima.gob.pe

Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, on a coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. It forms a contiguous urban area with the seaport of Callao.

Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as La Ciudad de los Reyes, or "The City of Kings." It became the most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and, after the Peruvian War of Independence, was made the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.

Etymology

The first name of the city was the City of the Kings (Template:Lang-es) because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. However, this quickly fell into disuse, as "Lima" became the capital's name of choice. It is uncertain where this name originated; it may derive from Quechuan rimaq (talking), pronounced IPA: ['li-ma:] in the ancient local Quechua I variety. It is worth noting that the river that feeds Lima is still called Rimac, closer to the Quechua II pronunciation for "Talking river". Many speculate that the Spanish produced "Lima" in trying to reproduce what in fact was "Rimac," which they heard from local inhabitants. On the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together as names for the city.

History

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Pre-hispanic era

Although Lima was not founded until 1535 by the Spanish, several pre-Incan settlements were established in the Rimac, Chillon and Lurin river valleys. Their inhabitants would later go on to build ceremonial centers, known as huacas, many of which are still preserved throughout the city. The Chavín culture which was based in Ancash, also had a strong influence over this region during that time period.

The Maranga Culture and the Lima culture also established themselves in this area. Many temples were built during this time period examples of this being Lati, and Pachacamac. These cultures were conquered by the Wari Empire, at it's greatest point of expansion. The ceremonial complex of Cajamarquilla was also constructed at this time. As the Wari Empire weakened, local tribes began to achieve autonomy and the Chancay culture developed. Shortly after, the area was annexed by the Inca Empire.

Colonial era

The city of Lima was founded by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535 as the Muy Noble, Muy Insigne y Muy Leal Ciudad De Los Reyes Del Perú or The Very Noble, Very Distinguished, Very Loyal City of Kings of Peru. In some of the earliest maps of Peru the city is jointly labeled Lima and the City of Kings.

Lima became the capital of all Spanish possessions in South America, which were named New Castile. In 1537, the King of Spain bestowed upon the city its coat of arms. Throughout the colonial era, Lima was the stronghold of Spanish military forces and subsuquent military expansion campaigns originated in Lima. Likewise, at the end of the colonial period, Lima was the last Spanish stronghold to withstand independance. . Soon after foundation of the city, a constant influx of European colonists ensued as well as a power struggle between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro which resulted in both of their deaths. Almagro was ordered executed by Pizarro and Pizarro was assassinated by Almagro's son. Pizarro and Almagro originally were associated in the conquest and colonization of Peru but eventually turned against each other in a struggle

for power.

In 1542, the Real Audiencia of Lima was created and the city was named the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Subsequently, Blasco Núñez Vela, was named the first Viceroy of Peru and was given the responsibility to pacify Peru from indigenous rebellions. In 1545, Lima was granted a diocese which maintained religious authority over the entire Viceroyalty which at that time encompassed all of South America except for Brazil.

The transferring of the wealth of the Incan Empire through Lima to the port Callao transformed Lima into a prosperous and ostentatious city. The social caste system in Lima was reflective of the social situation experienced throughout the entire Viceroyalty. At the top of the social strata were the Spain-born Spanish known as Peninsulares. Following the peninsulares were the offspring and descendants of Peninsulares known as Criollos or creoles. Creoles were solely of Spanish ancestry however born in Peru. Creoles did not have the right to hold public office or participate in any sort of government as did the Peninsulares. Below the creoles lied the mestizos, or Peruvians born of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry. Amerindians and Africans lied at the bottom of the social strata with Africans being under the condition of slavery and Amerindians who were treated similarly

to slaves for the duration of the colonial period. As a result of the disparity of power between the Peninsulares and Creoles, the latter would eventually rebel and in 1824 achieve independence. Immigration from other non-Spanish European countries to Peru was prohibited during the, colonial era and did not begin until after independence.

On May 12, 1551, San Marcos University was created and classes began on January 2, 1553 in the Covenant of Santo Domingo. It was the first university to be opened in the Americas.

The first auto de fe of the Inquisition in Peru took place in Lima's Plaza de Armas on November 15, 1573. Of these, there were 27 in the history of the Viceroyalty, of which Lima was the principal headquarters. Lima was also the principal headquarters out of the three seats of the Spanish Inquisition in the Americas the other two being Mexico and Cartagena de Indias.

The city, being located in a seismic area, has suffered from many earthquakes in its long history. The first recorded earthquake in the city occurred in 1582, with later earthquakes occurring in 1586, 1609, 1630, 1655, 1687, 1694, 1699, 1716, 1725, 1732, 1734, and 1743.

The city flourished during the 17th century as the center of an extensive trade network which extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. A constant danger to the city's commerce was the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean. To protect the city against them, Viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull built a wall around it between 1684 and 1687. In the 18th century, Lima had to be rebuilt after being almost completely destroyed by an earthquake on October 28, 1746. This natural disaster led to the appearance of an intense devotion for the Lord of Miracles, which has endured until today.

It's urban development was characterized by the construction of churches, cathedrals, public buildings, and houses. The Plaza de Acho Bullring and the Avenue of Water were both constructed during the government of the Viceroy Manuel de Amat y Juniet and still exist to this day.

At the beginnings of the 19th century, despite the development of other Latin American cities, Lima still retained its place as South America's most important city and the city where the Spanish Empire maintained its strongest prescence.

Republican era

Following the Peruvian War of Independence, in 1821, Jose de San Martin, entered Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru, establishing Lima as the new capital of the nation. Lima was the seat of the First Contituent Congress of Peru formed in 1822.

The initial years of Peru's post-independence history were characterized by the constant struggle for power between military caudillos, who in attempts to assume power over the country, attempted to take Lima. Due to this, Lima was home to many military conflicts within its city limits.

From 1845-1950, Lima was the destination for thousands of immigrants from a wide variety of countries. The Guano era in the early 1800's increased the influx of immigrants, primarily from Europe, who settled in Lima. The Spanish Civil War in the 1930's saw relatively large-scale immigration of political dissentients from Spain to Lima. In the 1800's, Chinese immigrants arrived to haciendas south of Lima to work in the fields. These immigrants eventually would all move to the city of Lima, primarily settling in Capon, an section of downtown Lima. The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Lima in 1892 and kept on arriving into the 1920's. In the 19th and 20th centuries thousands of Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Jews, British, French, Central European, and Eastern European immigrants traveled from Europe to the port of Callao to settle in Lima.

From an urban point of view, the constant growth that the city experienced led to modernization. The process of changing the Nomenclature of the downtown area was initiated in 1862 and in 1868, on the orders of President Jose Balta, the Lima City Walls which surrounded the city were demolished giving way to large tree-lined avenues allowing for the expansion of the city past it's antiquated boundaries. The modernization was suspended during the War of the Pacific and resumed in the 20th century.

In 1881, during the War of the Pacific, the city was invaded by the Chilean Army. The invasion by the Chilean Army resulted in the sacking and destruction of various areas of the city such as the Chorrillos District.

After the Chilean retreat from the city, Lima initiated a process of reconstruction, which was again delayed by the conflict between Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Nicolás de Piérola. In the final years of the 19th century, with Pierola assuming power, and the beginning of the time period known as the Aristocratic Republic, Lima began it's definitive and intense construction boom which lasted until the presidency of Augusto B. Leguía who prepared the nation for its centennial anniversary in 1921. Many of the main republican buildings date from this era examples being, the Museum of Art, the Museum of Italian Art, Colon Avenue, the Park of the Exposition and the Park of the Reserve.

At the beginning of the 20th Century Lima still had a small population and the nation's largest city was Trujillo. At this time suburbs began to develop along the city's Pacific coast such as Miraflores and Barranco. New avenues were built which eventually would become the main arteries of Lima's transportation network.

The 1930's brought large-scale remodeling and construction projects with the remodeling of the Government Palace and the City Hall. This construction boom lasted until the 1950's with the construction of the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Education, Superior Court of Lima, Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health, Worker Safety Hospitals, the National Stadium, and large-scale public housing.

Mass immigration occurred during this time period greatly increasing the city's population. Most of these immigrants settled in the then surban districts of Lince, La Victoria, Breña, Pueblo Libre District, El Agustino, Ate, San Juan de Luringancho, San Martín de Porres and Comas. Most of these immigrants originated from rural areas in the Andean highlands. As an emblematic symbol of this expansion, in 1976 the district of Villa el Salvador was created, located thirty kilometers south of downtown Lima.

In the 1980's terrorism in parts of the country's interior resulted in the unorderly growth of the city as internally displaced refugees arrived in Lima creating new, unregulated suburbs known as Pueblos jóvenes. In 1992, Abimael Guzmán leader of the Shining Path terrorist organization was captured in the Lima suburb of Santiago de Surco. Subsequently, terrorist activities in Lima were mostly eliminated as well as throughout the country.

As of 2007 Lima and the contiguous city of Callao, with which it forms a metropolitan area, was home to 8,472,935 inhabitants. Efforts are underway for the complete restoration of the Historic Center of Lima, which in 1991 was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. A transportation system overhaul is being undergone with a city government street repaving campaign, a bus system, a mass transit system known as the Lima Metro, the renovation of the Jorge Chavez International Airport, freeway building, and road infrastructure improvement. Other recent public works projects have taken place in Lima including, the illumination of the buildings of the Historic Center of Lima, remodeling of most major parks and green spaces, construction of new parks, urban renewal along the Rimac River, new hospitals in pueblos jovenes, repavement of Lima's sidewalks, and the construction of the largest water fountain complex in the world.

Evolution of the Lima Metropolitan Area
1910	1940	1970	1995

Government

National government

Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and the department of Lima. As such, it is home to the three branches of the Government of Peru. The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace, located in the Plaza Mayor. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of Peru. The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Supreme Court of Peru.

Likewise, all the ministries are located in the city of Lima. In international government, the city of Lima is home to the headquarters of the Andean Community of Nations and the South American Community of Nations, along with other regional and international organizations.

Local government

The city is roughly equivalent to the Province of Lima, which is subdivided into 43 districts. The Metropolitan Municipality of Lima is utmost authority of the entire city while each district further has it's own local government. These local governments are under the authority of the Metropolitan Municipality

Political status

Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, although a provincial municipality, acts as and has functions similar to a regional government, due to that it does not belong to any of the 25 regions of Peru.

Nonetheless, it maintains it's previous status as part of the Lima Region as it still has certain authority over that region. This authority however, is primarily related only to political and military matters. The administration of the city itself is still dependant on the local municipality itself.

Judicial system

Lima is the seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima belonging to the Judicial District of Lima. Due to the judicial organization of Peru, the highest concentration of courts are located in Lima despite the fact that it's judicial district only has jurisdiction over 35 of the 43 districts of Lima.

• 33 Superior Courts of Justice
  • 8 Civil law courts
  • 2 Family law courts
  • 1 Commercial law courts
  • 6 Labor law courts
  • 16 Criminal law courts
• 229 Courts of First Instance
  • 89 Civil law courts
  • 21 Family law courts
  • 6 Commercial law courts
  • 29 Labor law courts
  • 69 Criminal law courts
  • 15 Mixed Courts
• 153 Courts of Peace

Likewise, the Superior Court of the Cono Norte, belonging to the Judicial District of Cono Norte, is made up of:

• 6 Superior Courts of Justice
  • 2 Civil law courts
  • 4 Criminal law courts
• 41 Courts of First Instance
  • 7 Civil law courts
  • 7 Family law courts
  • 1 Labor law courts
  • 19 Criminal law courts
  • 7 Mixed Courts
  • 24 Courts of Peace

Geography

The urban area of Lima covers about 800 km². It is located on mostly flat terrain in the Peruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 500 meters above mean sea level. Within the city exist isolated hills which are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rimac district, which faces directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth.

Metropolitan Lima has an area of 2672.28 km², of which 825.88 km² (31%) comprise the actual city and 1846.40 km² (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around 60 km from north to south and around 30 km from west to east. The city center is located 15 km inland at the shore of the Rimac river, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydro electrical dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 out of the 43 districts of Lima Province, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metropolitan Area, one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the Americas. Lima is the second largest city in the world located in a desert, after Cairo, Egypt.

Climate

Lima's climate is quite mild, despite being located in the Tropics. Lima has a subtropical and desert climate, yet the microclimate also makes it very humid throughout the year. The temperatures vary from mild to warm (neither very cold or hot).The average temperature in winter ranges from 13 °C to 20 °C. These days usually come accompanied by continuous overcast skies, fog, and mist. In the summer, the high averages around 28 °C with lows around 19 °C. During El Niño events, the climate of Lima gets severely disrupted, the water temperatures along the coast which usually average around 17 - 19 °C (65 - 68 °F) get much warmer, (as in 1998 when the water temperature reached 26 °C (79 °F)) which causes the high and low temperatures to rise by several degrees. Such was the case when Lima hit its all-time record high of 34 °C

Relative humidity is always very high particularly in the mornings , and produces brief morning fog from June to December and persistent low clouds from May to November. Sunny, less moist and warm summers follow from December to April and are followed by cloudy, damp and cool winters (June to October). The all-time record low in the metropolitan area is 9 °C.

Rainfall is very low. The severely low rainfall impacts on water supply in the city. Inland locations receive 1 to 6 cm of rainfall, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Summer rain occurs in the form of isolated light and brief afternoon or evening events, leftover from afternoon storms that generate over the Andes. The peak of the 'rainy season,' which does not produce "rain" in the true sense of the word, occurs during winter when late-night/morning drizzle events (locally called 'garúa','llovizna' or 'camanchacas') become frequent, leaving a light coating of dampness on the ground. All these climatic phenomena arise from the combination of semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current just offshore.

Demographics

Lima ranks as the ninth most populous city in the world with a population of 8,866,160 for the city area, 9,241,961 for the metropolitan area and a population density of 3008.8 as of 2007. Its population features a very complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Traditionally, Mestizos of mixed European (mostly Spanish) and Amerindian descent are the largest contingent. The second group has its origins in Europe, the biggest being people of Spanish descent, followed by significant numbers of Italians, Germans, French, English, Polish and Eastern Europeans. Also there is a large number of Jews, and Middle Easterners. Asians make up a large number of the metropolitan population, especially of Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese descent. Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves, are yet another part of the city's ethnic quilt. Lima has by far the largest Chinese community in Latin America.

The demographics of the city are as follows:

62% Mestizo (mixed European and Indian ancestry)

30% White European

-65% Spanish

-35% German, Italian, French and other European ancestry

6% Asian

2% Black

The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of only 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built at the other side of the Rimac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima had, at this point in time, around 1600 inhabitants. In 1861, the amount of inhabitants surpassed 100,000, and by 1927 this amount was doubled.

During the early twenty century thousands of immigrants came to the city, a significant number of French, Italians and Germans, many of them had been adapting to the Peruvian society. They organized in social clubs, and they built their own schools; for example, The American-Peruvian school which is located in Miraflores, The French Alliance (Alianza Francesa de Lima) and the hospital Maison de Sante, the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico, and also several German-Peruvian schools. They also influenced Peruvian cuisine, the Italians in particular exerting a strong influence in the Miraflores and San Isidro areas with their restaurants, called Trattorias.

A great number of Chinese immigrants, and a lesser amount of Japanese, came to Lima and established themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima, coming in order to work on farms and domestic services. Lima residents refer to their Chinatown as "Calle Capon," and the city's ubiquitous Chifa restaurants– a small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurant serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine– can be found by the dozen in this Chinese enclave.

The 1950s saw the exponential increase of the city inhabitants, most of them Andean immigrants and their descendants, who settled in the northern and southern

outskirts. The political and economic instability in Peru during the latter half of the twentieth century created unprecedented poverty and violence in the towns of the countryside or Andean highlands, forcing hundreds of thousands of peasants of Amerindian descent to migrate to Lima– thus greatly augmenting Lima's population. In the 70’s, the lacking transportation facilities for the newcomers who had to travel for hours on end to reach the city center became a problem, and it was decided that Lima should not expand any further.

Unlike other ethnic groups in Lima who speak only Spanish, most of the peasant population that migrated to Lima speaks primarily Quechua or Aymara, rather than Spanish. While a number of Amerindians eventually attain middle class status, others still live in shantytowns, known locally as pueblos jóvenes (young towns). These areas often lack such basic services as electricity and running water.

Most of the residents of Lima are of the Roman Catholic faith however there are also adherents of Judaism, Protestantism, and Islam. In addition, Lima has a growing population of atheists. Roman Catholics make up 81% of the population.

Economy

Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru. It contains more than two thirds of its industrial production and most of its tertiary sector, and is home to many national companies.

The Metropolitan area, with around 7000 factories , spearheads the industrial development of the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce, cheap infrastructure and the mostly developed routes and highways in the city. The most relevant industrial sectors are textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are also manufactured and/or processed in Lima. The financial district is located in the district of San Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the area stretching west of Downtown Lima to the airport in Callao.

Industrialization began to take hold in Lima in the 1930's and by the 1950's, through import substitution policies, by 1950 manufacturing made up 14% of he GNP. In the late 1950's, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in Peruvian, and primarily Limean, factories.

The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, with 75% of the country's imports and 25% of its exports using it as their entry/departure point. The main export goods leaving the country through Callao are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.

In 2004, Lima's GDP represented 45% of the country's GDP (5% more than the previous year). The GDP per capita in Lima is $7,600. Most of the foreign companies operating in the country have settled in Lima, which has led to the previously mentioned concentration of economic and financial activity on the city.

There has been a noticeable increase in slight industries, services and high technologies. In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in all of South America which was spearheaded by economic policies originating in Lima.

.The Lima Stock Exchange grew 185.24% in 2006 and in 2007 grew 168.3% making it one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the most profitable in the world. The unemployment rate in metropolitan area is 7.2%.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit and the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit were hosted by the city of Lima.

Lima is headquarters to many major banks such as Banco de Crédito del Perú, Interbank, Bank of the Nation, Banco Continental, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Finaciero, Banco de Comercio, MiBanco, and Banco del Trabajo. It is also a regional headquarters to Scotiabank, HSBC, Citibank, Santander, Standard Chartered, Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan Chase. Major insurance coorperations based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta, and La Positiva.

Cityscape

Architecture

Lima's architecture is characterized by a mix in styles as reflected from shifts between trends throughout various time periods of the city's history. Examples of early colonial architecture include such structures as the Monestary of San Francisco, the Cathedral of Lima and the Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by the Spanish baroque, Spanish Neoclassicism]], and Spanish Colonial styles. After independence, a gradual shift towards the neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles took place. Many of these constructions were greatly influenced by French architectural styles.Many government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were contracted in this architectural time period. During the 1960's, constructions utilizing the brutalist style began appearing in Lima due to the military government of Juan Velasco. Examples of this architecture are the Museum of the Nation and the Ministry of Defense. The 21st century has seen the appearance of glass skyscrapers particularly around the city's financial district.

Lima's urban setting is characterized by green-lined streets as well as the abundance of plazas throughout the city. More important streets usually contain wider green areas and plaza's usually contain monuments or statues of historical figures of importance to Peruvian history.

Parks and gardens

The largest parks of Lima are located near the downtown area such as the Park of the Reserve, Park of the Exposition, Campo de Marte, and the University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Magical Circuit of Water.

A number of large parks lie outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Pantanos de Villa, The Golf, Park of the Legends, the malecon of Miraflores, and the Golf of the Incas. The street grid of the city of Lima, is laid out with a system of plazas of which serve a purpose similar to roundabouts or junctions. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as one of Lima's principal green spaces and contain a variety of different types of architecture ranging from monuments to statues, and water fountains.

Society and Culture

Strongly influenced by European, Andean, and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot of cultures due to colonization, immigration, and indigenous influences. Like many other world capitals, Lima is home to prestigious museums many of which are world renown. The Historic Center of Lima was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Limean gastronomy is known to be among the best in the world and the city is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas. Lima's gastronomy is a mix of Spanish, Andean, and Asian culinary traditions.

Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer months. Numerous restaurants, clubs and hotels have been opened in these places to serve the many beachgoers. Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene as there are many theaters presenting not only classic theater, but also

cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances, and theater for children. Lima is home to many important theaters such as the Municipal Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center, and the Yuyachkani Theater.

Language

Known as Peruvian Coastal Spanish, Lima's Spanish is characterized by

the lack of strong innotations as found in many other regions of the Spanish-speaking world. It is heavily influenced by the Spanish spoken in Castile as throughout the colonial era, the colonial Spanish nobility was based in Lima, of which most originated from Castile. Limean Spanish is also characterized by the lack of voseo, a trait present in the dialects of many other Latin American countries. This is due to that voseo was primarily utilized by the lower socioeconomic classes of Spain, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era. Limean Spanish is often distinguished by its relative clarity

in comparison to other Latin American dialects. Limean Spanish has been influenced by a number of immigrant groups including Italians, Andalusians, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by anglicisms as a result of globalization as well as by Andean Spanish due to recent immigration from the Andean highlands to Lima.

Museums

Lima is home to the highest concentration of museums of the country, the most notable of which being the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, Museum of Art of Lima, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Nation, the Museum of Italian Art, and the Museum of Gold, and the Larco Museum. These museums mostly focus on art, pre-Colombian cultures, natural history, science, and religion.

Tourism

Historic Centre of Lima

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: iv
Reference	500
Inscription	1988 (12th Session)
Extensions	1991

Lima, as the point of entry to the country, has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by it's historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, and popular traditions. Lima is home to an ample range of restaurants and bars where local as well as international cuisine is served.

The Historic Center of Lima, made up of the districts of Lima and Rimac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 due to its importance during the colonial era leaving a testimony to architectural achievement. Some examples of this historical colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral, Covenant of Santo Domingo, the Palace of Torre Tagle, and much more.

A tour of the city's churches is a popular circuit among tourists. A short jaunt through the central district goes through many churches dating from as early as the 16th and 17th centuries the most noteworthy of which being the Cathedral of Lima and the Monastery of San Francisco, of which are said to be connected by their subterrestrial catacombs. Both of these churches contain paintings from various schools of art, Sevilian tile, and finely sculpted wood furnishings. Also notable is the Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas, the point of origin for the Lord of Miracles, whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious event in Lima and arguably all of Peru. Some sections of the Lima City Walls still remain and are frequented by tourists. These examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were utilized to defend the city from attacks by pirates and privateers.

Beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located along the Pan-American Highway, to the south of the city in districts such as Lurin, Punta Hermosa, San Bartolo and Asia. Many restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs, and hotels have developed in said places to cater to beachgoers.

The suburban districts of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac, and the city of Chosica, are important tourist attractions among locals as they are located at a higher elevation than Lima therefore receiving sunshine in winter months, something that the city of Lima frequently lacks.

Gastronomy

Lima is known as Gastronomical Capital of the Americas. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, Lima has incorporated unique dishes brought from the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors and the receiving of many waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese, and Japanese. Besides international immigration—a large portion of which happened in Lima—there has been, since the second half of the 20th century, a strong internal flow from rural areas to cities, in particular to Lima. This has strongly influenced Lima's cuisine with the incorporation of the immigrant's ingredients and techniques (for example, the Chinese extensive use of rice or the Japanese approach to preparing raw fish). The genres of restaurants in Lima include Creole food, Chifas, Cebicherias, and Pollerias. Peruvian cuisine, widely represented in Lima, holds various holds various Guinness World Records, for its diversity and quality.

Sports

The city of Lima has varied sports venues for association football, volleyball and basketball, many of which are located within private clubs. A popular sport among Limeans is fronton, a racquet sport similar to squash invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class golf courses. Equestrian is popular in Lima for which there are private clubs as well as horse racing which is centered on the Hipódromo de Monterrico. The most popular sport in Lima by far is association football with many club teams being located in the city.

There are many sport venues in Lima including:

• Football
  • Monumental "U" Stadiumed
  • Universidad San Marcos Stadium

    File:Panoramic Monumental Peru.JPG

  • National Stadium
  • Alejandro Villanueva Stadium
  • San Martin de Porres Stadium
  • Chorillos Municipal Stadium

• Other Sports
  • Hipódromo de Monterrico (Horse racing)
  • Mariscal Caceres Colliseum (Volleyball)
  • Coliseo Eduardo Dibos Colliseum (Basketball and Volleyball)
  • Amauta Coliseum (Basketball and Volleyball)
  • Campo de Marte swimming pool (Swimming)
  • Terrazas de Miraflores Tennis Club (Tennis)
  • Lima Cricket and Football Club (Cricket, Rugby, and Association football)
  • Athletics stadium (Track)

Other sports practiced in the city include surfing, equestrianism, karate, rugby, yachting, paragliding, badminton, squash, table football, mountain biking, bicycle racing, shooting, triathlon, futsal, table tennis and track.

Subdivisions

Lima is made up of thirty densely-populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the thirteen outer districts of the Lima province.

The city's historic centre is located in the Cercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Downtown"), and it is home to most of the vestiges of Lima's colonial past, the Presidential Palace (Template:Lang-es), the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima (Template:Lang-es), and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that used to cater to the national and international elite.

The upscale San Isidro district is the city's financial center. It is home to many prominent figures such as politicians and celebrities. It is also where the main banks of Peru and branch offices of world banks are headquartered. San Isidro has many parks, including Parque El Olivar, which has ovlive trees that were brought from Spain during the seventeenth century.

Another upscale district is Miraflores, which has many luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has more parks and green areas in the south of Lima than most other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district.

La Molina and Santiago de Surco, home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima respectively, are the other two wealthy districts of Lima.

The most densely-populated districts of Lima lie in the northern and southern ends of the city (Spanish: Cono Norte and Cono Sur, respectively), and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid and late 20th century looking for better living standards and economic opportunities, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the Shining Path during the late 80s and early 90s. In the case of Cono Norte(North Lima), certain shopping malls like Megaplaza and Royal Plaza have been recently built in the district of Los Olivos, which is the most residential neighborhood in the Northern part of Lima. Most of the inhabitants of this area belong to the middle class.

Barranco, which borders Miraflores by the Pacific Ocean, is known as the city's bohemian district, home or once home of many Peruvian writers and intellectuals like Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has many acclaimed restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla"), and beautiful Victorian-style chalets. It along with Miraflores serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene.

Education

Home to a range of universities, institutions, and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning in the country and is home to schools with world-wide recognition. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.

Other public universities also play key roles in teaching and research, such as the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina where ex-president Alberto Fujimori once taught, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería and the National University of Callao.

The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions that are located in the city are Universidad de Lima, Universidad Científica del Sur, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Universidad del Pacifico, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas and Universidad Ricardo Palma.

Transport

Railways

Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the departments of Junin, Huancavelica, Pasco, and Huanuco. Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica, and Cerro de Pasco. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of Huacho.

Urban transport

The city is composed of over 652 transit routes of which are served by buses, microbuses, and combis. The system is unorganized and is characterized by the lack of formality. The service is run by 464 private companies of which are poorly regulated by the local government. Fares average at around one sol or $0.30 USD.

Metropoltiano

The Metropolitan Transportation System is a transport project which plans to integrate the Independent Corridor of Mass-Transit Buses known by its Spanish initials as (COSAC 1). This system plans to link the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area and the first phase of this project is already in development with the construction of a thirty three kilometer long line from Comas to Chorrillos.

This system is similar to the TransMilenio of Bogota, Colombia.

Colectivos

Automobiles, known as colectivos, render express service on some major roads of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on the their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than congenital public transport however they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops.

Subway system

The Lima Metro, a above ground mass transit system, is under construction and as of 2007 one line has been completed while another six are scheduled for construction. Line 1 is also scheduled to be extended to the city's center, uniting Villa el Salvador with downtown Lima in a matter of only forty minutes, a trip which currently lasts one hour and forty minutes with the current public transport system.

Taxi

Taxis in the city relatively cheap. There are no meters so drivers are told the desired destination and the fare is agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in sizes from small four door compacts to large vans capable of transporting many pieces of luggage. They are virtually everywhere, accounting for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, there are several companies that provide taxi service on-call.

Freeways

Eighty percent of the city's history having occurred during the pre-automobile era, Lima's road network is based mostly on large divided avenues rather than freeways. In recent times however, Lima has developed a freeway network now made up of nine freeways which are, the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche, and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.

Land transportation

Lima is connected to by highway to every country that Peru borders including Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Boliva, and Chile. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important point of junction of some of the Peru's main highways. Three backbone highways of the Peruvian highway system which originate in Lima are:

• Northern Panamerican Highway: Connects the northern districts of the city. The highway extends 1,330 kilometers to the border with Ecuador connecting Lima with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast. The highway passes through the departments of Lima, Ancash, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes.

• Central Highway: Connects the eastern districts of Ate, Sana Anita, Chaclacayo and Lurigancho with many cities of the central regions of Peru. The highway extends 860 kilometers with its terminus at the city of Pucallpa within less than 100 kilometers of the border with Brazil. The highway passes through the departments of Junin, Pasco, Huanuco, and Ucayali.

• Southern Panamerican Highway: Connects the southern districts of Surco, San Juan de Miraflores, Villa El Salvador, Lurín, Punta Hermosa and Pucusana. The highway extends 1450 kilometers to the border with Chile connecting Lima with many major cities in the Peruvian south. The highway passes through the departments of Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua, and Tacna.

Due to the absence of centralized land terminal, private terminals corresponding to individual bus companies exist throughout Lima.

Maritime transport

The proximity of Lima to the port of Callao allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's foremost port. Callao concentrates nearly all of the maritime transport of the metropolitan area. There is, however, a small port in Lurín whose transit mostly is accounted for by oil tankers due to a refinery being located nearby. Nonetheless, maritime transport inside Lima's city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao, the nation's leading port and one of Latin America's largest. There have been plans to build a new megaport on the island of San Lorenzo known as the San Lorenzo Megaport Project. This port is planned to become the largest of Latin America.

Air Transport

Lima is served by the Jorge Chavez International Airport, located in Callao. It is the largest of the country and concentrates the largest amount of domestic and international air traffic of the country. Jorge Chavez has been named the best airport in South America by Skytrax and serves as a major hub in the Latin American air network. Additionally, Lima possesses five other airports including the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport, and runways in Santa María del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.

Sister cities

List of sister cities, designated by Sister Cities International:

• Arequipa, Peru
• Cusco, Peru
• Piura, Peru
• New York City, United States
• Los Angeles, United States
• Austin, United States, since 1981
• Cleveland, United States
• Miami, United States
• Bordeaux, France, since 1957
• Beijing, China, since November 21, 1983
• Madrid, Spain
• Mexico City, Mexico
• São Paulo, Brazil
• Tegucigalpa, Honduras
• Akhisar, Turkey
• Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Guadalajara, Mexico
• Montreal, Canada
• Bogotá, Colombia
• Cairo, Egypt
• Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

See also

• Lima Metropolitan Area
• List of people from Lima
• List of districts and neighborhoods of Lima
• List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area

Notes

This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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References

• La Fundación de Lima, Atilio Siviriche, Lima-Perú, 1935
• Diccionario Geografico-Histórico de la Indias Occidentales o América, Antonio de Alcedo, imprenta Benito Cano, Madrid-España, 1786-1789
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú. Lima: INEI, 2008.
• Lima Monumento Histórico, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996

External links

• Template:Es icon Municipality of Lima
• Geographia.com
• Template:Es icon Maps
• Stock Exchange

• Template:Wikitravel

12°02.6′S 77°1.7′W / 12.0433°S 77.0283°W / -12.0433; -77.0283

v t e Peruvian cities with a population of over 100,000
Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Chiclayo Chimbote Chincha Cusco Huacho Huancayo Huánuco Huaraz Ica Iquitos Juliaca Lima Pisco Piura Pucallpa Puno Sullana Tacna Talara Tarapoto Trujillo

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• Capitals in South America
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