| Revision as of 01:49, 2 December 2008 editSubdeacon (talk | contribs)172 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:29, 5 December 2008 edit undoAd.minster (talk | contribs)1,050 edits →Further readingNext edit → | ||
| Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
| ==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| *''Divided We Stand: A History of the Continuing Anglican Movement'' by ], ], 2002, ISBN 0-9719636-0-6. Revised edition, ], September 2006, ISBN 1-933993-10-3 | *''Divided We Stand: A History of the Continuing Anglican Movement'' by ], ], 2002, ISBN 0-9719636-0-6. Revised edition, ], September 2006, ISBN 1-933993-10-3 | ||
| ==See also== | |||
| <!-- TEC: no censorship, please! --> | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 18:29, 5 December 2008
The term Continuing Anglican refers to a number of conservative Anglican churches that have formed outside of the Anglican Communion. These Continuing Anglican churches follow what they believe to be traditional Anglican beliefs, values, and styles of worship that, in their opinion, have been abandoned by many Anglican Communion churches, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Anglican Church of Canada, and the Church of England.
Although there were some earlier examples of break-away Anglicanism, "Continuing Anglicanism" was born in the late 1970s when the Episcopal Church in the United States first ordained women priests and produced a new Book of Common Prayer. Additional changes in The Episcopal Church and other provinces of the Anglican Communion since then, such as the ordination of open homosexuals to the priesthood and the episcopate, have further distanced the continuing churches from them.
Characteristics
Continuing churches have generally been formed by clergy and lay people who left churches belonging to the Anglican Communion. These older Anglican churches are charged by the Continuing Church movement with being greatly compromised by secular cultural standards and liberal approaches to theology.
Many Continuing churches, particularly those in the United States, use the term Anglican to differentiate themselves from The Episcopal Church, but this has been controversial because Anglican formerly referred to churches in communion with the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Because Continuing Anglicans believe that the archbishop -- and many of those churches in communion with him -- have departed from orthodox Christian faith, none of them are, or seek to be, in communion with him. A few, however, have established communion with member provinces or dioceses of the Anglican Communion.
Anglicanism in general has always sought a balance between the emphases of Catholicism and Protestantism while tolerating a range of expressions of evangelicalism and ceremony. Clergy and laity from all such Anglican factions were active in the formation of the Continuing Anglican movement.
Development
The movement originated in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA) and the Anglican Church of Canada (ACC). Related churches in other countries, such as the Anglican Catholic Church in Australia and the Church of England (Continuing), were founded later.
In 1976, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA) voted to approve the ordination of women to the priesthood and to the episcopate and also provisionally adopted a new and doctrinally controversial Book of Common Prayer, later called the 1979 version. During the following year, 1977, several thousand dissenting clergy and laypersons responded to those actions by meeting in St. Louis, Missouri under the auspices of the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen and adopted a theological statement, the Affirmation of St. Louis . The Affirmation expressed a determination "to continue in the Catholic Faith, Apostolic Order, Orthodox Worship and Evangelical Witness of the traditional Anglican Church, doing all things necessary for the continuance of the same."
Out of this meeting came a new church with the provisional name of Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal). The first bishop of the church, the Right Reverend Charles Doren, was consecrated by a retired bishop of ECUSA, the Right Reverend Albert Chambers of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, along with Bishop Francisco Pagtakhan of the Philippine Independent Church as co-consecrator. Although expected to be the third bishop participating in Doren's consecration, the Right Reverend Mark Pae of the Anglican Church of Korea sent a letter of consent instead. This development left the new group open to charges of violating the customs of apostolic succession, in which three bishops customarily are present, although only one is necessary for a valid consecration. The newly-consecrated Bishop Doren then joined with Bishops Chambers and Pagtakhan in consecrating as bishops the Reverend James Mote, the Reverend Robert Morse, and the Reverend Francis Watterson. Bishop Watterson left the movement shortly afterward and became a Roman Catholic priest.
During the process of ratifying the new church's constitution, disputes developed which split its dioceses into two American churches and a separate Canadian church. These were the Anglican Catholic Church led by Bishop Mote, the Diocese of Christ the King (now the Anglican Province of Christ the King) led by Bishop Morse, and the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada. In 1981, Bishop Doren and others left the Anglican Catholic Church to found the United Episcopal Church of North America in opposition to the alleged inhospitality of the other jurisdictions towards Low Churchmen. At present, however, the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Province of Christ the King, and the United Episcopal Church of North America are in discussions about possible organic unity.
Theological approach
Most of the Continuing churches are avowedly Anglo-Catholic, and their liturgies are highly ceremonial. Some others, however, adhere to the Evangelical tradition, favoring a modified Calvinist view as reflected in the Anglican Thirty-nine Articles and featuring the use of Morning Prayer for a majority of Sunday worship services. Most Continuing churches use the 1928 Book of Common Prayer for their services, although some of the more ardently Anglo-Catholic bodies use Missals and other forms. Most use the Authorized Version of Holy Scripture (also known as the King James Version) for public readings, as opposed to modern translations. This is done for both aesthetic reasons and in protest against the supposedly liberal theology that versions such as the New Revised Standard Version are believed to embody.
The principles of the Affirmation of St. Louis and, to a lesser extent, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provide some basis for unity in the movement, but the jurisdictions are numerous, usually quite small in membership, and often splinter and recombine. Reports put the number of jurisdictions at somewhere between 20 and 40, mostly in North America, but fewer than a dozen of the churches popularly called "Continuing churches" can be traced back to the meeting in St. Louis.
Recent developments and statistics
The movement gained some new members and clergy in the early 2000s as the controversy within ECUSA concerning homosexuality came to the forefront, but while some individuals and parishes leaving The Episcopal Church in this era affiliated with Continuing church bodies, most joined churches affiliated with the Anglican realignment effort instead. Three entire ECUSA dioceses -- Quincy, Pittsburgh and San Joaquin (California) -- have recently begun the attempt to withdraw most of their parishes and missions from ECUSA and affiliate them instead with provinces of the Anglican Communion outside the U.S. Several others are planning to do so in the near future. Unlike the Continuing Church movement, however, those dioceses and congregations involved with Anglican realignment do not wish to sever ties entirely with the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Anglican Communion, but only with ECUSA or the ACC.
The 2005/06 Directory of Traditional Anglican and Episcopal Parishes, published by The Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen, contained information on over 400 Continuing Anglican parishes which requested to be listed. The original generation of Continuing parishes in the U.S. were found mainly in metropolitan areas; since the late 1990s, a number have appeared in smaller communities, often as a result of a division in the town's existing ECUSA parish(es) or mission(s).
Other Anglican churches
Other Anglican bodies not in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury include the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United States, which left the Episcopal Church in 1873 in opposition to the advance of Anglo-Catholicism; the Free Church of England, which was founded in 1844 for similar reasons; the Anglican Orthodox Church, another Low Church body that was founded in 1963, and the Orthodox Anglican Communion founded by the AOC in 1967. These churches are not universally considered to be Continuing Anglican churches because they were founded prior to the beginning of the Continuing Anglican movement of the 1970s; however, they interact with the Continuing churches on a number of levels and are similar to them in belief and practice.
List of churches
The following is a list of churches commonly called "Continuing Anglican", with the approximate number of North American parishes shown in parentheses. Some also have affiliated churches in other countries.
- American Anglican Church (12)
- Anglican Catholic Church (93)
- Anglican Catholic Church of Canada (42)
- Anglican Churches of America (2)
- Anglican Church in America (100)
- Anglican Church of Virginia (8)
- Anglican Episcopal Church (4)
- Anglican Orthodox Church (7)
- Anglican Province of America (103)
- Anglican Province of Christ the King (44)
- Christian Episcopal Church (5)
- Diocese of the Great Lakes (5)
- Diocese of the Holy Cross (21)
- Episcopal Missionary Church (30)
- Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite) (25)
- Holy Catholic Church-Western Rite (2)
- Orthodox Anglican Church (12)
- Reformed Episcopal Church (137)
- Southern Episcopal Church (3)
- United Anglican Church (10)
- United Episcopal Church of North America (22)
List of seminaries
The following is a list of seminaries associated with the Continuing Anglican movement:
USA
- with a branch, Andrewes Hall (Phoenix, Arizona)
- Cummins Memorial Seminary (Charleston, South Carolina)
- Reformed Episcopal Seminary (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- St. Andrew's Theological College and Seminary (Lexington, North Carolina)
- St. Joseph of Arimathea Anglican Theological College (Berkeley, California)
Licensed outside USA
References
Further reading
- Divided We Stand: A History of the Continuing Anglican Movement by Douglas Bess, Tractarian Press, 2002, ISBN 0-9719636-0-6. Revised edition, Apocryphile Press, September 2006, ISBN 1-933993-10-3
See also
External links
- List of churches not in the Anglican Communion, at anglicansonline.org. Includes weblinks for most of the Continuing Anglican churches, some churches now defunct.
- The Measure of A Bishop: The Episcopi Vagantes, Apostolic Succession, and the Legitimacy of the Anglican "Continuing Church" Movement. A master's degree thesis, written by a student at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, containing historical information on Continuing Anglican and related churches.