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| ha ha ha ha ha ha ha im a hippie and i know dope is good for you it said so in the news paper made of hemp | |||
| {{dablink| For the British TV show, see ].}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''hippie''' ] was originally a ] that began in the ] during the early 1960s and spread around the world. The word ''hippie'' derives from '']'', and was initially used to describe ]s who had moved into ]'s ] district. These people inherited the ] of the ], created their own communities, listened to ], embraced the ], and used drugs such as ] and ] to explore alternative states of consciousness. | |||
| In January 1967, the ] in ] in ] popularized hippie culture, leading to the legendary ] on the ], and the 1969 ] on the East Coast. In ], the ''jipitecas'' formed '']'' and gathered at ], while in ], nomadic ]s practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at ]. In the ], mobile "peace convoys" of ] made summer ]s to free music festivals at ]. In ] hippies gathered at ] for the 1973 ] and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or ]. In Chile, "Festival Piedra Roja" was held in 1970 (following Woodstock's success), and was the major hippie event in that country. | |||
| Hippie fashions and values had a major effect on culture, influencing ], television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and ] espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and ] and spiritual concepts have reached a wide audience. The hippie legacy can be observed in contemporary culture in myriad forms — from ], to ]s, to ], and even to the ] revolution. | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| {{main|Hippie (etymology)}} | |||
| Lexicographer ], the principal American editor of the ], argues that the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippie'' derive from the word '']'', whose origins are unknown.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Sheidlower | |||
| | first = Jesse | |||
| | author-link = Jesse Sheidlower | |||
| | publication-date = | |||
| | date = 2004-12-08 | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | title = Crying Wolof | |||
| | publisher = '']'' | |||
| | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2110811/ | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-05-07 | |||
| }}.</ref> The term ''hipster'' was coined by ] in 1940,<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | author = ] | |||
| | date = 1986 | |||
| | year = 1986 | |||
| | title = Everybody's Crazy But Me646456456654151 | |||
| | series = The Hipster Story | |||
| | publisher = Progressive Records | |||
| | url = http://www.hyzercreek.com/harryautobio.htm | |||
| }}.</ref> in his ] "Harry the Hipster". ''Hipster'' was often used in the 1940s and 1950s to describe ] performers. The word ''hippie'' is also jazz slang from the 1940s, and one of the first recorded usages of the word ''hippie'' was in a radio show on November 13, 1945, in which ] called ], "Hippie".<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | title = The Mavens' Word of the Day: Hippie | |||
| | publisher = Random House | |||
| | date = 1998-05-21 | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | url = http://www.harmonybooks.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19980521 | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-10-09 | |||
| }}.</ref><ref>NBC studios live radio program, the ''Jubilee'' show at Billy Berg's jazz club in Hollywood, CA, and recorded through the transcription service of the Armed Forces Radio Corps (AFRC), and available on the CD "Stan Kenton And Friends", 2006.</ref> However, Kenton's use of the word was playing off Gibson's nickname "Harry the Hipster." Reminiscing about late 1940s ] in his 1964 autobiography, ] referred to the word ''hippy'' as a term that ]s used to describe a specific type of ] who "acted more ] than Negroes".<ref name="Booth_2004_212">{{harvnb|Booth|2004|p=212}}. "A few of the white men around Harlem, younger ones whom we called 'hippies', acted more Negro than Negroes. This particular one talked more 'hip' talk than we did."</ref> | |||
| Although the word ''hippie'' made isolated appearances during the early 1960s, the first clearly contemporary use of the term appeared in print on September 5, 1965, in the article, "A New Haven for ]", by ] ] Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn ], using the term ''hippie'' to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from ] into the ] district. <!--See ] for discussion - Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in the ] until early 1967, after ] ] ] began referring to ''hippies''Arthur Hoppe]] also used the term; see "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, 20 Jan 1967, p. 37. </ref><ref>San Francisco Chronicle, 18 Jan 1967 column, p. 27</ref> --> '']'' editor and usage writer ] said the paper changed the spelling from ''hippy'' to ''hippie'' to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as ''hippy fashions''. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{main|History of the hippie movement}} | |||
| The foundation of the hippie movement finds historical precedent as far back as the counterculture of the ], espoused by philosophers like ] and the ]s.<ref name="Time_1968">{{Citation | |||
| | title = The Hippies | |||
| | newspaper = ] | |||
| | year = 1968 | |||
| | date = 1968-07-07 | |||
| | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899555-1,00.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-08-24 | |||
| }}.</ref> Hippie philosophy also credits the religious and spiritual teachings of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Time_1968" /> The first signs of what we would call modern "proto-hippies" emerged in ] Europe. Between 1896-1908, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered around German folk music. Known as '']'' ("migratory bird"), the movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing amateur music and singing, creative dress, and communal outings involving hiking and camping.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Randall | |||
| | first = Annie Janeiro | |||
| | title = Music, Power, and Politics | |||
| | chapter = The Power to Influence Minds | |||
| | pages = 66–67 | |||
| | publisher = Routledge | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | isbn = 0415943647 | |||
| }}.</ref> Inspired by the works of ], ], ], and Eduard Baltzer, Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the pagan, back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.<ref name="Kennedy_Ryan">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Kennedy | |||
| | first = Gordon | |||
| | last2 = Ryan | |||
| | first2 = Kody | |||
| | title = Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture | |||
| | date = 2003 | |||
| | year = 2003 | |||
| | url = http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html | |||
| | accessdate =2007-08-31 | |||
| }}. See also: {{harvnb|Kennedy|1998}}.</ref> During the first several decades of the twentieth century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of the Wandervogel with them. Some opened the first ]s, and many moved to Southern California where they could practice an alternative lifestyle in a warm climate. Over time, young Americans adopted the beliefs and practices of the new immigrants. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel. Songwriter ] wrote a hit song called '']'' inspired by Robert Bootzin (]), who helped popularize health consciousness, ], ]in the United States. | |||
| Like Wandervogel, the hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between the ages of 15 and 25 years old,<ref>]. "Hippies." ''World Book Online Reference Center''. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."</ref><ref name="Dudley_2000_193194">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=193–194}}.</ref> hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from ]s and ] of the ] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Dudley_2000_193194"/> Beats like ] crossed-over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and anti-war movements. By 1965, hippies had become an established ] in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419">{{harvnb|Hirsch|1993|p=419}}. Hirsch describes hippies as: "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."</ref><ref name="Pendergast_2005">{{harvnb|Pendergast|Pendergast|2005}}. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of ''The 1960s Cultural Revolution''."</ref> extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Stone_1994">{{harvnb|Stone|1994|loc=}}.</ref> The hippie ethos influenced The Beatles and others in the ] and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.<ref>August 28 - Bob Dylan turns The Beatles on to cannabis for the first time. See also: {{Citation | |||
| | last = Brown | |||
| | first = Peter | |||
| | author-link = Peter Brown (music industry) | |||
| | last2 = Gaines | |||
| | first2 = Steven | |||
| | title = The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles | |||
| | publisher = NAL Trade | |||
| | year = 2002 | |||
| | isbn = 0451207351 | |||
| }};{{Citation | |||
| | last = Moller | |||
| | first = Karen | |||
| | title = Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation | |||
| | publisher = Swans | |||
| | date = 2006-09-25 | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | url = http://www.swans.com/library/art12/moller04.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-07-29 | |||
| }}.</ref> Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of ], ], ], and ]; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, ], and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and ] covers.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | title = Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | date = 2006 | |||
| | url = http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-08-25 | |||
| }}.</ref> Self-described hippies had become a significant minority by 1968, representing just under 0.2% of the U.S. population<ref name="Booth_2004_214">{{harvnb|Booth|2004|p=214}}.</ref> before declining in the mid-1970s.<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419"/> | |||
| Along with the ] and the ], the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.<ref name="Pendergast_2005" /> Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized ] values, opposed ] and the ], embraced aspects of ],<ref name="Oldmeadow_2004_260269">{{harvnb|Oldmeadow|2004|pp=260, 264}}.</ref> championed ], were often ] and ], promoted the use of ]s to expand one's consciousness, and created ] or communes. They used alternative arts, ], ], and ] as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love and personal freedom,<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_137">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=137}}.</ref><ref>] ] envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some ''Time Magazine'', hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). '''' Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman.</ref> perhaps best epitomized by ]' song "]".<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Wiener | |||
| | first = Jon | |||
| | author-link = Jon Wiener | |||
| | title = Come Together: John Lennon in His Time | |||
| | page = 40 | |||
| | publisher = University of Illinois Press | |||
| | year = 1991 | |||
| | isbn = 0252061314 | |||
| }}: "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer...The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint...The song presented the ] critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..."</ref> Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "]", "]", or "]".<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_106107">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=106–107}}.</ref><ref>Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout Yablonsky (1968).</ref><ref name="McCleary_2004_50166323">{{harvnb|McCleary|2004|pp=50, 166, 323}}.</ref> Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like ] describe hippies as a ].<ref name="Dudley_2000_203206">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=203–206}}. ] notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes ], William C. Shepard, ], and ] in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See also ]'s ''The Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom'': "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites the ''San Francisco Oracle'', which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution". </ref> | |||
| ===Early hippies (1960–1966)=== | |||
| ], lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Dodd | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | title = The Annotated Grateful Dead Lyrics: "That's It For The Other One" | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | date = 1998-06-22 | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | url = http://arts.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/other1.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-05-09}}. | |||
| </ref>]] | |||
| During the early 1960s novelist ] and The ] lived communally in California. Members included Beat Generation hero ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their early escapades were documented in ]'s book '']''. With Cassady at the wheel of a school bus named ], the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel '']'' and to visit the 1964 ] in ]. The Merry Pranksters were known for using ], ], and ], and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these ]s. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audiotaped their bus trips, creating an immersive multimedia experience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts. ] wrote a song about the Merry Pranksters' bus trips called "That's It For The Other One".<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Dodd | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | title = The Annotated Grateful Dead Lyrics: "That's It For The Other One" | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | date = 1998-06-22 | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | url = http://arts.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/other1.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-05-09}}. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| During this period ], ] in ], and ], ], anchored the American folk music circuit. Berkeley's two coffee houses, the Cabale Creamery and the Jabberwock, sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Arnold | |||
| | first = Corry | |||
| | last2 = Hannan | |||
| | first2 = Ross | |||
| | title = The History of The Jabberwock | |||
| | date = 2007-05-09 | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | url = http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Jabberwock%20History.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-08-31 | |||
| }}.</ref> In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Hannan | |||
| | first = Ross | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = Arnold | |||
| | first2 = Corry | |||
| | title = Berkeley Art | |||
| | date = 2007-10-07 | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | url = http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Berkeley%20Art.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-10-07 | |||
| }}.</ref> established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night ] ] ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a ] with traditional Native American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the Red Dog Saloon in the isolated, old-time mining town of ].<ref name="Works" /> | |||
| In the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.<ref name="Works">{{Citation | |||
| | author = Works, Mary (Director) | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | title = Rockin' At the Red Dog: The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock | |||
| | publisher = Monterey Video | |||
| }}.</ref> He and his cohorts created what became known as "The Red Dog Experience", featuring previously unknown musical acts — ], | |||
| ], ], ], ] and others — who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Virginia City's Red Dog Saloon. There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.<ref name="Ham">{{Citation | |||
| | last = | |||
| | first = | |||
| | title = Bill Ham Lights | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | url = http://www.billhamlights.com | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| }}.</ref> Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with their long hair, boots and outrageous clothing of nineteenth-century American (and Native American) heritage.<ref name="Works"/> LSD manufacturer ] lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the Red Dog Saloon, The Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD.<ref name="Lau">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Lau | |||
| | first = Andrew | |||
| | title = The Red Dog Saloon And The Amazing Charlatans | |||
| | publisher = Perfect Sound Forever | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | date = 2005-12-01 | |||
| | url = http://www.furious.com/perfect/reddogsaloon.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-09-01 | |||
| }}.</ref> | |||
| When they returned to San Francisco, Red Dog participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog."<ref name="Works"/> Modeled on their Red Dog experiences, on October 16, 1965, the Family Dog hosted "]" at Longshoreman's Hall.<ref name="Grunenberg_2005_325">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=325}}.</ref> Attended by approximately 1,000 of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first ] performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring ], ] and The Marbles. Two other events followed before year's end, one at California Hall and one at the Matrix.<ref name="Works" /> After the first three Family Dog events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's Longshoreman's Hall. Called "The Trips Festival", it took place on January 21–January 23, 1966, and was organized by ], ], ] and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.<ref name="Tamony_1981_98">{{harvnb|Tamony|1981|p=98}}.</ref> On Saturday January 22, the ] and ] came on stage, and 6,000 people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Dodgson | |||
| | first = Rick | |||
| | title = Prankster History Project | |||
| | publisher = pranksterweb.org | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | url = http://www.pranksterweb.org/trips.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-10-19 | |||
| }}.</ref> | |||
| {{Quote_box | |||
| | width = 20% | |||
| | align = left | |||
| | quote = It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving for ''realization'' of one's ''relationship'' to life and other people... | |||
| |source= '''Bob Stubbs''', "Unicorn Philosophy"<ref name="Perry_2005_18">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|p=18}}.</ref>}} | |||
| By February 1966, the Family Dog became Family Dog Productions under organizer ], promoting happenings at the ] and the ] in initial cooperation with ]. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original Red Dog light shows, perfected his art of liquid light projection, which combined light shows and film projection and became synonymous with the San Francisco ballroom experience.<ref name="Works" /><ref name="Grunenberg_2005_156">{{harvnb|Grunenberg|Harris|2005|p=156}}.</ref> The sense of style and costume that began at the Red Dog Saloon flourished when San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As ''San Francisco Chronicle'' music columnist ] put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."<ref name="Works" /> | |||
| Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at ]<ref>The college was later renamed San Francisco State University.</ref> who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.<ref name="Works" /> These students joined the bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensive ] apartments in the ].<ref name="Perry_2005_57">{{harvnb|Perry|2005|pp=5–7}}. Perry writes that SFSC students rented cheap, Edwardian-Victorians in the Haight.</ref> Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> ], ], ], and the ] all moved to San Francisco's ] neighborhood during this period. Activity centered around the ], a guerrilla street ] group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and ] in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, the Diggers opened ] which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<ref name="Lytle_2006_213215">{{harvnb|Lytle|2006|p=213, 215}}.</ref> | |||
| On October 6, 1966, the state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal.<ref name="Columbia">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Farber | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | last2 = Bailey | |||
| | first2 = Beth L. | |||
| | title = The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s | |||
| | page = 145 | |||
| | publisher = Columbia University Press | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | isbn = 0231113730 | |||
| }}.</ref> In response to the criminalization of psychedelics, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the ], called the ],<ref name="Columbia" /> attracting an estimated 700–800 people.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Charters | |||
| | first = Ann | |||
| | author-link = Ann Charters | |||
| | title = The Portable Sixties Reader | |||
| | page = 298 | |||
| | publisher = Penguin Classics | |||
| | year = 2003 | |||
| | isbn = 0142001945 | |||
| }}.</ref> As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the '']'', the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal — and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."<ref name="Lee_Shlain_1992_149">{{harvnb|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=149}}.</ref> | |||
| ===Summer of Love (1967)=== | |||
| ]d ]s added a psychedelic flavor to hippie dress]] | |||
| On January 14, 1967, the outdoor ] organized by ]<ref>"Chronology of San Francisco Rock 1965-1969</ref> helped to popularise hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 hippies gathering in ] ]. On March 26, ], ] and 10,000 hippies came together in ] for the ] on ].<ref> DeCurtis, Anthony. (July 12, 2007). "New York". ''Rolling Stone''. Issue 1030/1031; For additional sources, see McNeill, Don, "", The Village Voice, 30 March. 1967: pg 1, 20; Weintraub, Bernard, "Easter: A Day of Worship, a "Be-In" or just Parading in the Sun", The New York Times, 27 March. 1967: pg 1, 24.</ref> The ] from June 16 to June 18 introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "]."<ref name="Dudley_2000_254">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=254}}.</ref> ]'s rendition of ]' song, "]", became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name, "]." Bands like the ], ] (with ]), and ] continued to live in the Haight, but by the end of the summer, the incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | title = October Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Sixty Seven | |||
| | publisher = San Francisco Diggers | |||
| | date = 1967-10-06 | |||
| | url = http://www.diggers.org/free_city_news_sheets.htm | |||
| | accessdate =2007-08-31 | |||
| }}.</ref><ref name="Bodroghkozy">{{cite book|last=Bodroghkozy|first=Aniko |title=Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2001|pages=92|isbn=0822326450}}</ref> According to the late poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the ] to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. | |||
| Regarding this period of history, the July 7, 1967, '']'' magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code: "Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun."<ref name="Marty_1997_125">{{harvnb|Marty|1997|pp=125}}.</ref> It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos. | |||
| By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The neighborhood could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. By the end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to ] and lenient morality, fueled the ]s of the late 1960s.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Muncie | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | title = Youth & Crime | |||
| | place = | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | page = 176 | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | volume = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | url = http://www.sagepub.co.uk/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book225374 | |||
| | isbn = 0761944648 | |||
| }}.</ref> | |||
| === Revolution (1968–1973)=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In April 1969, the building of ] in Berkeley, California received international attention. The ] had demolished all the buildings on a {{convert|2.8|acre|m2|sing=on}} parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when Governor ] ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the ].<ref name="Wollenberg">{{cite book|last=Wollenberg|first=Charles |title=Berkeley, A City in History|publisher=University of California Press|date=2008|isbn=0520253078|url=http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter9.html}}</ref> ] came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of ] to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let A Thousand Parks Bloom". | |||
| In August 1969, the ] took place in ], which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived<ref name="Dean">{{cite book|last=Dean|first=Maury|authorlink=Maury Dean |title=Rock 'N' Roll Gold Rush|publisher=Algora Publishing|date=2003|pages=243|isbn=0875862071}}</ref> to hear the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ] ] provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. | |||
| In December 1969, a similar event took place in ], about 30 miles (45 km) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was ]. About 300,000 people gathered to hear ]; ]; ] and other bands. The ] provided security that proved far less beneficent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old ] was stabbed and killed during The Rolling Stones' performance.<ref name="Lee">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/05/26/ALTAMONT.TMP|title=Altamont 'cold case' is being closed|last=Lee|first=Henry K.|date=2005-05-26|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> | |||
| ===Aftershocks (1974–present)=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| By the mid-1970s, the 1960s ] that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.<ref name="Bugliosi_1994">{{harvnb|Bugliosi|Gentry|1994|pp=638–640}}.</ref><ref>Bugliosi (1994) describes the popular view that the Manson case "sounded the death knell for hippies and all they symbolically represented", citing ], ], and '']''. Bugliosi admits that although the Manson murders "may have hastened" the end of the hippie era, the era was already in decline.</ref> The events at Altamont shocked many Americans, including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in the form of the ] and ] murders committed in August 1969 by ] and his "family" of followers. Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of ] and shootings by ] at ] and ] still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by ] "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down" , as well as ]'s "]", recorded by ] . | |||
| Much of hippie style had been integrated into ] American society by the early 1970s.<ref name="Tompkins_2001a">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001a}}.</ref><ref name="Morford">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Morford | |||
| | first = Mark | |||
| | author-link = Mark Morford | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = The Hippies Were right! | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | date = 2007-05-02 | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2007/05/02/notes050207.DTL | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-05-25 | |||
| }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Sieghart | |||
| | first = Mary Ann | |||
| | title = Hey man, we’re all kind of hippies now. Far out | |||
| | date = 2007-05-25 | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/mary_ann_sieghart/article1837763.ece | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-05-25 | |||
| | format = {{dead link|date=December 2008}} – <sup></sup> | |||
| }}.</ref> Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 ] and the 1968 ] became the norm. In the mid-1970s, with the end of the draft and the ], and a renewal of ] sentiment associated with the approach of the ], the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. Acid rock gave way to ], ], and ]. Hippies became targets for ridicule. While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some younger people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, consumer culture.<ref name="Lattin_2004">{{harvnb|Lattin|2004|pp=74}}.</ref><ref name="Heath_Potter_2004">{{harvnb|Heath|Potter|2004}}.</ref> | |||
| Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found in ] enclaves around the world.<ref name="Stone_1994" /> | |||
| ==Ethos and characteristics== | |||
| Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new meaning in life. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the "straight" and "square" (i.e., conformist) segments of society.<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_243357">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=103 et al}}.</ref> | |||
| ] bus decorated with hand-painting ]] | |||
| As in the beat movement preceding them, and the ] that followed soon after, hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either "low" or "primitive" cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often ] style.<ref name="Katz_1988_120">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=120}}.</ref> As with other adolescent, white middle-class movements, ] of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing ] of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,<ref name="Katz_1988_125">{{harvnb|Katz|1988|pp=125}}.</ref> and both genders wore sandals or went ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Men often wore beards,<ref name="Pendergast_2004">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Pendergast | |||
| | first = Tom | |||
| | last2 = Pendergast | |||
| | first2 = Sara | |||
| | contribution = "Hippies." Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages. | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | title = Gale Virtual Reference Library | |||
| | editor-last = | |||
| | editor-first = | |||
| | volume = 5: Modern World Part II: 1946–2003 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | place = Detroit | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-08-23 | |||
| }}.</ref> while women wore little or no makeup, with many going ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b">{{harvnb|Tompkins|2001b}}</ref> Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual ], such as ] pants, vests, ]d garments, ]s, peasant blouses, and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with Native American, Asia, Indian, African and Latin American motifs were also popular. Much of hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.<ref name="Pendergast" /> Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands and ].<ref name="Tompkins_2001b" /> Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with ]. | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ===Travel=== | |||
| Travel, domestic and international, was a prominent feature of hippie culture, becoming (in this communal process) an extension of friendship. School busses similar to Ken Kesey's ], or the iconic VW bus, were popular because groups of friends could travel on the cheap. The ] became known as a counterculture and hippie symbol, and many buses were repainted with graphics and/or custom paint jobs — these were predecessors to the modern-day ]. A ] often replaced the Volkswagen logo. Many hippies favored ] as a primary mode of transport because it was economical, ], and a way to meet new people. | |||
| ] | |||
| Hippies tended to travel light and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time; whether at a "love-in" on ] near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, one of ]'s "Acid Tests", or if the "vibe" wasn't right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Pre-planning was eschewed as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s."<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_106107">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|p=201}}</ref> This way of life is still seen among the ] groups, ] and New Zealand's ]s.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Sharkey | |||
| | first = Mr. | |||
| | last2 = Fay | |||
| | first2 = Chris | |||
| | title = Gypsy Faire | |||
| | publisher = www.mrsharkey.com | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = | |||
| | url = http://www.mrsharkey.com/busbarn/misctruk/gypsytrk.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-10-19 | |||
| }}.</ref> | |||
| A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle. Some of these mobile gypsy houses were quite elaborate with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities. | |||
| On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around the ]s that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. ] During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances and to attend booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. | |||
| The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the ] near ], from August 15 to 19, 1969, which drew over 500,000 people. | |||
| One travel experience, undertaken by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969–1971, was the ] overland route to India. Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe to Athens and on to Istanbul, then by train through central Turkey via Erzurum, continuing by bus into Iran, via Tabriz and Tehran to Mashad, across the Afghan border into Herat, through southern Afghanistan via Kandahar to Kabul, over the Khyber Pass into Pakistan, via Rawalpindi and Lahore to the Indian frontier. Once in India, hippies went to many different destinations but gathered in large numbers on the beaches of ],<ref name="Sherwood">{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/travel/09goa.html|title=A New Generation of Pilgrims Hits India's Hippie Trail |last=Sherwood|first=Seth|publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> or crossed the border into ] to spend months in ]. In Kathmandu, most of the hippies hung out in tranquil surrounding of a place called Freak Street<ref name="Independent">{{cite web|url=http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/3549557|title=Have a high time on hippy trail in Katmandu|date=2001-01-30|publisher=Independent Online|accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> (]: Jhoo Chhen) which still exists near Kathmandu Durbar Square. | |||
| ===Politics=== | |||
| ] was developed in the UK as a logo for the ], and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protestors in the 1960s.]] | |||
| Hippies were often ] and participated in non-violent political demonstrations, such as ], the ], and ] demonstrations, including ] card burnings and the ].<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/politics/elections/1968-democratic-convention-EVHST000046.topic|title=1968 Democratic Convention|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were active in peace demonstrations to the more anti-authority street theater and demonstrations of the ], the most politically active hippie sub-group.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Shannon | |||
| | first = Phil | |||
| | date= 1997-06-18 | |||
| | year = 1997 | |||
| | title = Yippies, politics and the state | |||
| | series = Cultural Dissent, Issue # | |||
| | publisher = '']'' | |||
| | issue = 278 | |||
| | url = http://www.greenleft.org.au/1997/278/16698 | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-12-10 | |||
| }}</ref> ] discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies with ] who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."<ref name="Seale_1991_350">{{harvnb|Seale|1991|p=350}}.</ref> | |||
| In addition to non-violent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "]s" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.<ref name="Junker">{{cite book|last=Junker|first=Detlef |coauthors= Gassert,Philipp|title=The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2004|pages=424|isbn=0521834201}}</ref> | |||
| Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "]", which helped inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 on. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang at the 2002 20th anniversary of the dedication of the ]. "San Francisco" became a freedom song worldwide, especially in ]an nations that suffered under ]-imposed ].<ref name="Scottmckenzie">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Hartman | |||
| | first = Gary | |||
| | title = Scott's Story | |||
| | publisher = Scottmckenzie.info | |||
| | date = 2006 | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | url = http://www.scottmckenzie.info/story.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-24 | |||
| }}.{{Citation | |||
| | last = McKenzie | |||
| | first = Scott | |||
| | title = Message From Scott | |||
| | publisher = Scottmckenzie.info | |||
| | date = 2002-08-01 | |||
| | year = 2002 | |||
| | url = http://www.scottmckenzie.info/message.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-24 | |||
| }}.</ref> | |||
| Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought. Politically motivated movements aided by hippies include the ] of the 1960s, ], ], the ] movement, and ].<ref name="Turner_2006_3239">{{harvnb|Turner|2006|pp=32–39}}.</ref><ref name="Morford" /> | |||
| The political ideals of the hippies influenced other movements, such as ], ], ], ] and the ] movement. ] of the English anarcho-punk band ] said in interviews, and in an essay called ''The Last Of The Hippies'', that Crass was formed in memory of his friend, ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Of The Hippies - An Hysterical Romance |last=Rimbaud |first=Penny |authorlink=Penny Rimbaud |year=1982 |publisher=Crass |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/britain/sp001297.txt}}</ref> Rimbaud also said that Crass were heavily involved with the hippie movement throughout the 1960's and seventies, with ] being established in 1967<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref name="autogenerated1" />. Many ] were often critical of ] for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, ] was influenced by the hippie movement and cited the yippies as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he did write songs critical of hippies. | |||
| ===Drugs=== | |||
| {{seealso|Spiritual use of cannabis|History of LSD}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Following in the well-worn footsteps of the Beats, the hippies also used ] (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They enlarged their spiritual pharmacopeia to include ]s such as LSD, ] and ]. On the ], ] professors ], ] and ] (Ram Dass) advocated psychotropic drugs for ], self-exploration, ] and ] use. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=139}}.</ref> | |||
| {{Quote_box | |||
| | width = 30% | |||
| | align = left | |||
| | quote = According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder. | |||
| |source= ''']'''<ref name="Stevens_1998_xiv">{{harvnb|Stevens|1998|p=xiv}}.</ref>}} | |||
| On the ], ] was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "]", and touring the country with his band of ], Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The ] (originally billed as "The Warlocks") played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_139" /> Harder drugs, such as ] and heroin were also used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were often disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_243357">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=243, 257}}</ref> | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| {{Original research|section|date=May 2008}} | |||
| {{Quote_box | |||
| | width = 30% | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | quote = Newcomers to the Internet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a kind of cultural Brigadoon - a flowering remnant of the '60's, when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution... | |||
| |source= '''Stewart Brand''', "We Owe It All To The Hippies".<ref name="Brand_Time"/>}} | |||
| The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate Western society. In general, unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval. Frankness regarding sexual matters has become more common, and the rights of ], ] and ] people, as well as people who choose not to categorize themselves at all, have expanded. Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance. Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before. Some of the little hippie ] stores of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and other nutritional supplements.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Baer | |||
| | first = Hans A. | |||
| | title = Toward An Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies With Biomedicine | |||
| | publisher = Rowman Altamira | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | date= 2004 | |||
| | pages = 2–3 | |||
| | isbn = 075910302X | |||
| }}.</ref> Author ] argues that the development and popularization of the ] finds one of its roots in the anti-authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.<ref name="Brand_Time">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Brand | |||
| | first = Stewart | |||
| | author-link = Stewart Brand | |||
| | title = We Owe It All To The Hippies | |||
| | publisher = '']'' | |||
| | volume = 145 | |||
| | issue = 12 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | year = 1995 | |||
| | date = Spring 1995 | |||
| | url = http://members.aye.net/~hippie/hippie/special_.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-11-25 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| Distinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide. During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity, have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.<ref name="Connikie">Connikie, Yvonne. (1990). ''Fashions of a Decade: The 1960s''. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2469-3</ref><ref name="Pendergast">Pendergast, Sara. (2004) ''Fashion, Costume, and Culture''. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946–2003. Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-7876-5417-5</ref> Hippies also inspired the decline in popularity of the ] and other ''business'' clothing, which had been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early 1960s. | |||
| ], Sweden in August 1971.]] | |||
| ], including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture. <ref> The musical '']'' and a multitude of well known contemporary song lyrics such as ''The Age of Aquarius'' </ref> | |||
| ===Culture=== | |||
| The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of books reflecting the hippie experience, such as '']''.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Bryan | |||
| | first = C. D. B. | |||
| | title = 'The Pump House Gang' and 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test' | |||
| | publisher = '']' | |||
| | year = 1968 | |||
| | date = 1968-08-18 | |||
| | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1968/08/18/books/wolfe-acid.html | |||
| | accessdate =2007-08-21 | |||
| }}.</ref> In music, the ] and ] popular among hippies evolved into genres such as ], ] and ]. ] (also known as psytrance) is a type of ] music influenced by 1960's psychedelic rock. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's ], where the ] played stoned on ] and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the ] community, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The ] toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. ] and their fans (called ''Phish Heads'') operated in the same manner, with the band touring continuously between 1983 and 2004. Many contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called ]s, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s. | |||
| With the demise of Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called the ], which premiered in 2002. The ] is a three-day festival featuring hand-made crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual ], founded in 1981, is a six-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippy and counter-culture icons. | |||
| The ] festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in the ] northeast of ]. Although few participants would accept the ''hippie'' label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005), with elaborate encampments, displays, and many ]. Other events that enjoy a large attendance include the ], Community Peace Festivals and the ]s. | |||
| ] 1981 Festival in ] ]] | |||
| In the UK, there are many ] who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the ]. They started the ] in 1974, but ] later banned the festival, resulting in the ] in 1985. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site, new age travellers gather at the annual ]. | |||
| In ] between 1976 and 1981 tens of thousands of hippies gathered from around the world on large farms around ] and ] for music and alternatives festivals. Named '']'', the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle. The events featured practical ] and displays advocating ], ], clean and ] and ]. <ref>Nambassa: A New Direction, edited by Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979.ISBN 0589012169 </ref> | |||
| In the UK and Europe, the years 1987 to 1989 were marked by a large-scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement, composed mostly of people aged 18 to 25, adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love, peace and freedom. The summer of 1988 became known as the ]. Although the music favored by this movement was modern ], especially ] and ], one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in the ''chill out rooms'' at ]s. In the UK, many of the well-known figures of this movement first lived communally in ], an area of north London located in Finsbury Park. | |||
| Popular films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle include '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. In the animated TV show '']'', the character ] is known for his exaggerated contempt for hippies, frequently making statements such as "drugs are bad because if you do drugs you're a hippie and hippies suck." | |||
| In 2002, photojournalist John Bassett McCleary published a 650-page, 6,000-entry unabridged ] devoted to the language of the hippies titled ''The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s''. The book was revised and expanded to 700-pages in 2004.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Reinlie | |||
| | first = Lauren | |||
| | title = Dictionary defines language of hippies | |||
| | newspaper = ] | |||
| | year = 2002 | |||
| | date = 2002-09-05 | |||
| | url = http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2002/09/05/News/Dictionary.Defines.Language.Of.Hippies-499581.shtml | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-28 | |||
| | format = {{dead link|date=December 2008}} – <sup></sup> | |||
| }}. {{Citation | |||
| | last = Gates | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | title = Me Talk Hippie | |||
| | newspaper = ] | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | date = 2004-07-12 | |||
| | url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/54372 | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-27 | |||
| }}.</ref> McCleary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the English language by borrowing from the lexicon of the beat generation, shortening words and popularizing their usage.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Merritt | |||
| | first = Byron | |||
| | title = A Groovy Interview with Author John McCleary | |||
| | publisher = Fiction Writers of the Monterey Peninsula | |||
| | date = August, 2004 | |||
| | years = 2004 | |||
| | url = http://www.fwomp.com/int-johnmccleary.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-27 | |||
| }}.</ref> <!-- Please give sourced examples of Hippie vocabulary here. Words like "grok", etc... --> | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-2column"> | |||
| *Binkley, Sam. (2002). . ''St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture''. FindArticles.com. | |||
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| | title = Cannabis: A History | |||
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| | year = 2004 | |||
| | isbn = 0-312-32220-8 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *Brand, Stewart. (Spring, 1995). . ''Time''. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
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| | title = ] | |||
| | publisher = V. W. Norton & Company, Inc. | |||
| | year = 1994 | |||
| | isbn = 0-393-32223-8 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
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| | title = The 1960s (America's decades) | |||
| | publisher = Greenhaven Press. | |||
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| | isbn = | |||
| }}. | |||
| *Gaskin, Stephen. (1970). ''Monday Night Class''. The Book Farm. ISBN 1-57067-181-8. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
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| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Grunenberg | |||
| | first = Christoph | |||
| | last2 = Harris | |||
| | first2 = Jonathan | |||
| | title = Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s | |||
| | publisher = Liverpool University Press | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | isbn = 0853239290 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Hirsch | |||
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| | year = 1993 | |||
| | isbn = 0-395-65597-8 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Katz | |||
| | first = Jack | |||
| | title = Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil | |||
| | publisher = Basic Books | |||
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| | isbn = 0465076165 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *] (2001). ''From slogans to mantras: social protest and religious conversion in the late Vietnam war era''. ] Press. ISBN 0-8156-2923-0 | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
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| | first = Gordon | |||
| | title = Children of the Sun: A Pictorial Anthology From Germany To California, 1883–1949 | |||
| | publisher = Nivaria Press | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | isbn = 0-9668898-0-0 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Lattin | |||
| | first = Don | |||
| | title = Following Our Bliss: How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today | |||
| | publisher = HarperCollins | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | isbn = 0060730633 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Lee | |||
| | first = Martin A. | |||
| | last2 = Shlain | |||
| | first2 = Bruce | |||
| | title = Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond | |||
| | publisher = Grove Press | |||
| | year = 1992 | |||
| | isbn = 0802130623 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Lytle | |||
| | first = Mark H. | |||
| | title = America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon | |||
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | isbn = 0195174968 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Markoff | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | author-link = John Markoff | |||
| | title = ] | |||
| | publisher = Penguin Books | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | isbn = 0-14-303676-9 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Marty | |||
| | first = Myron A. | |||
| | title = Daily life in the United States, 1960–1990 | |||
| | place = Westport, CT | |||
| | publisher = The Greenwood Press | |||
| | year = 1997 | |||
| | isbn = 0-313-29554-9 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = McCleary | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | title = The Hippie Dictionary | |||
| | publisher = Ten Speed Press | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | isbn = 1-58008-547-4 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Oldmeadow | |||
| | first = Harry | |||
| | title = Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions | |||
| | publisher = World Wisdom, Inc | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | isbn = 0941532577 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *Mecchi, Irene. (1991). ''The Best of Herb Caen, 1960–75''. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0020-2 | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | contribution = Sixties Counterculture: The Hippies and Beyond | |||
| | editor-last = Pendergast | |||
| | editor-first = Tom | |||
| | editor2-last=Pendergast | |||
| | editor2-first=Sara | |||
| | title = The Sixties in America Reference Library | |||
| | volume = 1: Almanac | |||
| | pages = 151–171 | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | place = Detroit | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Perry | |||
| | first = Charles | |||
| | title = The Haight-Ashbury: A History | |||
| | publisher = Wenner Books | |||
| | edition = Reprint | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | isbn = 1-932958-55-X | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Seale | |||
| | first = Bobby | |||
| | author-link = Bobby Seale | |||
| | title = Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton | |||
| | publisher = Black Classic Press | |||
| | year = 1991 | |||
| | isbn = 093312130X | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Stevens | |||
| | first = Jay | |||
| | author-link = Jay Stevens | |||
| | title = Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream | |||
| | publisher = Grove Press | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | isbn = 0802135870 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Stone | |||
| | first = Skip | |||
| | title = Hippies From A to Z: Their Sex, Drugs, Music and Impact on Society From the Sixties to the Present | |||
| | publisher = V. W. Norton & Company, Inc. | |||
| | year = 1994 | |||
| | isbn = 1-930258-01-1 | |||
| | url = http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/atoz.htm | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Stolley | |||
| | first = Richard B. | |||
| | title = Turbulent Years: The 60s (Our American Century) | |||
| | publisher = Time-Life Books | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | isbn = 0-7835-5503-2 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Tamony | |||
| | first = Peter | |||
| | author-link = Peter Tamony | |||
| | title = Tripping out from San Francisco | |||
| | journal = American Speech | |||
| | volume = 56 | |||
| | issue = 2 | |||
| | pages = 98–103 | |||
| | date = Summer, 1981 | |||
| | year = 1981 | |||
| | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1283%28198122%2956%3A2%3C98%3ATOFSF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O | |||
| | doi = 10.2307/455009 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | contribution = Assimilation of the Counterculture | |||
| | editor-last = Tompkins | |||
| | editor-first = Vincent | |||
| | title = American Decades | |||
| | volume = 8: 1970–1979 | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | place = Detroit | |||
| | year = 2001a | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | contribution = Hippies | |||
| | editor-last = Tompkins | |||
| | editor-first = Vincent | |||
| | title = American Decades | |||
| | volume = 7: 1960–1969 | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | place = Detroit | |||
| | year = 2001b | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | first = Fred | last = Turner | |||
| | author-link = Fred Turner (academic) | |||
| | title = From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism | |||
| | publisher = University Of Chicago Press | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | isbn = 0-226-81741-5 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Yablonsky | |||
| | first = Lewis | |||
| | title = The Hippie Trip | |||
| | publisher = Pegasus | |||
| | year = 1968 | |||
| | isbn = 0-595-00116-5 | |||
| }}. | |||
| * Young, Shawn David. (2005). ''Hippies, Jesus Freaks, and Music''. Ann Arbor: Xanedu/Copley Original Works. ISBN 1-59399-201-7 | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==Further reading and resources== | |||
| {{commonscat|Hippies}} | |||
| <div class="references-2column"> | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last1 = Altman | first1 = Robert (Curator) | |||
| | author1-link = Robert Altman (photographer) | |||
| | title = Summer of Love 30th Anniversary Celebration | |||
| | contribution = The Summer of Love - Gallery | |||
| | publisher = The Council for the Summer of Love | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1997 | |||
| | url = http://www.summeroflove.org/gallery.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Bissonnette | |||
| | first = Anne (Curator) | |||
| | title = Revolutionizing Fashion: The Politics of Style | |||
| | date = April 12–September 17, 2000 | |||
| | year = 2000 | |||
| | publisher = Kent State University Museum | |||
| | url = http://dept.kent.edu/museum/exhibit/70s/jeans.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Brode | |||
| | first = Douglas | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | title = From Walt to Woodstock: How Disney Created the Counterculture | |||
| | publisher = University of Texas Press | |||
| | isbn = 0292702736 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | author = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | |||
| | author1-link = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | |||
| | title = Hippie Society: The Youth Rebellion | |||
| | series = Life and Society | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | publisher = CBC Digital Archives | |||
| | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-580/life_society/hippies/ | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Charters | |||
| | first = Ann | |||
| | author-link = Ann Charters | |||
| | year = 2003 | |||
| | title = The Portable Sixties reader | |||
| | place = New York | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | isbn = 0142001945 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Curl | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | title = Memories of DROP CITY: The First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love, A Memoir | |||
| | place = New York | |||
| | publisher = iuniverse | |||
| | url = http://www.red-coral.net/DropCityIndex.html | |||
| | isbn = 0-595-42343-4. | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Howard | |||
| | first = John Robert | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | title = The Flowering of the Hippie Movement | |||
| | journal = ] | |||
| | volume = 382 | |||
| | issue = Protest in the Sixties | |||
| | pages = 43–55 | |||
| | date = Mar., 1969 | |||
| | year = 1969 | |||
| | url = | |||
| | doi = 10.1177/000271626938200106 | |||
| | id = | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Laughead | |||
| | first = George | |||
| | title = WWW-VL: History: 1960s | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | url = http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/ERAS/20TH/1960s.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last1 = Lund | |||
| | first1 = Jens | |||
| | last2 = Denisoff | |||
| | first2 = R. Serge | |||
| | title = The Folk Music Revival and the Counter Culture: Contributions and Contradictions | |||
| | journal = The Journal of American Folklore | |||
| | volume = 84 | |||
| | issue = 334 | |||
| | pages = 394–405 | |||
| | date = Oct. - Dec., 1971 | |||
| | year = 1971 | |||
| | url = | |||
| | doi = 10.2307/539633 | |||
| | id = | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = MacFarlane | |||
| | first = Scott | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | title = The Hippie Narrative: A Literary Perspective on the Counterculture | |||
| | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | |||
| | isbn = 0786429151 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = MacLean | |||
| | first = Rory | |||
| | author-link = Rory MacLean | |||
| | year = 2008 | |||
| | title = Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India | |||
| | place = New York | |||
| | publisher = Ig Publishing | |||
| | url = http://www.magicbus.info | |||
| | isbn = 0141015950 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Partridge | |||
| | first = William L. | |||
| | year = 1973 | |||
| | title = The Hippie Ghetto: The Natural History of a Subculture | |||
| | place = New York | |||
| | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston | |||
| | isbn = 0030910811 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | author = Rainbow Family | |||
| | author1-link = Rainbow Family | |||
| | title = Rainbow Family of the Living Light | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | publisher = Circle of Light Community Network | |||
| | url = http://welcomehere.org/ | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. See also: | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Riser | |||
| | first = George (Curator) | |||
| | title = The Psychedelic '60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | publisher = Special Collections Department. ] Library | |||
| | url = http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/index.html | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Staller | |||
| | first = Karen M. | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | title = Runaways: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped Today's Practices and Policies | |||
| | place = | |||
| | publisher = Columbia University Press | |||
| | isbn = 0231124104 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Thompson | |||
| | first = Hunter S. | |||
| | authorlink = Hunter S. Thompson | |||
| | title = ] | |||
| | date = 2000 | |||
| | publisher = Simon & Schuster | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | chapter = Owl Farm - Winter of '68 | |||
| | isbn = 068487315X | |||
| }} | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Walpole | |||
| | first = Andy | |||
| | title = Harold Hill: A People's History | |||
| | contribution = Hippies, Freaks and the Summer of Love | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | publisher = haroldhill.org | |||
| | url = http://www.haroldhill.org/chapter-four/page-five-hippies-freaks-and-the-summer-of-love.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-21 | |||
| }}. | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | last = Wolfe | |||
| | first = Tom | |||
| | author-link = Tom Wolfe | |||
| | year = 1968 | |||
| | title = ] | |||
| | place = New York | |||
| | publisher = Farrar, Straus & Giroux | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| }}. | |||
| </div> | |||
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Revision as of 14:49, 28 January 2009
ha ha ha ha ha ha ha im a hippie and i know dope is good for you it said so in the news paper made of hemp