| Revision as of 23:02, 7 February 2009 view source97.97.45.159 (talk) →Vehicles← Previous edit | Revision as of 17:38, 8 February 2009 view source Dinomisaur (talk | contribs)7 edits ←Replaced content with ''''POPO''' ''POPO'' == POPO == {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |- | row 1, cell 1 | row 1, cell 2 | row 1, cell 3 |- | row...'Next edit → | ||
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| ] ] officer in ]]] | |||
| ] ], filming a gathering. The film could later be presented during a ] as ], or used in Police training. A ] is seen in the background]] | |||
| ] ] patrol car]] | |||
| == POPO == | |||
| '''Police''' are agents or agencies, usually of the ], empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force. | |||
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| The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a ] that are authorized to exercise the ] of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes via ] from the ] ''politia'' (“civil administration”), which itself derives from the ] πόλις, for ''polis'' ("city").<ref>{{cite web|title =police| publisher "pollis" =Online Etymology Dictionary|url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=police&searchmode=none|accessdate =2007-02-08}}</ref> | |||
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| POPOPOPOPOOOOOOOOOO | |||
| == Overview == | |||
| LOL | |||
| The first police force comparable to present-day police was established in 1667 under King ] in ], although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the ] in ], the ], and the ] ].<ref>{{cite web| last =Dinsmor | first =Alastair| title =Glasgow Police Pioneers| publisher =The Scotia News| date =Winter 2003| url =http://www.scotia-news.com/issue5/ISSUE05a.htm| accessdate =2007-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =History| work =Marine Support Unit| publisher =Metropolitan Police| url =http://www.met.police.uk/msu/history.htm| accessdate =2007-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =La Lieutenance Générale de Police| work =La Préfecture de Police fête ses 200 ans | |||
| U CAN CALL THE POLICE....POPO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! | |||
| Juillet 1800 - Juillet 2000| - Juillet publisher =La Préfecture de Police au service des Parisiens| url =http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo1.htm| accessdate =}}</ref> | |||
| The first modern police force is also commonly said to be the ] ], established in 1829, which promoted the ] role of police as a deterrent to urban ] and disorder.<ref>{{cite book|last =Brodeur| first =Jean-Paul| coauthors =Eds., Kevin R. E. McCormick and Livy A. Visano| title =”High Policing and Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities,” Understanding Policing| publisher =Canadian Scholars’ Press| year =1992|location = |pages =284-285, 295|id = ISBN 1-55130-005-2}}</ref> | |||
| Law enforcement however constitutes only part of policing activity.<ref>{{cite book| last =Walker| first =Samuel| title =A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism| publisher =Lexington Books| year =1977| location =Lexington, MT| pages =143| id = ISBN 978-0-6690-1292-7}}</ref> Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order.<ref>{{cite book| last =Neocleous| first =Mark| title =Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power| publisher =Pluto Press| year =2004| location = | pages =93-94| id = ISBN 978-0-7453-1489-1}}</ref> In some societies, in the late 18<sup>th</sup> century and early 19<sup>th</sup> century, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Larry J. |title=Criminolgy |pages=515,516 |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2005}} </ref> | |||
| Alternative names for police force include ], ], police department, police service, ], protective services, law enforcement agency or ], and members can be ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s or ]. Russian police and police of the Soviet-era Eastern Europe are (or were) called ]. | |||
| == History == | |||
| {{see also|History of criminal justice}} | |||
| === Ancient China === | |||
| Law enforcement in ] was carried out by "prefects." The notion of a "prefect" in China has existed for thousands of years. The prefecture system developed in both the ] and ] kingdoms of the ] period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. | |||
| In Ancient China, prefects were government officials appointed by local magistrates, who in turn were appointed by the head of state, usually the emperor of the dynasty. The prefects oversaw the civil administration of their "]," or jurisdiction. | |||
| Prefects usually reported to the local magistrate, just as modern police report to judges. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement of the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. | |||
| Eventually the concept of the "prefecture system" would spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan. Law enforcement in ] was also relatively progressive, allowing for female prefects. Some examples of ancient Chinese prefects include: Chong Fu - prefect of the Ying District in the East Han Dynasty and Ching Chow - prefect of the modern Shang-tung Province. An example of a female prefect would by Lady Qu<ref>Whittaker, Jake. "UC Davis East Asian Studies". University of California, Davis. <http://eastasian.ucdavis.edu/research.htm>.</ref> of Wuding (serving 1531-ca. 1557). | |||
| Recent portrayals of prefects in modern popular culture include ]’s portrayal of the nameless prefect in the movie ]. | |||
| === Pre-modern Europe === | |||
| In ], publicly-owned slaves were used by magistrates as police. In ], a group of 300 ] slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for ], and also assisted with dealing with ], manhandling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves.<ref>{{cite book| last =Hunter| first =Virginia J.|title =Policing Athens: Social Control in the Attic Lawsuits, 420-320 B.C.| publisher =Princeton University Press| year =1994| location =Princeton, NJ| pages =3| url =http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5349.html| id = ISBN 978-1-4008-0392-7}}</ref> | |||
| Before its decline, the ] had a relatively effective law enforcement system. When under the reign of ] the capital had grown to almost one million inhabitants, he created 14 ]s, which were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men called "]," who guarded against fires and served as nightwatchmen. | |||
| If necessary, they might have called the ] for assistance. Beginning in the 5th century, policing became a function of clan chiefs and heads of state. {{Fact|date=November 2007}} | |||
| The ] system of maintaining public order was a private system of ]s, since the Norman conquest led by a ], which was based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the others; more common was that local lords and nobles were responsible to maintain order in their lands, and often appointed a ], sometimes unpaid, to enforce the law. | |||
| === European development === | |||
| Modern police in Europe has a precedent in the ], literally "brotherhood" in Spanish, a peacekeeping association of armed individuals, a characteristic of municipal life in medieval Spain, especially in ]. As medieval Spanish kings were often unable to offer adequate protection, protective municipal leagues began to emerge in the 12th century against bandits and other rural criminals, as well as against the lawless nobility or to support a one or another claimant to the crown. | |||
| These organizations were to be temporary, but became a long standing fixture of Spain. The first recorded case of the formation of an hermandad occurred when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to police the pilgrim road to ] in ], and protect the pilgrims against robber knights. | |||
| Throughout the Middle Ages such alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes. They acted to some extent like the ] of Germany. Among the most powerful was the league of North Castilian and Basque ports, the ]: ], ], and ]. | |||
| As one of their first acts after the war of succession, ] and ] established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Hermandad (]) with themselves at the head. They adapted an existing hermandad to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with large powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original hermandades continued to serve as modest local police units until their final suppression in 1835. | |||
| In Western culture, the contemporary concept of a police paid by the government was developed by French legal scholars and practitioners in the 17th and early 18th centuries, notably with Nicolas Delamare's '''' ("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German '']'' (Science of Police) was also an important theoretical formulation of police. | |||
| The first police force in the modern sense was created by the government of King ] in 1667 to police the city of ], then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the '']'' of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of '']'' ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties". | |||
| This office was first held by ], who had 44 ''commissaires de police'' (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by ''inspecteurs de police'' (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the ''commissaires'', each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns. | |||
| As conceptualized by the '']'', the police had an economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of ] concerns and of empowering the ], which, according to ] theory, was to be the main strength of the ]. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included ] concerns, ] (which was important because of the ]; thus, ] were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of ].<ref> ], ''Security, Territory, Population'', 1977-78 course (published 2004)</ref> | |||
| Development of modern police was contemporary to the formation of the ], later defined by sociologist ] as achieving a "]" and which was primarily exercised by the police and the ]. ] theory situates the development of the modern state as part of the rise of capitalism, in which the police are one component of the ]'s repressive apparatus for subjugating the ]. | |||
| ===19th century development=== | |||
| After the ], ] reorganized the police in Paris and other cities with more than 5,000 inhabitants on February 17, 1800 as the ]. On March 12, 1829, a government decree created the first uniformed police in France, known as ''sergents de ville'' ("city sergeants"), which the Paris Prefecture of Police's website claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world.<ref></ref> | |||
| ] officers search the vehicle of a suspected drug smuggler at a border crossing. ], ]]] | |||
| In the ], the development of police forces was much slower than in the rest of Europe. The British police function was historically performed by private watchmen (existing from 1500 on), ]s, and so on. The former were funded by private individuals and organizations and the latter by privately-funded rewards for catching criminals, who would then be compelled to return stolen property or pay restitution. | |||
| In 1737, ] began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax moneys, beginning the shift to government control. In 1750, ] began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables. The ] added further impetus for a publicly-salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, In 1828, there were ] units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a 10-mile radius of London. | |||
| The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, was "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to '']''). | |||
| Prior to the 19th century, the only official use of the word "police" recorded in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the ] in 1798 (set up to protect merchandise at the ]). Even today, many British police forces are suffixed with "Constabulary" rather than "Police". | |||
| On June 30, 1800, the authorities of ], ] successfully petitioned the government to pass the ] establishing the ]. This was the first professional police service in the country and differed from previous law enforcement in that it was a ] force. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament.<ref></ref> | |||
| The first organized police force in ] came about through the Peace Preservation Act of 1814, but the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the true beginning of the ]. Among its first duties was the forcible seizure of tithes during the "]" on behalf of the Anglican clergy from the mainly Catholic population as well as the Presbyterian minority. | |||
| The Act established a force in each barony with ]s and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at ]. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men. | |||
| The force had been rationalized and reorganized in an 1836 act and the first constabulary code of regulations was published in 1837. The discipline was tough and the pay poor. The police also faced unrest among the Irish rural poor, manifested in organizations like the ], which attacked ] and their property. | |||
| In ], night watchmen were the first paid law enforcement body in the country, augmenting the force of unpaid constables. They guarded the streets since 1663. On September 29, 1829, the ] was passed by Parliament, allowing Sir ], the then ], to found the London ]. | |||
| These police are often referred to as ´Bobbies´ or 'Peelers' after Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel, who introduced the Police Act. They became a model for the police forces in most countries, such as the ], and most of the ]. ] can still be found in many parts of the ]. The primary role of the police in Britain was keeping the ], which continues into the present day.<ref></ref> | |||
| In Canada, the ] was founded in 1834, making it one of the first municipal police departments in ]. It was followed in 1838 by police forces in ] and ]. | |||
| ] writer and painter ] illustrating his then very controversial novel '']'' about the life of a prostitute]] | |||
| In the ], the first organized police service was established in ] in 1838, ] in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. However, in the Founding Era, and even well into the 20th century in some parts of the country, law enforcement was done by private citizens acting as ].{{Fact|date=January 2008}} | |||
| In ], modern police were established in 1861, with creation of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isf.gov.lb/English/LeftMenu/General+Info/History/ |title=Historical overview |publisher=Interior Security Forces (Lebanon) |accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref> | |||
| In ] with the passing of the Police Regulation Act, 1862, the ] was established and essentially tightly regulated and centralised all of the police forces operating throughout the Colony of New South Wales. | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Personnel and organization== | |||
| In most Western police forces, perhaps the most significant division is between preventive (uniformed) police and ]s. Terminology varies from country to country. | |||
| Police functions include protecting life and property, enforcing ], criminal investigations, regulating traffic, crowd control, and other public safety duties. | |||
| ===Uniformed police=== | |||
| Preventive Police, also called Uniform Branch, Uniformed Police, Uniform Division, Administrative Police, Order Police, or Patrol, designates the police which patrol and respond to emergencies and other incidents, as opposed to detective services. As the name "uniformed" suggests, they wear ]s and perform functions that require an immediate recognition of an officer's legal authority, such as ] control, stopping and detaining motorists, and more active crime response and prevention. | |||
| Preventive police almost always make up the bulk of a police service's personnel. In ] and Britain, patrol personnel are also known as "general duties" officers.<ref name="bayley-1979">{{cite journal |author=Bayley, David H. |title=Police Function, Structure, and Control in Western Europe and North America: Comparative and Historical Studies |journal=Crime & Justice |volume=1 |year=1979 |pages=pp. 109–143 |id={{NCJ|63672}} |doi=10.1086/449060}}</ref> Atypically, ]'s preventive police are known as ].<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Detectives=== | |||
| Police detectives are responsible for investigations and detective work. Detectives may be called Investigations Police, Judiciary/Judicial Police, and Criminal Police. In the ], they are often referred to by the name of their department, the ]. Detectives typically make up roughly 15%-25% of a police service's personnel. | |||
| Detectives, in contrast to uniform police, typically wear 'business attire' in bureaucratic and investigative functions where a uniformed presence would be either a distraction or intimidating, but a need to establish police authority still exists. "Plainclothes" officers dress in attire consistent with that worn by the general public for purposes of blending in. | |||
| In some cases, police are assigned to work "]", where they conceal their police identity to investigate crimes, such as ] or ]s crime, that are unsolvable by other means. In some cases this type of policing shares aspects with ]. | |||
| Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats, prevent crime by their presence, respond to crimes in progress, manage crises, and practice their skills.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} | |||
| Detectives, by contrast, usually investigate crimes after they have occurred and after patrol officers have responded first to a situation. Investigations often take weeks or months to complete, during which time detectives spend much of their time away from the streets, in interviews and courtrooms, for example. Rotating officers also promotes ] in a wider variety of skills, and serves to prevent "cliques" that can contribute to corruption or other unethical behavior. | |||
| ===Auxiliary=== | |||
| Police may also take on ] administrative duties, such as issuing firearms licenses. The extent that police have these functions varies among countries, with police in ], ], and other ]an countries handling such tasks to a greater extent than British counterparts.<ref name="bayley-1979"/> | |||
| ] officers]] | |||
| ===Specialized units=== | |||
| Specialized preventive and detective groups exist within many law enforcement organizations either for dealing with particular types of crime, such as traffic law enforcement and crash investigation, ], or ]; or for situations requiring specialized skills, such as ], ], ] ("]"), and ]. | |||
| Most larger jurisdictions also employ specially-selected and trained quasi-] units armed with military-grade weapons for the purposes of dealing with particularly violent situations beyond the capability of a patrol officer response, including high-risk warrant service and barricaded suspects. In the United States these units go by a ], but are commonly known as ] (Special Weapons And Tactics) teams. | |||
| In ] type campaigns, select and specially trained units of police armed and equipped as ] have been designated as ]s who perform ] type patrols and ambushes whilst retaining their police powers in areas that were highly dangerous.<ref>p.Davies, Bruce & McKay, Gary ''The Men Who Persevered:The AATTV'' 2005 Bruce & Unwin</ref> | |||
| Because their situational mandate typically focuses on removing innocent bystanders from dangerous people and dangerous situations, not violent resolution, they are often equipped with non-lethal tactical tools like ], "]" and concussion grenades, and rubber bullets. The London Metropolitan police's ] (CO19)<ref>formerly named SO19 {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.met.police.uk/co19/ | |||
| |title=Metropolitan Police Service - Central Operations, Specialist Firearms unit (CO19) | |||
| |publisher=Metropolitan Police Service |accessdate=2008-08-04 }}</ref> is a group of armed police used in dangerous situations including hostage taking, armed robbery/assault and terrorism. | |||
| ===Military police=== | |||
| There are several types of military police services: | |||
| *]s are military force which polices a civilian population. | |||
| *] services are military police services that work within the armed forces. | |||
| *] A civilian police force trained and organized along military lines. | |||
| ==Varying jurisdictions== | |||
| Police forces are usually organized and funded by some level of government. The level of government responsible for policing varies from place to place, and may be at the national, regional or local level. In some places there may be multiple police forces operating in the same area, with different ones having jurisdiction according to the type of crime or other circumstances. | |||
| For example in the UK policing is primarily the responsibility of a regional police force; however specialist units exist at the national level. In the US policing there is typically a state police force, but a municipality may have its own police force. National police agencies also have jurisdiction over serious crimes or those with an interstate component. | |||
| In addition to conventional urban or regional police forces, there are other police forces with specialized functions or jurisdiction. In the ], the ] ] has a number of police forces with their own specialized jurisdictions. | |||
| Some example are the ], which patrols and protects government buildings; the ], which protect postal buildings, vehicles and items; the ], which protect national parks, or ] which patrol ] stations and trains.. | |||
| There are also some government agencies which perform police functions in addition to other duties. The ] carries out many police functions for boaters. | |||
| In major cities, there may be a separate police agency for public transit systems, such as the ] ] or the ], or for major government functions, such as sanitation, or environmental functions. | |||
| ]/] barracks in ]. The high walls are to protect against ] bomb attacks.]] | |||
| == Global policing == | |||
| Policing plays an increasingly important role in ] and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the ] seeks to develop the ] and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict.<ref></ref> | |||
| == Armament and equipment == | |||
| In many jurisdictions, police officers carry ]s, primarily handguns, in the normal course of their duties. In the UK and Ireland, with the exception of specialist units, officers do not carry firearms. | |||
| Police often have specialist units for handling armed offenders, and similar dangerous situations, and can (depending on local laws), in some extreme circumstances, call on the ] (since ] is a role of many armed forces). Perhaps the most high-profile example of this was, in 1980 the ] handing control of the ] to the ]. | |||
| They can also be equipped with ] (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for ]. Non-lethal weapons include ]s, ]s, ]s and ]s. The use of firearms or ] is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. Police officers often carry ] to restrain suspects. | |||
| Modern police forces make extensive use of ] communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating the officer's daily activity log and other required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include ]s/torches, ]s, and ]s and "ticketbooks" or ]. | |||
| === Vehicles === | |||
| ] highway patrol vehicle]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] Police car]] | |||
| {{main|Police car}} | |||
| Police vehicles are used for detaining, patrolling and transporting. The common Police patrol vehicle is an improved four door ] (saloon in British English). Police vehicles are usually marked with appropriate logos and are equipped with sirens and lightbars to aid in making others aware of police presence. | |||
| Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some cities and counties have started using unmarked cars, or cars with minimal markings for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators, though this is controversial--New York State banned this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers.<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E1DB1E39F93BA25757C0A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/R/Roads%20and%20Traffic</ref> | |||
| ]s are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to access, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where the motorcycle policeman can quickly clear a path for the escorted vehicle. ] patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open interaction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot. | |||
| Police departments utilize an array of specialty vehicles such as helicopters, watercraft, command post, vans, trucks, all terrain vehicles, motorcycles, and SWAT armored vehicles. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ==Strategies== | |||
| The advent of the police car, ], and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reiss Jr, Albert J. |title=Police Organization in the Twentieth Century |journal=Crime and Justice |year=1992 |volume=51 |pages=p. 51 |id={{NCJ|138800}} |doi=10.1086/449193}}</ref> With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. | |||
| ] introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finest of the Finest |publisher=TIME Magazine |date=February 18, 1966 |url=http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899019,00.html}}</ref> ], a student of Vollmer, helped reduce ] and introduce professionalism in ], and later in the ].<ref name="cdlib">{{cite web |url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf3v19n6s0&doc.view=entire_text |title=Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers, ca. 1928-1972 |publisher=Online Archive of California |accessdate=2006-10-20}}</ref> Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict ] system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers.<ref name="nytimes-1960">{{cite news |title=Chicago Chooses Criminologist to Head and Clean Up the Police |publisher=United Press International/The New York Times |date=February 22, 1960}}</ref> During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with ] and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change |author=Kelling, George L., Mary A. Wycoff |month=December | year=2002 |publisher=National Institute of Justice |id={{NCJ|198029}}}}</ref> | |||
| ] in ], ]]] | |||
| The ] in the 1970s found this approach to policing to be ineffective. Patrol officers in cars were disconnected from the community, and had insufficient contact and interaction with the community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/kcppe.pdf |title=The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment - A Summary Report |publisher=Police Foundation |author=Kelling, George L., Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, Charles E. Brown |year=1974|format=PDF}}</ref> In the 1980s and 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt ] strategies, and others adopted ]. | |||
| ] policing was another, related approach introduced in the 1980s by ] and ], who suggested that police should pay greater attention to minor "quality of life" offenses and disorderly conduct. This method was first introduced and made popular by New York City Mayor, ], in the early 1990s. | |||
| The concept behind this method is simple: broken windows, graffiti, and other physical destruction or degradation of property, greatly increases the chances of more criminal activities and destruction of property. When criminals see the abandoned vehicles, trash, and deplorable property, they assume that authorities do not care and do not take active approaches to correct problems in these areas. Therefore, correcting the small problems prevents more serious criminal activity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198203/broken-windows |title=Broken Windows |publisher=Atlantic Monthly |date=March 1982 |author=Kelling, George L., James Q. Wilson |format=subscription}}</ref> | |||
| Building upon these earlier models, ] has emerged as the dominant philosophy guiding police strategy. Intelligence-led policing and problem-oriented policing are complementary strategies, both which involve systematic use of information.<ref>{{cite paper |author=Tilley, Nick |title=Problem-Oriented Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing and the National Intelligence Model |publisher=Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London |url=http://www.jdi.ucl.ac.uk/publications/short_reports/problem_oriented_policing.php |year=2003}}</ref> Although it still lacks a universally accepted definition, the crux of intelligence-led policing is an emphasis on the collection and analysis of information to guide police operations, rather than the reverse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Intelligence-led policing: A Definition|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/crimint/intelligence_e.htm|accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> | |||
| == Power restrictions == | |||
| ] in ] ]]] | |||
| In many nations, ] law has been developed to regulate officers' discretion, so that they do not arbitrarily or unjustly exercise their powers of ], ], and ]. In the United States, '']'' led to the widespread use of ]s or constitutional warnings. | |||
| Police in the United States are also prohibited from holding criminal suspects for more than a reasonable amount of time (usually 72 hours) before ], using ] to extract ]s, using excessive force to effect an arrest, and searching suspects' bodies or their homes without a warrant obtained upon a showing of ]. | |||
| Using deception for confessions is permitted, but not coercion. There are exceptions or exigent circumstances such as an articulated need to disarm a suspect or searching a suspect who has already been arrested (Search Incident to an Arrest). The ] severely restricts the use of the military for police activity, giving added importance to police ] units. | |||
| British police officers are governed by similar rules, particularly those introduced under the ] (PACE), but generally have greater powers. They may, for example, legally search any suspect who has been arrested, or their vehicles, home or business premises, without a warrant, and may seize anything they find in a search as evidence. | |||
| All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent. | |||
| == Conduct and accountability== | |||
| ] of the ] ]]] | |||
| Police services commonly include units for investigating crimes committed by the police themselves. These units are typically called Inspectorate-General, or in the USA, "]". In some countries separate organizations outside the police exist for such purposes, such as the British ]. | |||
| Likewise, some state and local jurisdictions, for example, ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Police review board gets started|subhead=Too early to judge its effectiveness, chairman says|author=Amanda Reavy|url=http://www.sj-r.com/sections/news/stories/112655.asp|work=The State Journal-Register Online}}</ref> have similar outside review organizations. The ] is investigated by the ], an external agency set up as a result of the Patten report into policing the province. In the Republic of Ireland the Garda Síochána is investigated by the ], an independent force that replaced the Garda Complaints Board in May 2007. | |||
| The ] of ], ], is one of only a few civilian agencies around the world responsible for investigating circumstances involving police and civilians that have resulted in a death, serious injury, or allegations of sexual assault. | |||
| ] of the ] ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ], Egypt]] | |||
| ===Use of force=== | |||
| Police forces also find themselves under criticism for their use of force, particularly ]. Specifically, tension increases when a police officer of one race harms or kills a suspect of another race. {{Fact|date=December 2008}} In the United States, such events occasionally spark protests and accusations of racism against police and allegations that police departments practice ]. | |||
| In the United States since the 1960s, concern over such issues has increasingly weighed upon law enforcement agencies, courts and legislatures at every level of government. Incidents such as the 1965 ], the videotaped 1991 beating by ] officers of ], and the ] following their acquittal have been seen as evidence that U.S. police are dangerously lacking in appropriate controls. | |||
| The fact that this trend has occurred contemporaneously with the rise of the US ], the "]," and a precipitous rise in violent crime from the 1960s to the 1990s has made questions surrounding the role, administration and scope of police authority increasingly complicated. {{Fact|date=November 2007}} | |||
| Police departments and the local governments that oversee them in some jurisdictions have attempted to mitigate some of these issues through community ] programs and ] to make the police more accessible to the concerns of local communities, by working to increase hiring diversity, by updating training of police in their responsibilities to the community and under the law, and by increased oversight within the department or by civilian commissions. | |||
| In cases in which such measures have been lacking or absent, civil law suits have been brought by the ] against local law enforcement agencies, authorized under the 1994 ]. This has compelled local departments to make organizational changes, enter into ] settlements to adopt such measures, and submit to oversight by the Justice Department.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New World of Police Accountability |author=Walker, Samuel |year=2005 |publisher=Sage |pages=p. 5}}</ref>{{Fact|date=November 2007}} | |||
| === Protection of individuals === | |||
| The United States ] has ruled numerous times since 1856 that law enforcement officers have no duty to protect any individual, despite the motto "protect and serve". Their duty is to enforce the law in general. The first such case was in 1856 (South v. Maryland) and the most recent in 2005 (]). | |||
| In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere into the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded.<ref>See e.g. § 1 section 2 of the Police Act of ]:{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www1.polizei-nrw.de/im/Recht/Polizeigesetz/ | |||
| |title=Police Act of the German state of ] | |||
| |accessdate=2008-08-10 | |||
| |work=polizei-nrw.de | |||
| |publisher=Land Nordrhein-Westfalen | |||
| |language=] | |||
| }}</ref> This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the inn-keeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table. | |||
| In addition, there are Federal Law Enforcement agencies in the United States whose mission includes providing protection for executives such as the President and accompanying family members, visiting foreign dignitaries, and other high-ranking individuals.<ref> The United States Park Police Webpage, http://www.nps.gov/uspp</ref> Such agencies include The ] and the ]. | |||
| == International forces == | |||
| {{main|Law enforcement by country}} | |||
| In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several police or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law. The ] has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/lawenf.htm |title=Law Enforcement Statistics |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref> | |||
| Some countries, such as ], ], the ], ], ] and ], use a centralized system of policing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Challenges of Policing Democracies: A World Perspective |author=Das, Dilip K., Otwin Marenin |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |pages=p. 17}}</ref> Other countries have multiple police forces, but for the most part their jurisdictions do not overlap. In the ] however, several different law enforcement agencies may have authority in a particular jurisdiction at the same time, each with their own command. | |||
| Other countries where jurisdiction of multiple police agencies overlap, include ] and the ] in ] , the ] and ] in ] and the ] and ].<ref name="bayley-1979"/> | |||
| Most countries are members of the ] (Interpol), established to detect and fight trans-national crime and provide for international co-operation and co-ordination of other police activities, such as notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals. Interpol does not conduct investigations nor arrests by itself, but only serves as a central point for information on crime, suspects and criminals. ]s are excluded from its competencies. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Commons}} | |||
| {{wiktionary}} | |||
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| ; Lists: | |||
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| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
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U CAN CALL THE POLICE....POPO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!