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| ⚫ | '''Pacta conventa''' (] ''agreed accords'') was an agreement between King ] and the ]n nobility in 1102. It started the ] that would last until 1918. The dynastic strife that followed the catastrophe at ] 1526 did not change the legal nature of the pacta after the throne was occupied by ] | ||
| ⚫ | '''Pacta conventa''' (] ''agreed accords'') was an agreement between King ] and the ]n nobility in 1102. It started the ] that would last until 1918. The dynastic strife that followed the catastrophe at ] 1526 did not change the legal nature of the pacta after the throne was occupied by ] | ||
| In Hungarian historiography it is generally accepted that the document is a forgery while Croatian historiography generally accepts it as authentic; a Croatian proponent of the forgery view is ]. Oldest surviving version of Pacta conventa is from 14 century and today this version is in Budapest museum. | In Hungarian historiography it is generally accepted that the document is a forgery while Croatian historiography generally accepts it as authentic; a Croatian proponent of the forgery view is ]. Oldest surviving version of Pacta conventa is from 14 century and today this version is in Budapest museum. | ||
| == Circumstances of the agreement == | == Circumstances of the agreement == | ||
| {{Unreferencedsection|date=February 2009}} | |||
| ⚫ | After ], the last Croatian king of Croat descent, was killed on the battlefield in 1097, the Croats had refused to surrender. To end this war an idea of agreement was born so that, in 1102, the Croatian nobles decided |
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| ⚫ | After ], the last Croatian king of Croat descent, was killed on the battlefield in 1097, the Croats had refused to surrender. To end this war an idea of agreement was born so that, in 1102, the Croatian nobles decided to conclude the ''Pacta conventa'' with King ] before his crowning as the Croatian king in Biograd. | ||
| ⚫ | The Hungarian king offered "an agreement as pleases them" to the greatest |
||
| ⚫ | The Hungarian king offered "an agreement as pleases them" to the greatest Croatian nobles from the families of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| == Content of Pacta conventa == | == Content of Pacta conventa == | ||
| The agreement determined that ] and ] would be governed by the same ruler as two separate kingdoms. When he was crowned in ], Coloman |
The agreement determined that ] and ] would be governed by the same ruler as two separate kingdoms. When he was crowned in ], Coloman promised all the public and state rights to the Kingdom of Croatia and some additional rights to the Croatian nobility. The Croats acknowledged Coloman as the king of Croatia and ] and promised they would help him in war, at their cost on the Croatian side of ] and at his cost on the Hungarian side. | ||
| Coloman and his successors were invested with all the rights of kingship over the Kingdom of Croatia: to appoint the ], to issue privileges and land grants, to certify the laws voted by the ], to collect taxes and duties, to own the "royal land" (''terra regalis'') of the extinct Croat royal dynasty, to have supreme command over the Croatian army and to make foreign policy. | |||
| *to appoint the ] | |||
| *to issue privileges and land grants | |||
| *to certify the laws voted by the ] | |||
| *to collect taxes and duties | |||
| *to own the "royal land" (''terra regalis'') of the extinct Croat royal dynasty | |||
| *to have supreme command over the Croatian army | |||
| *to make foreign policy. | |||
| == Dispute about the validity of the document == | == Dispute about the validity of the document == | ||
| Since the 19th century, a number of historians have claimed that ''Pacta conventa'' was not a genuine document. Some claim that the document is a forgery found in the ] ] and published in 1960; ''Pacta Conventa'' was written with an idiom used three centuries after its supposed origin, i.e. in the 14th century; Hungarian sources do not mention any "personal union" between Hungary and Croatia. | Since the 19th century, a small number of historians have claimed that ''Pacta conventa'' was not a genuine document. Some claim that the document is a forgery found in the ] ] and published in 1960; ''Pacta Conventa'' was written with an idiom used three centuries after its supposed origin, i.e. in the 14th century; Hungarian sources do not mention any "personal union" between Hungary and Croatia. Though the validity of the document is disputed, there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, since Croatia remained a separate crownland and retained its chief institutions such as the ] and the ]. | ||
| According to Croatian historians, in 1102, Croatia entered into a ] with the ]. After the 1526 ], the "Reliquiae reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiae" (the remains of the ]) became a part of the ] in 1527. In 1918 Croatia became a part of the ] which is later renamed the ]. | |||
| The theory is quite disputed because of several reasons. First of all, the only document which would prove the personal union, called ] is regarded as a fake document by Hungarian historians <ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:lucze3KaGTIJ:www.epa.oszk.hu/00700/00713/00134/pdf/2002_10.pdf+pacta+conventa+hamis+horv%C3%A1t+elismeri&hl=hu&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=hu#39|title=Kristó Gyula}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://franka-egom.ofm.hu/irattar/irasok_gondolatok/konyvismertetesek/konyvek_9/karacsonyi_janos/karacsonyi_janos_emlekules.htm|title=Karácsonyi János}}</ref> and a Croatian as well, called ]. In Pacta Conventa it is written, that ] is the son of ], but Coloman was the son of ], the Croatian leaders would know this, because Ladislaus I of Hungary had no son. Also, in Pacta Conventa the River Drava is mentioned as the border, but at this time Croatia didn't have any territory at River Drava. Western parts between Drava and Sava were parts of Slavonia (which was part of Hungary), eastern parts between the rivers were directy controlled by Hungary. Some Hungarian historians state, Pacta Conventa was made in the 14th century, because of the idiom of the text. | |||
| In Hungarian Chronicles or any other historical text nothing is mentioned about a personal union between Croatia and Hungary. Also, there are no facts that the Croatian nobles elected Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and joined the Habsburg dynasty, nor that in the Middle Ages there was a country, called "Hungary - Croatia" or "Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia". Nothing is written about the Kingdom of Croatia as a separate state, only about the Kingdom of Hungary. | |||
| If there had been a personal union, the Kings of Hungary would have been crowned with the Croatian Crown as well. But the Croatian crown was sent by the Pope to ] in 1075, and Croatia became a vassal of the Pope. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=Zvonimir+vassal+pope&source=bl&ots=tPNfpQCUDK&sig=7ToHsKTGHqOzMJrlZq9Ds2-GMTI&hl=hu&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result|title=Jean W. Sedlar : East Central Europe in the Middle ages}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/CONGO.htm|title=B. Lukács : On a forgotten Kingdom}}</ref> If the King of Hungary had been crowned as King of Croatia, he would have accepted the suzerainty of the Pope. But none of the Kings of Hungary were a vassal of the Pope. Also, the Habsburg emperors were all named as "König von Ungarn", not "König von Ungarn und Kroatien". | |||
| According to Hungarian historians, Hungary conquered Croatia in 1091 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/byzant.htm|title=Marko Marelic : The Byzantine and Slavic worlds}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:Q5RkRf8O_6IJ:www.eu2005.gov.uk/servlet/Front%3Fpagename%3DOpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage%26c%3DPage%26cid%3D1113059986301+Croatia+UK+EU&hl=hu&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=hu|title=Croatia UK EU Presidency 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu02.htm|title=Hungary in American History Textbooks}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enwiki.net/ebk/130/|title=Enwiki.net}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://erwin.bernhardt.net.nz/hungary/hungaryfacts.html|title=Hungary, facts and history in brief}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://impulzus.sch.bme.hu/info/hunhist.html#ststephen|title=History of Hungary}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goarticles.com/cgi-bin/showa.cgi?C=1090032|title=The language of Bulgarian and Croatian Property Purchases}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ladislaus-i|title=Ladislaus I of Hungary}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/385/000105070/|title=Ladislaus I}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_09/ewb_09_03736.html|title=László I, King of Hungary}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/laszlo-i-king-of-hungary/|title=László I, King of Hungary}}</ref> The same is written in medieval chronicles in the Holy Roman Empire, Rome and in the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1091 and 1918 it became the part of the Kingdom of Hungary with autonomy, even after the 1868 Croatian - Hungarian Compromise, where it is stated (Article XXX. of 1868 in Hungary) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm|title=The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise}}</ref> that "Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia form one and the same state complexity". The King of Hungary wore the title, but there was no more separate Kingdom of Croatia, King of Croatia neither. For example ] wore the the title of "King of Jerusalem, and Sicily" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/Louis_of_Hungary|title=Louis the Great}}</ref> but he truly wasn't a king of a state in neither Jerusalem, nor Sicily. ] also only wore the title of King of Galicia, Lodomeria, etc. , although there were not separate Kingdoms named Kingdom of Galicia or Lodomeria, he was "Kaiser von Österreich und König von Ungarn" in "Österreich-Ungarn" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914/austdocs/1001.html|title=Handschreiben Kaiser und König Franz Josephs an Kaiser Wilhelm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://de.wikipedia.org/Franz_Joseph_I._(%C3%96sterreich-Ungarn)|title=Franz Josef I in Misplaced Pages}}</ref>, not "Kaiser von Österreich und König von Ungarn und Kroatien" in "Österreich-Ungarn-Kroatien". Croatia had always retained autonomy in the Hungarian Kingdom, since 1868, but remained the part of the Kingdom of Hungary since 1091, and its emperor was King of Hungary since 1091, although since 1526 they were only Habsburgs. | |||
| After all, between the two different statements historians can't agree. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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Pacta conventa (Lat. agreed accords) was an agreement between King Coloman of Hungary and the Croatian nobility in 1102. It started the Union of Croatia and Hungary that would last until 1918. The dynastic strife that followed the catastrophe at Mohacs field 1526 did not change the legal nature of the pacta after the throne was occupied by Ferdinand I.
In Hungarian historiography it is generally accepted that the document is a forgery while Croatian historiography generally accepts it as authentic; a Croatian proponent of the forgery view is Nada Klaić. Oldest surviving version of Pacta conventa is from 14 century and today this version is in Budapest museum.
Circumstances of the agreement
After Petar Svačić, the last Croatian king of Croat descent, was killed on the battlefield in 1097, the Croats had refused to surrender. To end this war an idea of agreement was born so that, in 1102, the Croatian nobles decided to conclude the Pacta conventa with King Coloman before his crowning as the Croatian king in Biograd.
The Hungarian king offered "an agreement as pleases them" to the greatest Croatian nobles from the families of Kačić, Kukar, Šubić, Svačić, Plečić, Mogorović, Gušić, Čudomirić, Karinjanin and Lapčan, Lačničić, Jamometić and Tugomirić.
Content of Pacta conventa
The agreement determined that Croatia and Hungary would be governed by the same ruler as two separate kingdoms. When he was crowned in Biograd na Moru, Coloman promised all the public and state rights to the Kingdom of Croatia and some additional rights to the Croatian nobility. The Croats acknowledged Coloman as the king of Croatia and Dalmatia and promised they would help him in war, at their cost on the Croatian side of Drava and at his cost on the Hungarian side.
Coloman and his successors were invested with all the rights of kingship over the Kingdom of Croatia: to appoint the ban, to issue privileges and land grants, to certify the laws voted by the Croatian Parliament, to collect taxes and duties, to own the "royal land" (terra regalis) of the extinct Croat royal dynasty, to have supreme command over the Croatian army and to make foreign policy.
Dispute about the validity of the document
Since the 19th century, a small number of historians have claimed that Pacta conventa was not a genuine document. Some claim that the document is a forgery found in the Zagreb diocese and published in 1960; Pacta Conventa was written with an idiom used three centuries after its supposed origin, i.e. in the 14th century; Hungarian sources do not mention any "personal union" between Hungary and Croatia. Though the validity of the document is disputed, there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, since Croatia remained a separate crownland and retained its chief institutions such as the Parliament and the ban.
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