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| TIBET IS A PART OF CHINA | |||
| {{Infobox Dalai Lama | |||
| |monarch | |||
| |name = Tenzin Gyatso | |||
| |title = 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet | |||
| |image = Tenzin Gyatzo foto 1.jpg | |||
| |caption = Characteristic hands-raised ] greeting | |||
| |imgw = 200 | |||
| |reign =] ] – present | |||
| |predecessor = ] | |||
| |chinese = 丹增嘉措 | |||
| |pinyin = Dānzēng Jiācuò | |||
| |tibetan = བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ | |||
| |wylie = bstan ’dzin rgya mtsho | |||
| |pronoun = tɛ̃tsĩ catsʰo (IPA) | |||
| |transprc = Dainzin Gyaco | |||
| |TDHL = Tenzin Gyatso | |||
| |father = Choekyong Tsering | |||
| |mother = Diki Tsering | |||
| |date of birth ={{birth date and age|1935|7|6|df=yes}} | |||
| |place of birth = ], ]<ref name=li-bell/> | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso''' (born '''Lhamo Döndrub''' ({{bo|t=ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ་|w=Lha-mo Don-'grub|}};{{lang-zh|拉莫顿珠}}) (] ] in ]),<ref name=li-bell>At the time of Tenzin Gyatso's birth, Qinghai was under the control of ], a warlord allied with ] and appointed governor of Qinghai Province by the ]. See Li, T.T. "''Historical Status of Tibet''", Columbia University Press, p179 ; Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p399; Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp315-317</ref> is the 14th ].<ref>"The Institution of the Dalai Lama" by R. N. Rahul Sheel in ''The Tibet Journal'', Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, pp. 19-32 says on pp. 31-32, n. 1: "The word ''Dalai'' is Mongolian for "ocean", used mainly by the Chinese, the Mongols, and foreigners. ''Rgya mtsho'', the corresponding Tibetan word, always has formed the last part of the religious name of the Dalai Lama since Dalai Lama II . The expression ''Lama'' (Bla ma) means the "superior one". Western usage has taken it to mean the "priest" of the Buddhism of Tibet. The term Dalai Lama, therefore, means the Lama whose wisdom is as deep, as vast and as embracing as the ocean."</ref> He is the head of the ] based in ], ].<ref>His Holiness the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Retrieved on: ], ]</ref> The Dalai Lama is a spiritual leader revered among Tibetans. The most influential figure of the ] or ], he has considerable influence over the other sects of ].<ref>Mark Sappenfield and Peter Ford (], ]).. ''The Christian Science Monitor'' Retrieved on: ], ]</ref> Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the ] of his predecessors. | |||
| The Dalai Lama was born fifth of 16 children to a farming family in the village of ], ] province, China.<ref name=li-bell/> His first language was the regional ] ].<ref name="bbcprofile"/><ref>''Tibet Is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer'', pp. 103, 171. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. ISBN 0-86171-045-2.</ref> He was proclaimed the '']'' or ] of the ] at the age of two. At the age of fifteen, on ] ], one month after the ] invasion of Tibet, he was formally enthroned as Dalai Lama. He thus became the region's most important spiritual leader and political ruler. | |||
| In 1959 the Dalai Lama fled through the mountains to ] following a ] and the effective collapse of the ]. He had at first, in 1951, ratified under military pressure a ] to let his government to be a part of ]. In ] he set up a Tibetan government-in-exile. Among the 80,000 or so exiles that followed him Tenzin Gyatso strives to preserve traditional Tibetan ] and ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Tenzin Gyatso | first = the Fourteenth Dalai Lama | year = 1990 | title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama | publisher = HarperCollins | url =http://www.cosmicharmony.com/Tibet/DalaiLama/DalaiLama.htm | ID = ISBN 0-06-039116-2}}</ref> The ], whose occupation of ] in 1959 forced him into exile, regards him as the symbol of an outmoded ] system.<ref>China View (2008-04-11). Retrieved on: ], ].</ref> | |||
| A noted public speaker worldwide, the Dalai Lama is often described as charismatic.<ref name="bbcprofile"> from a ] website</ref><ref> from '']'' website</ref> He is the first Dalai Lama to travel to the ], where he seeks to spread ] and to promote ] and ] harmony. In 1989 he was awarded the ].<ref name="bbcprofile"/><ref>{{cite book | last =Craig | first = Mary | year = 1997 | title = Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama | publisher = Counterpoint | ID= ISBN 1-887178-91-0}}</ref> He was given ] in 2006, and was awarded the ] ] on ] ].<ref></ref> The Dalai Lama has received more than 100 honorary conferments and major awards outside of Tibet.<ref> </ref> | |||
| On 17 December 2008, after months of speculation, he announced his semi-retirement. He said that the future course of the movement he had led for nearly five decades would now be decided by the ] under the prime minister ]. The 73-year-old Nobel laureate, who had recently undergone surgery, told reporters in Dharamshala: "I have grown old.... It is better if I retire completely and get out of the way of the Tibetan movement."<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Early life and background== | |||
| ] | |||
| Lhamo Döndrub (or ''Thondup'') was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming family in the small hamlet of ] in the ]an region of ] (administered officially since 1928 as part of ] province of China.<ref></ref>) He was one of nine to survive childhood. The eldest was his sister Tsering Dolma, eighteen years older. His eldest brother, ], had been recognised at the age of eight as the reincarnation of the high ] ]. His sister ] years later depicted their mother in the 1997 film '']''. | |||
| Tibetans traditionally believe Dalai Lamas to be the ] of their predecessors, each of whom is believed to be a human emanation of the ] ]. A search party was sent out to locate the new ] when the boy who was to become the 14th was about two years old.<ref name="bbcprofile"/> It is said that, amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the ], at first facing south-east, had mysteriously turned to face the northeast—indicating the direction in which his successor would be found. | |||
| The ], ], shortly afterwards had a ] at the sacred lake of ] indicating Amdo as the region to search—specifically a one-story house with distinctive guttering and tiling. After extensive searching, the Thondup house, with its features resembling those in Reting's vision, was finally found. | |||
| The little boy was presented with various relics, including toys, some of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and some of which had not. It was reported that he had correctly identified all the items owned by the previous Dalai Lama, exclaiming, "That's mine! That's mine!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmicharmony.com/Tibet/DalaiLama/DalaiLama.htm|title=Dalai Lama - Speech to the U.N. and Images of Tibet|accessdate=2006-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cosmic Harmony|work=Dalai Lama Address to the United Nations | url=http://www.cosmicharmony.com/Tibet/DalaiLama/DalaiLama.htm}}</ref> | |||
| Lhamo Thondup was formally recognized as the reincarnated Dalai Lama and renamed '''Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso''' (''Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom''). ] normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (''Wish-Fulfilling Gem''), Kyabgon (''Saviour''), or just Kundun (''Presence''). His followers often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the ] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. | |||
| Monastic education commenced at the age of six, his principal teachers being ] (senior tutor) and Yongdzin ] (junior tutor). At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer ], having spotted him in Lhasa through his telescope. Harrer effectively became one of the young Dalai Lama's tutors, teaching him about the outside world. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. | |||
| In 1959, at the age of 23, he sat his final examination at Lhasa's ] during the annual Monlam or ''prayer'' Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level '']'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in ].<ref name="bbcprofile"/><ref>{{cite book |last =Marcello|first =Patricia Cronin | title =The Dalai Lama: A Biography|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313322074&id=wLzA8YKI-coC&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html|id=ISBN 0313322074 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Life as the Dalai Lama== | |||
| ], today a ] ], pictured in 2006]] | |||
| As well as being the foremost religious figure in Tibet, the Dalai Lama has traditionally been the country's absolute political ruler. In 1939, at the age of four, he was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa: | |||
| :"On 25 November 1939 a nine-member delegation, consisting of staff from the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, arrived in Lhasa, and were later joined by Wu Zhongxin, the Commission's director of Tibetan Affairs. The arrival in Lhasa was carefully planned to coincide with the enthronement ceremony for the 14th Dalai Lama. On 22 February 1940, Wu Zhongxin and other foreign representatives attended the ceremony in the Potala..." Later the ] and the Communists claimed that Wu had ''presided'' over the ceremony and that his involvement was essential to the recognition of the new Dalai Lama. | |||
| :"There is no evidence to suggest that Wu Zhongxin presided over the installation of the Dalai Lama. However, the delegation managed to establish a permanent office in Lhasa, and installed a direct radio communication with ]."<ref>Tsering Shakya. (1999). ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947'', p. 6. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-11814-7.</ref> | |||
| The remainder of the Dalai Lama's childhood was spent between the ] and ], his summer residence: | |||
| :"On 8 July 1949, the Kashag called Chen Xizhang, the acting director of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission office in Lhasa. He was informed that the Tibetan Government had decided to expel all Chinese connected with the Guomingdang Government. Fearing that the Chinese might organise protests in the streets of Lhasa, the Kashag imposed a curfew until all the Chinese had left. This they did on 14, 17 and 20 July 1949. At the same time the Tibetan Government sent a telegram to General ] and to President Liu Zongren informing them of the decision."<ref>Tsering Shakya. (1999). ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947'', pp. 7-8. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-11814-7.</ref> | |||
| On ] ], with the country facing possible conflict with the ], the 15-year-old Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso was formally enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet. | |||
| ] | |||
| His governorship was short. In October of that year the army of the People's Republic of China entered the country, breaking through Tibetan defenses with ease. | |||
| The Dalai Lama sent a delegation to ] and, although under PLA military pressure, | |||
| ratified<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, ] ].</ref><ref> Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp812-813</ref> the subsequent ] and tried to work with Beijing. In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the 10th ] went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first ], meeting ].<ref>'''', ], '']'', ] ].</ref> The Dalai Lama was even elected to be the ''Vice Chairman'' of the Congress.<ref></ref> However, during 1959, there was a major uprising among the Tibetan population. In the tense political environment that ensued, the Dalai Lama and his entourage began to suspect that China was planning to kill him. Consequently, he fled to ], ], on ] of that year, entering India on ] during the Tibetan uprising. ] paramilitary teams from their ] were responsible for the ]'s successful clandestine escape from Tibet and the initial resistance fighters in Tibet to the Chinese communist forces. <ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002. </ref> | |||
| ===Exile to India=== | |||
| The Dalai Lama met with the ], ], to urge India to pressure China into giving Tibet an autonomous government, as relations with ] were not proving successful. Nehru did not want to increase tensions between China and ], so he encouraged the Dalai Lama to work on the ] Tibet had with China. Eventually, after the ], the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and set up the ] in ], ],<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. Feb 27, 2009.</ref> which is often referred to as "''Little Lhasa''". | |||
| ] and the Dalai Lama at ] in 1959 soon after he fled ]]] | |||
| After the founding of the exiled government he reestablished the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.<ref name="bbcprofile"/> He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the traditional ], ], ], and ]. The ] was established<ref name="bbcprofile"/> in 1959 and the ]<ref name="bbcprofile"/> became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. | |||
| The Dalai Lama appealed to the ] on the question of Tibet. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965.<ref name="bbcprofile"/> These resolutions required China to respect the human rights of ] and their desire for ]. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the ]. A Tibetan ]-in-exile is elected by the Tibetan ]s scattered all over the world, and the ] is likewise elected by the Tibetan parliament. In 1970, he opened the ] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for ] in the world. <ref name="LTWA"> {{cite web|url=http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html|title=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997|publisher=]|accessdate=September 23|accessyear=2008}}</ref> | |||
| At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in ], he proposed a ] regarding the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a "]" and for the end of movement by ] into Tibet. It also called for "respect for fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms" and "the end of China's use of Tibet for ] production, testing, and disposal." Finally, it urged "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet. | |||
| He proposed a similar plan at ] on ] ]. He expanded on the Five-Point Peace Plan and proposed the creation of a self-governing ] Tibet, "in association with the People's Republic of China." This plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. In October 1991, he expressed his wish to return to Tibet to try to make a mutual assessment on the situation with the Chinese local government. At this time he feared that a violent uprising would take place and wished to avoid it. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China sets no preconditions for his return, which they have so far refused to do.<ref>{{cite web| title=Global Village News| work= Dalai Lama Considers Ending Exile & Return To Tibet | url=http://www.gvnr.com/71/3.htm}}</ref><ref> with '']'', ], ]</ref> | |||
| The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on ] ]. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. ] of the ] said, "I confess that the ] highly appreciates the good relations it has with the followers of Buddhism and hopes for their further development." Taiwan's President, ], attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday that was entitled "Travelling with Love and Wisdom for 70 Years" at the ] in ]. The President invited him to return to Taiwan for a third trip in 2005. His previous trips were in 2001, and 1997.<ref>{{cite web | title=CNN.com | work=China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama | url= http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ }}</ref> | |||
| In Tibet there is a popular song calling for his return to Tibet called ]. | |||
| ===Teaching activities=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The Dalai Lama chief spiritual practice is ], a subject he teaches and writes about extensively. He has conducted numerous public initiations in the ], and is the author of a great number of books. | |||
| His teaching activities in the US include: | |||
| * In July 2008, the Dalai Lama had held a public lecture and conducted a series of teachings at ] in ]. <ref></ref> | |||
| * He visited the U.S. in April 2008, when he gave lectures on engaging wisdom and compassion, and sustainability, at the ] in Ann Arbor and at Colgate University in Hamilton, N.Y.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dalai Lama Visits Colgate | url= http://dalailama.com/news.242.htm | publisher=The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama | accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> | |||
| * In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named ''Presidential ]'' at ] in ], ],<ref name="emory"></ref> the first time that the leader of the Tibetan exile community has accepted a university appointment. The appointment is in part an expansion of a program begun in 1998 called the Emory–Tibet Partnership. As Presidential Distinguished Professor, he will:<ref name="emory"/> | |||
| ** provide opportunities for university community members to attend his annual teachings, | |||
| ** make periodic visits to Emory to participate in programmes, and | |||
| ** continue the Emory–Tibet Partnership practice of providing private teaching sessions with students and faculty during Emory's study-abroad programme in Dharamshala. | |||
| * The Dalai Lama has strong ties with ] in ], United States, and is a frequent visitor there. He visited the university in 1981 and again in 1989, the year in which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. In May 1998, he addressed a large audience at the ] and received an honorary degree from the university. He visited Madison again during the summers of both 2007 and 2008, making public appearances at The Kohl Center and Alliant Energy Center, as well as more intimate sessions at the nearby Deer Park Buddhist Center, where Geshe Sopa (the first Tibetan tenured in an American university), whom the Dalai Lama sent to America in 1959 to bridge cultures, resides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Deer Park’s Guiding Spirit | url= http://www.deerparkcenter.org/NewFiles/sopa.html | publisher=Deer Park Buddhist Center | accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref> | |||
| * In May 2001, he met with a group of neuroscientists who conduct research on the effects of meditation on brain function, emotions and physical health. | |||
| ===Foreign relations=== | |||
| ], ] winners]] | |||
| Since 1967, the Dalai Lama has initiated a series of tours in 46 nations. He has frequently engaged on religious dialogue. He met with ] at the ] in 1973. He met with ] in 1980 and also later in 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. | |||
| In 1990, he met in Dharamsala with a delegation of Jewish teachers for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<ref> Kamenetz,Rodger (1994) Harper Collins: 1994.</ref> He has since visited Israel three times and met in 2006 with the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met privately with ]. He has also met the late ] Dr. ], and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, ], late President of the ] (Mormons), as well as senior ], ], ], ], and ] officials. | |||
| During the runup to the ] of 2008, the Dalai Lama visited ] on ], ] on his way to the ], amid protests around the world over ]'s handling of the ]. The Dalai Lama, whom Beijing claimed fomented the unrest, called for calm, but the protests showed little sign of abating. The Dalai Lama said he did not support a boycott of the 2008 Summer Games outright.<ref>Reuters </ref> Japan's government had been relatively quiet about the violence in Tibet and, out of deference to ], does not deal officially with the Dalai Lama. ] does, however, grant visas to the spiritual leader, who has visited Japan fairly frequently.<ref> CNN </ref> | |||
| ===International children's villages=== | |||
| ], 1993]] | |||
| The Dalai Lama has long been a supporter of ] organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/Get-involved/Celebrities-as-partners/Pages/Dalai-Lama.aspx|title=SOS Children's Villages: Dalai Lama |accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> He often visits the villages, and has maintained a friendship with the founder, ]. | |||
| He has said of SOS's efforts: | |||
| {{cquote|The splendid work done by SOS Children's Villages is charity where deeds speak louder than words. The revolutionary idea and the general concept developed by Hermann Gmeiner for providing orphaned and abandoned children with a new family and a permanent home has had a great influence on child welfare world-wide, and SOS Children's Villages have become a model on every continent. Above all, SOS Children's Villages shows that it is possible to create a community of brothers and sisters comprising children of all races, creeds and nationalities. The ties that develop and hold these communities together and form the basis of their upbringing is love.}} | |||
| ==Social and political stances== | |||
| ===Tibetan independence movement=== | |||
| The Dalai Lama accepted the 1951 ] with the People's Republic of China. However, he moved to ] in India and, with the help of American government organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham in 1956 and later spread to Central Tibet. The movement was a failure and was forced to retreat to ] or go underground. Following normalisation of relations between the ] and the People's Republic of China, American support was cut off in the early 1970s. The Dalai Lama then began to formulate his policy towards a peaceful solution in which a ] ] Tibet would be established.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | |||
| In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received US$1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. Government through the ] (CIA), and had also trained an army in ] (USA).<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998">{{cite news | | |||
| title= World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A.| | |||
| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDalai%20Lama | | |||
| date=October 2, 1998 | | |||
| publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| The Dalai Lama has on occasion been denounced by the Chinese government as a supporter of Tibetan independence. Over time, he has developed a public position stating that he is not in favour of Tibetan ]<ref></ref> and would not object to a status in which Tibet has internal ] while the PRC manages some aspects of Tibet's defense and foreign affairs.<ref name="jh">{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama interview|url=http://www.johannhari.com/archive/article.php?id=399 |work=The Independent |date=7 June 2004|author=]}}</ref> In his 'Middle Way Approach', he laid down that the Chinese government can take care of foreign affairs and defense, and that Tibet should be managed by an elected body.<ref></ref> | |||
| The Dalai Lama on 16 March 2008 called for an international inquiry into ]'s treatment of Tibet, which he said amounted to ].<ref></ref> He has stated that he will step down as leader of Tibet's government-in-exile if violence by protesters in the region worsens, the exiled spiritual leader said ], ] after China's premier ] blamed his supporters for the growing unrest.<ref name="cnn18mar2008">{{cite news |title=Dalai Lama 'to resign' if violence worsens |publisher=] |date=] |http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/18/tibet.unrest/index.html |accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> On ], ], he claimed he was powerless to stop anti-Chinese violence.<ref name="cnn20mar2008">{{cite news |title= China admits Tibet riots spread |publisher=] |date=] |http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/20/tibet.unrest/index.html|accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> The Dalai Lama ], ] rejected a series of allegations from the Chinese government, saying he does not seek the separation of Tibet and has no desire to "sabotage" the ].<ref name="cnn28mar2008">{{cite news |title= Dalai Lama pleads for peaceful dialogue on Tibet |publisher=] |date=] |http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/28/china.tibet/index.html|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> | |||
| Critics of the news and entertainment media coverage of the controversy charge that ] Tibet was not as benevolent as popularly portrayed. The ] before 1913 included forms of ] and ].<ref>Barnett, Robert, in: Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Buffetrille, Katia (eds). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China’s 100 Questions (2008) University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-520-24928-8 (paper)., pp. 81-83</ref> In response, the Dalai Lama agreed many of old Tibet's practices needed reform. His predecessor had banned extreme punishments and the death penalty.<ref>Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. Tibet: An account of the history, the religion and the people of Tibet (1968) Touchstone Books. New York. ISBN 0-671-20559-5 pg. 317.</ref> And he had instituted key reforms like removal of debt inheritance before the Chinese invaded in 1951.<ref name="jh"/> | |||
| On June 4, 2008, Dalai Lama said that ] in ], a territory that is called Southern Tibet in ] and still claimed by the ], is part of ], acknowledging the validity of the ] as per the 1914 ] signed by Tibetan and British representatives.<ref> {{cite news |title= Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=] | URL= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> | |||
| On October 25, 2008, the Dalai Lama announced he had given up negotiating for increased autonomy for Tibet within the People's Republic of China. He stated that from now on Tibetans themselves should decide how to continue a dialogue with the Chinese government. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dalai Lama 'gives up' on Tibetan autonomy |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/26/tibet-dalailama |work=The Observer |publisher=guardian |date=2008-10-26 |accessdate=2008-10-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dalai Lama Gives Up On China Talks |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/10/25/world/main4545629.shtml |publisher=CBS News |date=2008-10-25 |accessdate=2008-10-27 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Interfaith dialogue === | |||
| On January 6 2009, at ]’s ], the Dalai Lama inaugurated an ] "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference convened by Hindu preacher ]. This conference explored « ways and means to deal with the discord among major religions », according to ].<ref></ref>,<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Social stances=== | |||
| The Dalai Lama endorsed the founding of the Dalai Lama Foundation in order to promote peace and ethics worldwide. The Dalai Lama is not operationally involved with this foundation, though he suggests some overall direction and his office is routinely briefed on its activities.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Dalai Lama Foundation| work= Missions and Programs | url=http://www.dalailamafoundation.org/members/en/mission.jsp }}</ref> He has also stated his belief that modern scientific findings take precedence over ancient religions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Boston.com | work=The Buddha of suburbia | url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/09/14/the_buddha_of_suburbia/ }}</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ====Abortion==== | |||
| The Dalai Lama is generally opposed to ],<ref> by Gary Stivers, www.sunvalleyonline.com, ] ]</ref> although he has taken a nuanced position, as he explained to the ]: | |||
| {{cquote|Of course, abortion, from a Buddhist viewpoint, is an act of killing and is negative, generally speaking. But it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance.<ref>"The Dalai Lama: Tibet's leader-in-exile talks about the C.I.A., Saddam Hussein, Chinese terrorism, sex and his own violent impulses," by Claudia Dreifus. ''New York Times,'' ], ]. p. SM52 by </ref>}} | |||
| ====Economics==== | |||
| {{cquote|Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilization of the means of production. It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope Benedict XVI also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism(though dissaproving of it on the whole). | |||
| As for the failure of the Marxist regimes, first of all I do not consider the former USSR, or China, or even Vietnam, to have been true Marxist regimes, for they were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International; this is why there were conflicts, for example, between China and the USSR, or between China and Vietnam. If those three regimes had truly been based upon Marxist principles, those conflicts would never have occurred. | |||
| I think the major flaw of the Marxist regimes is that they have placed too much emphasis on the need to destroy the ruling class, on class struggle, and this causes them to encourage hatred and to neglect compassion. Although their initial aim might have been to serve the cause of the majority, when they try to implement it all their energy is deflected into destructive activities. Once the revolution is over and the ruling class is destroyed, there is not much left to offer the people; at this point the entire country is impoverished and unfortunately it is almost as if the initial aim were to become poor. I think that this is due to the lack of human solidarity and compassion. The principal disadvantage of such a regime is the insistence placed on hatred to the detriment of compassion. | |||
| The failure of the regime in the former Soviet Union was, for me, not the failure of Marxism but the failure of totalitarianism. For this reason I still think of myself as half-Marxist, half-Buddhist.<ref></ref>}} | |||
| ====Environment==== | |||
| He has also expressed his concern for environmental problems: | |||
| {{cquote|On the global level, I think the ecology problem is very serious. I hear about some states taking it very seriously. That's wonderful! So this blue planet is our only home, if something goes wrong at the present generation, then the future generations really face a lot of problems, and those problems will be beyond human control; so that's very serious. Ecology should be part of our daily life.|The Dalai Lama|], ], ]<ref></ref>}} | |||
| In recent years, he has been campaigning for ], including a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.<ref>{{citenews|title=Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade |date=] ]|publisher= ENS|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-08-01.asp}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|title=Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight |author= Justin Huggler|publisher=New Zealand Herald|date=] ]|url=http://www.tew.org/archived/wildlife.skins.issue.html}}</ref> | |||
| ====Firearms==== | |||
| In 2001, he discussed firearms and self-defense: | |||
| {{cquote|One girl wanted to know how to react to a shooter who takes aim at a classmate. | |||
| The Dalai Lama said acts of violence should be remembered, and then forgiveness should be extended to the perpetrators. But if someone has a gun and is trying to kill you, he said, it would be reasonable to shoot back with your own gun. Not at the head, where a fatal wound might result. But at some other body part, such as a leg. | |||
| |Seattle Times| ] ], ]<ref></ref>}} | |||
| ====Sexuality==== | |||
| In his view, oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not acceptable in Buddhism or for Buddhists, but society otherwise should tolerate gays and lesbians.<ref> at ]</ref> He explains in his book ''Beyond Dogma'': "homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact". In 1997 he explained that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him and that he at least had some "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".<ref>Dalai Lama Urges 'Respect, Compassion, and Full Human Rights for All', including Gays. Conkin, Dennis. ''Bay Area Reporter'', June 19th, 1997</ref> In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama explained "If someone comes to me and asks whether ] is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?'. If you both agree, then I think I would say 'if two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay'".<ref>OUT Magazine February/March 1994</ref> He has said that sex spelled fleeting satisfaction and trouble later, while chastity offered a better life and "more independence, more freedom." <ref></ref> He says that problems arising from conjugal life could even lead to suicide or murder. <ref name=Teleg></ref> | |||
| ====Buddhist vegetarianism==== | |||
| {{seealso|Buddhist vegetarianism}} | |||
| In Tibet, meat being the most common food, most monks have historically been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. After leaving Tibet the Dalai Lama has become a vegetarian and promotes vegetarianism. | |||
| ==Controversies== | |||
| {{csection}} | |||
| British journalist ] criticised the Dalai Lama in 1998, questioned his alleged support for ]'s ] testing, his statements about sexual misconduct, his suppression of ] worship, as well as his meeting ], whose cult ] ] ] nerve gas in the ] subway system.<ref> ] article by ] </ref><ref>{{cite web | title= World Tibet Network News | work=His Holiness the Dalai Lama's view on India's Nuclear Tests | url= http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/1998/5/20_1.html}}</ref> Hitchens proclaims that he "makes absurd pronouncements about sex and diet and, when on his trips to Hollywood fund-raisers, anoints major donors like Steven Segal and Richard Gere as holy."<ref>], p. 200</ref> | |||
| Despite protest from China, ] ] ] met with the Dalai Lama in the ] ] on ] ]. The meeting was characterized as "''private and informal talks''" in order to avert potential retaliation by China such as the severance of ] ties. In response to the meeting, China cancelled meetings with German ] including Justice Minister ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://euronews.net/index.php?page=info&article=444371&lng=1 |publisher=Euronews.net |title=Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama}}</ref> | |||
| Several ]s or "reincarnate ]s" have criticized Tenzin Gyatso.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} Two months after the ] and before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, news carried by ], the Chinese official government news agency, said that the twelfth Samding ] (considered to be Tibet's "only female living Buddha,") who is also the vice-chairwoman of the standing committee of the Tibetan Autonomous Regional People's Congress, was quoted saying that "The sins of the Dalai Lama and his followers seriously violate the basic teachings and precepts of Buddhism and seriously damage traditional Tibetan Buddhism's normal order and good reputation." She told Xinhua that "Old Tibet was dark and cruel, the serfs lived worse than horses and cattle."<ref>Xinhua, (carried by Reuters ], ]). Retrieved on: ], ].</ref> | |||
| The Dalai Lama's talks in the UK, May, 2008, were attended by Chinese protestors who oppose Tibetan independence.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Dorje Shugden=== | |||
| {{main|Dorje Shugden controversy}} | |||
| During a teaching tour of the UK in May, 2008, there were demonstrations by the ]<ref name="ssprotests"></ref><ref name="chipos"></ref> and Chinese students. The Western Shugden Society say they are protesting the ban of a prayer to ],<ref name="ssprotests"/> which they argue constitutes religious persecution.<ref name="chipos"/> Similar protests occurred in ] when the Dalai Lama arrived in Australia in June 2008.<ref> {{cite news | title = Dalai Lama arrives to welcomes and taunts | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/dalai-lama-arrives-to-welcomes-and-taunts-20080611-2p30.html?page=2 | work = ] | publisher = ] | date = 2008-06-11 | accessdate = 2008-06-11 }} </ref> The Dalai Lama says he had not banned the practice,<ref name="ssprotests"/> but strongly discourages it as he feels it promotes the spirit as being more important than Buddha, and that it may encourage cult-like practices and sectarianism within ].<ref></ref> The Shugden worshipers in India say they are denied admission to hospitals, stores, and other social services provided by the local Tibetan community.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Recognition of the 17th Karmapa=== | |||
| {{main|Karmapa controversy}} | |||
| {{unbalanced}} | |||
| Another controversy associated with the Dalai Lama is the ]. To briefly sum up this controversy, two sides of the ] school of Tibetan Buddhism have chosen two different Karmapas, leading to a deep division within the Kagyu school. The Dalai Lama has given his support to ], while supporters of ] claim that the Dalai Lama has no authority in the matter, nor is there a historical precedent for a Dalai Lama involving himself in an internal Kagyu dispute.<ref>International Karma Kagyu Buddhist Organization, "", 17 Mar 2001.</ref> In his 2001 address at the International Karma Kagyu Conference, ] - one of the four Karma Kagyu regents - accused the Dalai Lama of adopting a "divide and conquer" policy to eliminate any potential political rivalry arising from within the Kagyu school.<ref>Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche, "", 2001.</ref> For his side, the Dalai Lama accepted the prediction letter presented by ] (another Karma Kagyu regent) as authentic, and therefore Tai Situ Rinpoche's recognition of Urgyen Trinley Dorje, also as correct.<ref>Vijay Kranti, "The Dalai Lama and Chinese Desperation", Border Affairs, 2001.</ref> Tibet observer Julian Gearing suggests that there might be political motives to the Dalai Lama's decision: "''The Dalai Lama gave his blessing to the recognition of Trinley, eager to win over the formerly troublesome sect , and with the hope that the new Karmapa could play a role in a political solution of the 'Tibet Question.' ...If the allegations are to be believed, a simple nomad boy was turned into a political and religious pawn''."<ref>Julian Gearing, "", Asiaweek, 20 Feb 2001.</ref> However, according to Tsurphu Labrang, articles by Julian Gearing on this subject are biased, unverified and without crosschecking of basic facts.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===CIA backing=== | |||
| In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. Government through the ] (CIA), and also trained a resistance movement in ] (USA).<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998"/> When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 whether the organization did a good or bad thing in providing its support, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Western supporters== | |||
| {{Wikinews|Dalai Lama's representative talks about China, Tibet, Shugden and the next Dalai Lama}} | |||
| The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western sympathy for Tibetan self-determination, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors ] and ], as well as lawmakers from several major countries.<ref> with '']'', ] ]</ref> | |||
| In 2005<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2005/time100/heroes/100lama.html | title = The 2005 TIME 100: The Dalai Lama | accessdate = 2007-02-11 | last = Gere | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Gere |date=] ] | publisher = ]}}</ref> and 2008<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733757,00.html | title = The 2008 TIME 100: The Dalai Lama | accessdate = 2008-05-02 | last = Deepak | first = Cheepra |year= 2008 | publisher = ]}}</ref> | |||
| ] placed the Dalai Lama on its list of the world's 100 most influential people. | |||
| ] in 2007. ''From left'': Speaker ], Senate President pro tempore ] and former U.S. President ]]] | |||
| On ] ], the ] voted unanimously to make The Dalai Lama an ].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/capital_van_isl/story.html?id=be4ea1e5-902a-495a-8672-3751f4387c01 | title = Dalai Lama becomes honorary citizen | accessdate = 2007-02-11 |date=] ] | publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/about/releases/3349.htm | title = Dalai Lama joins Wallenberg as Honorary citizen of Canada | accessdate = 2007-02-11 | last = Grudnikov | first = Karina | publisher = International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation}}</ref> This marks the third of four times in history that the ] has bestowed this honour, the others being ] posthumously in 1985, ] in 2001 and ] in 2007. | |||
| In September 2006, the ] voted to award the Dalai Lama the ],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1992398.cms | title = Highest US civilian honour for Dalai Lama | accessdate = 2007-02-11 |date=] ] | publisher = ]}}</ref> the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. The actual ceremony and awarding of the medal took place on ] ]. The Chinese Government has reacted angrily to the award, which it merely refers to as "the extremely wrong arrangements". Chinese Foreign Minister ] said: "It seriously violates the norm of international relations and seriously wounded the feelings of the Chinese people and interfered with China's internal affairs".<ref>], , ], ] ]</ref> | |||
| In June 2007, during an Australian tour, the Dalai Lama made public appearances in Perth, Bendigo, Melbourne, Geelong, Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane. | |||
| On December 6, 2008, ], President of France and current Chairman of the European Union met the Dalai Lama in Poland and appeased the situation after China postponed a China-EU summit.<ref> </ref> | |||
| ==Health== | |||
| ] | |||
| After suffering abdominal pain in the October 2008, the Dalai Lama was hospitalized in New Delhi. He had routine surgery on October 10 to remove a ].<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| Four marks on the Dalai Lama's right arm are the consequence of a childhood ] ] and do not have any special significance.<ref>{{Cite book | author= |authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Freedom in exile: the autobiography of the Dalai Lama | year=1990| publisher=HarperCollins | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-06-039116-2 | pages=}}</ref> His right arm is uncovered in accordance with Buddhist tradition. | |||
| ==Possibility of retirement== | |||
| In May 2007, ], a senior spokesman for the Tibetan spiritual leader's office, stated that the Dalai Lama wants to reduce his political burden as he moves into "retirement".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://uk.news.yahoo.com/afp/20070513/ten-india-china-tibet-religion-9700fcb.html| title = Dalai Lama: political retirement| accessdate = 2007-05-13 | publisher = Google (yahoo)}}</ref> However, in 2008 the Dalai Lama himself ruled out such a move, saying "There is no point, or question of retirement."<ref>, ], 23 Nov 2008</ref> | |||
| Rigzing stated "The political leadership will be transferred over a period of time but he will inevitably continue to be the spiritual leader because as the Dalai Lama, the issue of relinquishing the post does not arise". | |||
| The Dalai Lama announced he would like the elected ] to have more responsibility over administration. | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| On ] ], ] issued new rules controlling the selection of the next ], declaring that any ] must bear the seal of approval by China's cabinet. These regulations could potentially result in one Dalai Lama approved by the Chinese government, and another chosen outside of Tibet.<ref></ref> This would be similar to the present situation with the ]s and ]s. In November 2007, ] said the new rules mean nothing. "It will have no effect" said Wangdi. "You can't impose a ]. You can't impose an ], an ], ], any religion... you can't politically impose these things on people. It has to be a decision of the followers of that tradition. The Chinese can use their political power: force. Again, it's meaningless".<ref>], David Shankbone, '']'', ], ].</ref> | |||
| During the ], the Dalai Lama called for calm<ref></ref> and concurrently condemned Chinese violence.<ref></ref> His call was met with Tibetan frustration at his methodology<ref></ref> and goals<ref></ref><ref></ref> and Chinese allegations that he himself incited the violence<ref></ref> in order to ruin the ].<ref></ref> In response to the continued violence perpetrated by Chinese as well as Tibetans,<ref></ref> on ], ], the Dalai Lama threatened to step down,<ref></ref> a move unprecedented<ref></ref> in the history of the office of the Dalai Lama.<ref></ref> Aides later clarified that this threat was predicated on a further escalation of violence, and that he did not presently have the intention of leaving his political or spiritual offices.<ref></ref> Many Tibetan exiles expressed their support for the Dalai Lama, and the People's Republic of China intensified their campaign of attacks against him.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jill |last=Drew |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A Day After Offer to Meet, China Assails Dalai Lama |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042601655.html |work= |publisher=] |date=], ] |accessdate=2008-04-27 }}</ref> | |||
| In the ensuing months, he held meetings aimed at discussing the future institution of the Dalai Lama, including: | |||
| <blockquote> conclave, like in the Catholic Church, a woman as my successor, no Dalai Lama anymore, or perhaps even two, since the Communist Party has, astonishingly enough, given itself the right to be responsible for reincarnations.<ref>{{cite news |title='I Pray for China's Leadership' SPIEGEL Interviews the Dalai Lama |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,druck-552775,00.html |work= |publisher=] |date= 2008-05-12 |accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| He has clarified that his goal is to relinquish all temporal power and to no longer play a "pronounced spiritual role" and have a simpler monastic life. | |||
| == Quotation == | |||
| {{cquote|''World peace must develop from inner peace. Peace is not the absence of violence. Peace is the manifestation of human compassion.''}} | |||
| —The Dalai Lama.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * ''The Leader's Way', coauthored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, ISBN 978-1-85788-511-8 | |||
| * '']'', coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 0-9656682-9-0 | |||
| * ''The Art of Happiness at Work'', coauthored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D. ISBN 1-59448-054-0 | |||
| * ''Mind in Comfort and Ease'', Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-493-8 | |||
| * '']'', translated by ], foreword by ], Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-097-5 | |||
| * ''The Compassionate Life'',Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-378-8 | |||
| * ''Ethics for the New Millennium'', Riverhead Books, 1999, ISBN 1-57322-883-4 | |||
| * ''A Simple Path'', ISBN 0-00-713887-3 | |||
| * ''Essence of the Heart Sutra'', edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-284-6 | |||
| * ''The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect'', Translated by ], Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-173-4 | |||
| * ''How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life'', Transl. and ed. by Jeffrey Hopkins, ISBN 0-7434-5336-0 | |||
| * ''Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation'', Edited by [Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-151-3 | |||
| * ''A Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus'', Translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-138-6 | |||
| * ''Opening the Eye of New Awareness'', Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-155-6 | |||
| * '']'', London: Little, Brown and Co, 1990 ISBN 0-349-10462-X | |||
| * ''Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be'', Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-150-5 | |||
| * ''An Open Heart'', edited by Nicholas Vreeland. ISBN 0-316-98979-7 | |||
| * ''The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamud'', coauthored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, ISBN 1-55939-072-7 | |||
| * ''Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-182-3 | |||
| * ''The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys'', coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, ISBN 1-57322-277-1 | |||
| * ''Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion'', photographs by ] with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso. ISBN 0-8478-1957-4 | |||
| * ''The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life'', Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, ISBN 0-940985-36-5 | |||
| * ''Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the new millennium'', Abacus Press, 2000, ISBN 0-349-11443-9 | |||
| * ''My Tibet'', coauthoured with Galen Rowell, ISBN 0-520-08948-0 | |||
| * ''Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying'', edited by ], Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-123-8 | |||
| * ''The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality'', Morgan Road Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7679-2066-X | |||
| * ''How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D., Atria Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7432-6968-3 | |||
| * ''Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)'', coauthored with ], Ph.D., Patmos Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-4916-9078-1 | |||
| * ''How to See Yourself As You Really Are'', Translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D. ISBN 0-7432-9045-3 | |||
| * ''MindScience: An East-West Dialogue'', with contributions by ], ], ], and ], Wisdom Publications, ISBN 0-86171-066-5 | |||
| * ''The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama'', edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by ], George Greenstein, Piet Hut, ], ], ] and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-195-15994-2 | |||
| * '']'', coauthored with Jean-Claude Carriere ISBN 0717128032 | |||
| * ''Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, ISBN 1559392193 | |||
| * ''Orphans of the Cold War'', America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival, John Kenneth Knaus, Public Affairs, New York. ISBN 1-891620-18-5 1999 | |||
| *''Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today'' (With Jean-Claude Carriere)'', Doubleday, 2001. ISBN 978-0385-50144-6 | |||
| ==Awards and honors== | |||
| {{Wikinews|China 'furious' at U.S. over Dalai Lama award}} | |||
| The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career.<ref></ref> On ] ], he became one of only four people ever to be recognized with ] by the ]. On ] ], he received the ] Award from the ] in the United Kingdom. Most notable was the ], presented in Oslo on ] ] (''see below''). | |||
| '''Other notable awards and honors include:''' | |||
| *German Media Prize ] on 10 February 2009. | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ] in ] on 10 February 2009, | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ] on 10 February 2009, | |||
| *Honorary Doctoral Degree from ] on ] ]<ref></ref>, | |||
| *Honorary Degree from ] on ] ] | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ],<ref></ref> voted ] ], | |||
| *Honorary Doctoral Degree of ] from London's ] on ] ].<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ],<ref></ref> voted ], ], the same day as ].<ref></ref> | |||
| *Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letter from the ] in April 2008 | |||
| *Inaugural ] ] on ] ]<ref name=ia1>{{cite news|title=The Dalai Lama wins Hofstra University's first Guru Nanak Interfaith prize|publisher='']''|date=2008-04-11|last=Pais|first=Arthur J.|url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1466845591&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=20886&RQT=309&VName=PQD |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref> | |||
| *] in chemistry and pharmacy from ] on ] ] | |||
| ] | |||
| *Honorary Doctorate from ] on ] ] | |||
| *Presidential ]ship from ] in February 2007 | |||
| *Honorary Doctorate in ] conferred by the ] in September 2006 | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ] in 2006 | |||
| *Honorary citizenship of ], during the anniversary of the Nobel Prize on ] ] in Mc Leod Ganj. | |||
| *] ] on ] ]<ref></ref> | |||
| *Key to ] from Mayor ] on ] ] | |||
| *Honorary ] from the ] on April, 19, 2004. | |||
| *Honorary Fellowship of ] ] ] | |||
| *] on ] ] | |||
| *] Award on ] ] | |||
| *] from ] on ] ]<ref></ref> | |||
| *] from ] on ] ] | |||
| *] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] from ], on ] ] | |||
| *] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *Le ] from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] (or ] Congressional Human Rights Award) from the ] on ] ] | |||
| *] to ] from Mayor ] in September 1979 | |||
| *Key to ] from Mayor ] on ] ] | |||
| ===Nobel Peace Prize=== | |||
| On ] ] the Dalai Lama was awarded the ].<ref></ref> The committee recognized his efforts in "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution instead of using violence."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize|work=Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)|url=http://www.nobelpreis.org/english/frieden/dalai-lama.html}}</ref> The chairman of the Nobel committee said that the award was "in part a tribute to the memory of ]." | |||
| In his acceptance speech the Dalai Lama criticized China for using force against student protesters during the ]. He said their efforts were not in vain. His speech focused on the importance of the continued use of non-violence and his desire to maintain a dialogue with China to try and resolve the situation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Government of Tibet in Exile|work=His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Nobel Prize acceptance speech University Aula, Oslo, ] ] |url=http://www.tibet.com/DL/nobelaccept.html}}</ref> | |||
| ==Filmography== | |||
| Examples of films recently made about Tenzin Gyatso: | |||
| *'']'' (2008) – documentary | |||
| *'']'' (2008) – documentary narrated by ] | |||
| *'']'' (2006) – documentary | |||
| *'']'' (2004) – documentary | |||
| *'']'' (1997), directed by ] | |||
| *'']'' (1997), directed by ] | |||
| *'']'' (1993) – documentary | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{commonscat|Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *], the Dalai Lama's Representative to the Americas. | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). ''The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation'', pp. 452-515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. ISBN 1-57416-092-3. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks|Tenzin Gyatso}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Original reports and pictures from The Times | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-79447}} | |||
| * | |||
| * '']'' interview, ] ] | |||
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| {{s-start}} | |||
| {{s-hou|]|]|1935}} | |||
| {{s-rel|bu}} | |||
| {{s-bef|before=]}} | |||
| {{s-ttl|title=]|years=since 1937}} | |||
| {{s-inc}} | |||
| {{s-off}} | |||
| {{succession box | before = ] | title = Chief of the ] | years = 1956 – 1959| after = ] }} | |||
| {{end}} | |||
| {{Dalai Lamas}} | |||
| {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976-2000}} | |||
| {{buddhism2}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME=Gyatso, Tenzin | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Dalai Lama (honorific); བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ (Tibetan); Rgya-mtsho, Bstan-'dzin (Wylie) | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Dalai Lama | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH=], ] | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH=], ], ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH=living | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH= | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gyatso, Tenzin}} | |||
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| {{Link FA|eo}} | |||
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Revision as of 05:40, 11 March 2009
TIBET IS A PART OF CHINA