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Jumin Shenfenzheng (Chinese: 居民身份证; Hanyu Pinyin: Jūmín Shēnfènzhèng), or the Chinese ID card, is the official form of personal identification in the People's Republic of China.

History

Prior to 1984, citizens within the People's Republic of China were not required to obtain or carry identification in public. On April 6, 1984, the State Council of the People's Republic of China passed the "Identity Card Bill", commencing the process of gradual introduction of personal identification, in the footsteps of many developed countries at the time. The first generation identification cards were single paged cards made of polyester film.

On September 6, 1985, the National People's Congress Standing Committee passed the "Identity Card Bill of the People's Republic of China", which regulated that all citizens over the age of 16 apply for identification cards. From that point onwards, the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China created a unified authority responsible for the issuing and management of the ID cards. From 2003, it is reported that a total of 1.14 billion ID cards have been created in China, for a total of 960,000,000 holders. However, as a result of technological development and certain techniques made available to the civilian population, the existing cards became relatively easier to counterfeit, opening the increasing threat of false identification.

On June 28, 2003, the National People's Congress passed the new "Resident Identity Card Law", which expanded the scope of documents issued, and allowed soldiers in the People's Liberation Army and members of the People's Armed Police to apply for special identity cards. The law also established the use of newer, second-generation cards, which are machine-readable and more difficult to forge.

Contents

The identity card consists basic information regarding the individual, such as the following:

• Full name
• Gender
• Date of birth
• Domicile
• Ethnicity
• Identification number
• Photo of the individual

Information stored in the identity database for biometric ID cards documents information such as work history, educational background, religion, ethnicity, police record, medical insurance status, landlord's phone number and personal reproductive history.

Identity card number

From October 1, 1999, the PRC State Council approved the establishment of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code.

• Address code refers to the resident's location, where administrative divisions (including cities, banners, and districts) have their own specific codes. (For example, the code for Xicheng District in Beijing is 110,102.)
• Date of Birth in the form YYYY-MM-DD.
• Order code is the code used to disambiguate people with the same date of birth and address code. Men are assigned to odd numbers, women assigned to even numbers.
• The Checksum is the final digit, which confirms the validity of the ID number from the first 17 digits, utilizing ISO 7064:1983, MOD 11-2. The checksum is obtained by:

1. Marking the Identity card number right-to-left ${\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\cdots ,a_{18}}$，${\displaystyle a_{1}}$ for the parity-check codes；
2. Weight coefficient calculation ${\displaystyle W_{i}=2^{i-1}\ {\bmod {\ }}{11}}$；

i	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
Wi	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1	6	3	7	9	10	5	8	4	2	1

1. Calculation of ${\displaystyle S=\sum _{i=2}^{18}a_{i}\cdot W_{i}}$
2. ${\displaystyle a_{1}=(12-(S\ {\bmod {1}}1)){\bmod {1}}1}$

Dim a, w, s ,id
 msgbox "This procedure for checking the identity card number and or-bit",vbokonly+vbinformation,"identity check procedures"
 id=inputbox("Enter the ID number 15 or 18 before the identity card numbers of 17 or","ID","11010519491231002")
 if vartype(id)<>0 then
'Test the legality of the importation of numbers 
  l=0
  do until l=1
   l=1
   p=""
   if len(id) <>17 then
     if len(id) <> 15 then
      l=0
      p="enter the median is not correct, please enter 15 or 17-digit."
     end if
   end if
   for i = 1 to len(id)
    a=mid(id,i,1)
    if asc(a)<asc("0") or asc(a)>asc("9") then
     l=0
     p=p  & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & "Please enter the number, do not include the characters“" & a & "”。"
     exit for
    end if
   next
   if l=0 then
    id=inputbox("illegal input" & vbCrLf  & vbCrLf & p,"input error",id)
   end if
  loop
'Will be number 15 or 17 places to number
  if len(id)=15 then
   id = left(id,6) & "19" & right(id, 9)
  end if
'Number 17 for the calculation of parity-check codes
  for i = 2 to 18
   a = mid(id,19-i,1)
   w=2^(i-1) mod 11
   s=a * w + s
  next 
  s =(12 - ( s mod 11) )mod 11
  if s=10 then s="X"
'After checking the number of output
  inputbox  "the identity card number of the parity-check codes for the“" & s & "”" & vbcrlf & vbcrlf & "by checking the ID card numbers are as follows:","Check completed", id & s
 end if

Usage of identification

Citizens within the People's Republic of China must carry identification in public at all times, compulsory from the age of 16. The identity card is the only acceptable legal document to obtain resident permit, employment, open bank accounts, obtain passport, driver licence, application for tertiary education and technical colleges, security checkpoints in domestic terminals of Chinese airports. Documentation is also required for marriages, household registrations and legal cases.

Recently, there have been more services that require the display of identification cards, such as at Internet cafes and certain stores.

Police are required to inspect identification documents where:

• Criminal suspects need to be identified;
• To inspect those related to personnel involved in an incident;
• In the occurrence of a serious security emergency, and there is a requirement to obtain the identity of the a person at the scene;
• If the law requires so during a case.

Anti-counterfeiting measures

First generation ID card

Polyester plastic film, which utilizes an anti-counterfeit laser logo.

Second generation ID card

Second-generation ID cards contain a non-contact IC chip card, a directional holographic "Great Wall" image, an anti-counterfeiting film made of green multi-layer polyester (PETG) composite material, optical variable optical storage containing the text "中国CHINA" situated on the card, and a microfilm string generating the letters "JMSFZ" (initials for the Pinyin of "Jumin Shenfenzheng"), and a "Great Wall" logo revealed by ultraviolet light.

See also

• Hong Kong Identity Card
• Identity document

References

1. 1984年4月6日 居民身份证制度施行
2. "改革开放30年专题第48期：居民身份证". 《新京报》. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
3. 中华人民共和国居民身份证条例(失效)【1985-09-06】
4. 关于《中华人民共和国公民身份证法(草案)》的说明 - news.sina.com
5. 中华人民共和国居民身份证法 - 百度百科
6. 中华人民共和国临时居民身份证管理办法 - 百度百科
7. 第二代居民身份证的防伪特征

External links

• PRC Identity Card law
• Identity law issues - XINHUA
• History of identification
• Concerns regarding second-generation cards
• Mobile phones, identity cards and individual positioning