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White Latin American
"Latinoamericano blanco"
"Latino-Americano Branco"

Elena Poniatowska Francisco MorazánShakira · Fidel Castro · Elena Poniatowska Jorge Bergoglio · Gisele Bündchen · Francisco Morazán
Total population
White People 190 million – 203 million 33% – 37% of Latin American population
Regions with significant populations
Brazil	93M or 105M
Argentina	39M
Mexico	9.6M or 17M
Colombia	8.8M
Cuba	7.3M
Venezuela	5.6M
Chile	5.1M or 8.8M
Peru	4.4M
Costa Rica	3–4M
Puerto Rico	3.2M
Uruguay	3.1M
Dominican Republic	1.5M
Bolivia	1.4M
Ecuador	1.4M
Paraguay	1.3M
Nicaragua	1M
All other areas	1.1M
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants); and other religions.

White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. They are the descendants of 15th–to–19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. The settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese, the post-independence immigrants were mostly Italian. Other large sources of immigrants were Spain, Portugal, Germany, Poland, France, Lebanon, and the British Isles. Smaller numbers came from various other European and Middle Eastern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in South America alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the United States and Canada. The largest group in the region, white Latin Americans number approximately 190 million, or about one-third of the total population.

History

More than one and a half million Portuguese and Spaniards settled in their American colonies during the colonial period. Small numbers of other Europeans also settled, usually as a reward for military service to Spain or Portugal.

For the region as a whole, the number of post-independence immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period. Argentina and Uruguay were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century Buenos Aires had a larger proportion of European-born population than did New York City. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time. In Brazil, the most populous country in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.

Admixture

Since the European colonization, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many White Latin Americans have Amerindian and/or sub-Saharan African and/or Asian ancestry. However, intermixing is not exclusive to the region, of course, and the white race is nowhere a "pure" race: pure races do not exist, and evidently never have. For example, a 2004 study of White Americans showed that up to 30% of them have between 2% and 20% Sub–Saharan African and/or Native American admixture, similar to the ratio of white Latin Americans.

Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry would legally and automatically regain their limpieza de sangre (lit. "purity of blood") and be classified as criollo with others in that category (a designation denoting "pure" Spaniards born in the Americas), if they were of one-eighth or less Amerindian ancestry. These would be the offspring of a castizo (1/4 Amerindian and 3/4 Spanish) with a Spaniard or a criollo (who may himself have been mixed).

In practice, many castizos did themselves also subversively purchase their Whiteness all over Latin America, for a steep price, with relevant "probanzas de limpieza de sangre" records altered, consolidating themselves within the lawfully white population. Additionally, at least in the parts of Latin America under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish territory north of South America, i.e. Central America (except Panama), Mexico, the Caribbean, Florida, and the present Southwestern United States; it later included the Louisiana region, to the Canadian border) officials in the late 16th century did actually decide "to grant limpieza certification to those who had no more than a fourth of native ancestry (called castizos)."

Populations

The largest White population in Latin America is found in Brazil, with 93.1 million whites out of 190 million total Brazilians, a ratio of 49.7%. Argentina, with a population of 39 million has the second largest White population in Latin America. Mexico, having the third largest White population, has 9.6 million or 17 million.

Depending on definition of "Latin America", the smallest White population in Latin America is either in Honduras, with only 1% White, approximately 75,000 people, or in Haiti. Costa Rica and Guatemala have censuses which identify both Whites and Mestizos (people of mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) in one category, so the exact percentage of Whites in those countries is undetermined or unknown.

Country	% local	Population (millions)
Brazil	49.7 or 53.7	93 or 105
Argentina	97	39
Mexico	9 or ~16	9.6 or 17
Colombia	20	8.9
Cuba	65.1	7.3
Venezuela	20	5.6
Chile	30 or 52.7	5.1 or 8.8
Peru	15	4.3
Costa Rica	>80	3–4
Puerto Rico	80.5	3.1
Uruguay	88	3
Dominican Republic	16	1.5
Bolivia	15	1.4
Ecuador	10.4	1.4
Paraguay	20	1.3
Nicaragua	17	1

Central America

Costa Rica

 Costa Rica

The exact percentage of the white Costa Rican population is not known because the Costa Rican census does not report separate numbers for whites. In its 2000 Census results, Indigenous, Black, and Chinese Costa Ricans combined for 3.8% of the population, while 93.7% were "other"; the remaining 2.6% gave no answer (numbers are rounded to tenths). The CIA states that whites and mestizos are 94%. According to another source, the white population is 77%, and another suggests it is 80%. The white population is primarily of Spanish ancestry. There are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans of Italian, Lebanese, German, Jewish and Polish descent.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

El Salvador

 El Salvador

Of the total Salvadoran population, 9% is white. They're mostly of Spanish descent, others of Italian, German, French, and Palestinian ancestry. The majority of the white Salvadorans are in San Salvador, Chalatenango, Northern San Miguel, Northern La Union, and Santa Ana.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Guatemala

 Guatemala

The exact percentage of the white Guatemalan population is not known because the Guatemalan census combines mestizos and whites in one category, where they make up a combined total of 59.4%. Whites are mostly of Spanish descent, but there are also those of German, English, Italian, Scandinavian, and American descent.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Honduras

 Honduras

Honduras contains perhaps the smallest percentage of whites in Latin America, with only 1% classified as white, or up to 75,000 of the total population. (If included, it might be Haiti, instead.) Of these, the majority are people of Spanish descent.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Nicaragua

 Nicaragua

White Nicaraguans make up 17%, just over 1 million, of the Nicaraguan population. The majority of White Nicaraguans are of Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese and French ancestry. In the 1800s Nicaragua experienced several waves of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, mostly to the departments in the Central and Pacific region. As a result, the Northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant fourth generation Germans. They established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks. The Jews of Nicaragua are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe.

Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Palestinian Nicaraguans, and Lebanese Nicaraguans with a total population of about 30,000.

Panama

 Panama

White Panamanians form 10% of the current population, up to 250,000, with the Spanish being the majority. Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Greek, Italian, Lebanese, Portuguese and Russian.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

North America

Mexico

 Mexico

White Mexicans are estimated at 9% or 16% of Mexico's population, or around 9.6 million or 17 million people. The majority of them are of Spanish descent. However, many other, non-Iberian immigrants (mostly French) also arrived during the Second Mexican Empire. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants from Italy, Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Lebanon, and Israel also made Mexico their home. In the 20th century, White Americans, Canadians, Greeks, Romanians, Portuguese, Armenians, Poles, Russians, Ashkenazi Jews, and immigrants from other Eastern European countries, along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War also settled in Mexico.

Mexicans of unmixed European descent are found in all regions of the country, but are most common in the western, central, and northern states, especially in Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Sonora, Chihuahua, and Zacatecas.

Northern Mexico's population is predominantly white, due to very little mixing — both because of the scarcity of indigenous peoples there, a majority of whom remain isolated from the rest of the population, and the size of the region. The white population of central Mexico is ethnically more diverse, as there are large numbers of non-Iberian European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups (mostly Italians, French and Lebanese). Non-Iberian surnames, most notably French, are also more common in central Mexico, especially in Mexico City and the state of Jalisco.

Quebec

Quebec

The official language of Quebec is French. Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly Francophone, with a 79% (5,877,660) Francophone majority, according to the 2006 Census. The white people of European descent accounted for 91.2% of Quebec's population. 8.8% of Quebec's population is made up of visible minorities. The definition of visible minority is taken from Canada's Employment Equity Act, which refers to "persons, other than Aboriginal persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." Among those self-identifying as members of visible minorities are people of South Asian, Arab, Latin American, Chinese, and other origins.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (December 2008)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

French is the official language of the Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The descendants of the first settlers – mainly Basques, Normans, and Bretons – make up much of the present population.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (December 2008)

Caribbean

Cuba

 Cuba

White Cubans make up about 65% of Cuba's total population, with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent, mainly from the settlers but also from the more recent influx of exiles from Franco's Spain. Many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian, and Russian descent. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Castilians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from various Middle Eastern nations, such as Lebanon, and there are about 1,500 Jews, some of them Sephardic. Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist regime took power.

Dominican Republic

 Dominican Republic

White Dominicans represent 16% of the total population, with the vast majority being of Spanish descent. Notable other ancestries includes French, Italian, Lebanese, German, and Portuguese. The government of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo made a point of "whitening" the racial composition of the country, rejecting black immigrants from Haiti and the local blacks as foreigners. He also welcomed Jewish refugees in 1938 and Spanish farmers in the 1950s.

Guadeloupe

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Haiti

 Haiti

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Haiti

Most of the white Haitians are descendants of French settlers, although most French left following the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, which resulted in Saint-Domingue's independence as the Republic of Haiti. The white community had numbered 32,000 in 1789. There are also white Haitians that are descendants of Danes, Germans, Italians, Lebanese, Poles, Portuguese, Russians, and Syrians. The country has also small numbers of Haitians of Spanish descent, who are the descendants of the first settlers on the whole of Hispaniola before French rule came to Haiti.

Martinique

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Martinique

White people in Martinique represent 5% of the population, as Martinique is an overseas French department, most whites are French.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (July 2008)

Puerto Rico

 Puerto Rico

White Puerto Ricans of European, mostly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. In the year 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of people identified as White. For the first time in fifty years, the 2000, United States Census asked people to define their race. One hundred years later, the total has risen to 80.5% (3,064,862), one percent more than reported in 1950.

From the beginning of the twentieth century American observers remarked on the "surprising preponderance of the white race" on the island. One travel writer called Puerto Rico "the whitest of the Antilles". In a widely distributed piece, a geologist, wrote that the island was "notable among the West Indian group for the reason that its preponderant popula­tion is of the white race." In a more academic book he reiterated that "Porto Rico, at least, has not become Africanized.

During the 19th century, hundreds of Corsican, French, Lebanese, and Portuguese families, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America, arrived in Puerto Rico. Other settlers have included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians, and thousands others who were granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land. After the United States took possession of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War, an influx of Jews and White Americans began settling in Puerto Rico, continuing to the present day. Spanish refugees arrived in Puerto Rico during Francisco Franco’s rule in Spain.

Saint Barthélemy

Template:SBH

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Saint Barthélemy

Most of the population are French-speaking descendants of the first settlers from Normandy and Brittany.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (September 2008)

South America

Argentina

 Argentina

White Argentines make up 97% of Argentina's population, or around 39 million people. Whites are found in all areas of the country. White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe in the late 19th century. Most of these immigrants came from Italy, and secondly from Spain. Other whites are Germans, Dutch, French, Irish, English, Welsh, Scandinavians (mostly Swedes), Jews, Poles and other East Europeans, and Arabs.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Bolivia

 Bolivia

White Bolivians make up 15% of the nation's population, or up to 1.4 million. The white population consists mostly of criollos, which consist of families of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry from the Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War. These have formed much of the aristocracy since independence. Other smaller groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline Lloyd Aereo Boliviano, as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Lebanese, Croats, Russians, Polish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Brazil

 Brazil

According to the 2005 census, White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or 93.1 million people. Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.

By 1822, an estimated 500,000–700,000 Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them male colonial settlers from Portugal. Rich immigrants, who established the first sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco and Bahia, and, on the other hand, banished New Christians and Gypsies fleeing from religious persecution were among the early settlers. In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthier immigrants, as well as poor peasants attracted by the Brazil Gold Rush that was going on in Minas Gerais.

After independence Brazil started to attract larger numbers of European immigrants. It happened particularly after 1850, as a result of the end of the Atlantic slave trade and the expansion of coffee plantations in the region of São Paulo. The immigration boom occurred between the mid–19th and mid–20th centuries, when nearly five million Europeans immigrated to Brazil, most of them Italians, Portuguese, Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, and Ashkenazi Jews. From 1877 to 1903, 1,927,992 immigrants entered Brazil, which was an annual average of 71,000. The peak occurred in 1891, when 215,239 Europeans arrived. The period was characterized by an intense immigration of Italians (58.49%) and a decrease on the participation of the Portuguese (20%).

After World War I, the Portuguese were once again the main group of immigrants, and Italians dropped to the third place. Spanish immigrants rose to second place, as a result of the poverty that affected millions of rural Spanish workers. Germans came in fourth, mainly during the Weimar Republic, due to the poverty and unemployment brought by World War I. From 1914 to 1918, the entry of immigrants of "other nationalities" increased. This category was composed of immigrants from Poland, Russia and Romania, who immigrated probably for political reasons, as well Jewish immigrants, who arrived in the 1920s. The other important group was composed of Syrian and Lebanese peoples. After World War II, the European immigration reduced greatly, although from 1931 to 1963 1.1 million immigrants entered Brazil, mostly Portuguese.

Chile

 Chile

The Chilean population is approximately 30% white, with mestizos of predominantly white ancestry further estimated at 65%. Another study estimates that the white population corresponds to 52.7% of Chileans. The White and Mestizo figures appear combined in some sources, so that Chile's population is classified as 95.4% white and mestizo by the CIA. Whites are mostly Spanish in origin, mainly Castilians, and Basques. The more notable other groups are Italians, Irish, French, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Palestinians, the latter being the largest community of that people outside of the Arab world.

The largest white ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and Basque regions in the south of France. Chileans of Basque descent are estimated at 10% (1,600,000) or as high as 27% (4,500,000) of the Chilean population.

Non-Spanish European immigrants to Chile arrived during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. In 1848 an important German immigration took place, laying the foundations of the present German Chilean community. It was sponsored by the Chilean government with the aim of populating and controlling the southern region. These Germans (which included German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians, and Austrians), markedly influenced the cultural composition of the south of Chile; they also settled in the northern extremity of the country. British (both English and Scottish) and Irish descendants number between 350,000 and 420,000. Other groups found in the Chilean population are Dutch, Scandinavians, and Portuguese. Greeks are estimated to number from 90,000 to 120,000 and reside either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, mostly. Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world. The descendants of Swiss add 90,000 to the Chilean population, and the French 500,000. Italians number 600,000. Croats and others from the former Yugoslavia were the most numerous other groups. Chile has an estimated 380,000 descendants of Croats.

Colombia

 Colombia

The white Colombian population is approximately 20%, or up to 8.9 million. White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards, but some are also of Italians, Germans, British, French, Belgians, Polish, Portuguese, and Lebanese.

The Colombian Paisa Region received a strong immigration wave from Spain (Basques, and others from Extremadura and Andalusia) during 16th and 17th centuries.

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Ecuador

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 Ecuador

White Ecuadorians, mostly criollos, descendants of Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936—1939 Spanish Civil War, account for 7%, or approximately 960,000, of the Ecuadorian population. Most still hold large amounts of lands, mainly in the northern Sierra, and live in Quito or Guayaquil. There is also a large number of white people in Cuenca, a city in the southern Andes of Ecuador, due to the arrival of Frenchmen in the area, in order to measure the arc of the Earth. Cuenca, Loja, and the Galápagos attracted German immigration during the early 20th century, and the Galápagos also had a small Norwegian fishing community until they were asked to leave.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

French Guiana

French Guiana

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include French Guiana

12% of the population, mostly French.

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Paraguay

 Paraguay

Ethnically, culturally, and socially, Paraguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America. The exact percentage of the white Paraguayan population is not known because the Paraguayan census does not include racial or ethnic identification, save for the indigenous population, which reached 1.7% of the country's total in the last census in 2002. Other sources estimate the other groups. The mestizo population is estimated at 95% by the CIA World Factbook, and all other groups at 5%. Thus, Whites and the remaining groups (Asians, Afro-Paraguayans, others, if any) combine for approximately 3.3% of the total population. The majority of whites are of Spanish descent with others being of Italian, German, or of other European descent.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Peru

 Peru

White Peruvians represent 15% of the population, or 4.3 million people. They are descendants primarily of Spanish colonists, and also of Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War, while many others descend from Italian, French (mainly Basques), Austrian or German, Portuguese, British, Russians, Croatians, Lebanese and Syrian immigrant families. The majority of the whites live in the largest cities, concentrated usually in the northern coastal cities of Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and of course the capital Lima. The only southern city with a significant population is Arequipa. To the north Cajamarca and San Martín Region are also places with a strong Spanish influence and ethnic presence.

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (June 2008)

Uruguay

 Uruguay

White Uruguayans represent approximately 93% of the population and are of prevalently European descent, mainly Spaniards (both colonial settlers and refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War), followed closely by Italians, then British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Lebanese, Armenians, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.

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Venezuela

 Venezuela

Venezuela has no official race percentages; however, unofficial estimates put the white Venezuelan percentage at 20. The majority of white Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, and other European descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a sequel of the Spanish Civil War), and from Italy and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed. Since 2000, however, the trend has been reversed due to the xenophobic discourse of the current political regime, the worsening economy, and the bleak outlook of the country becoming a vassal of communist Cuba, resulting in a heavy drain of younger generations returning to their ancestors' homelands, and even long-rooted middle and upper-class Venezuelans migrating to Europe and North America.

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See also

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Notes and references

1. Shaviv, Miriam (2007-02-15). "Arts in Brief". Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite web}}: Text "Jerusalem Post" ignored (help); Text "Music" ignored (help)
2. Coltman, Leycester (2003). The Real Fidel Castro. Yale University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0300107609. Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
3. "Nextext; Latin American Writers". Retrieved 2008-11-01.
4. Gray, Kevin (2005-04-13). "Boston.com / News / World / Latin America/Caribbean / Jorge Bergoglio". Retrieved 2008-11-01.
5. Albuquerque, Carlos. "Gisele Bündchen: "Brazil Should Become World Champion"". Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite web}}: Text "27.05.2006" ignored (help); Text "Culture & Lifestyle" ignored (help); Text "Deutsche Welle" ignored (help)
6. Peloso, Vincent C. (1996). Liberals, Politics, and Power. University of Georgia Press. p. 70. ISBN 0820318000. Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
7. ^ "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
8. ^ "Field Listing - Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
9. ^ "Mexico: Ethnic Groups". Encyclopædia Britannica.
10. ^ "TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO" (in Spanish). CubaGob.cu. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
11. ^ "Venezuela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-25. "...about one-fifth of Venezuelans are of European lineage".
12. ^ "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
13. ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF).
14. ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). pp. 13, 14.
15. Nacional de Estadística y Censo del Ecuador INEC.
16. The term "White Latin American" has been occasionally used for the commonalities of the different white groups in Latin America. For examples, see Repression: the recognition of human rights, page 15 excerpted from the book Cry of the People: The struggle for human rights in Latin America and the Catholic Church in conflict with US policy, by Penny Lernoux, Penguin Books, 1980, paper; or Globalization Dynamics in Latin America: South Cone and Iberian Investments, Mario Gómez Olivares, Department of Economy, ISEG/UTL, and Cezar Guedes, Departament of Economy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro.
17. "L'emigració dels europeus cap a Amèrica" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-26.
18. "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes". Retrieved 2007-11-26.
19. ^ "South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
20. "AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 1996. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
21. "Backintyme Essays » Blog Archive » Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States".
22. ^ Martínez, María Elena. "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico". History Cooperative. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
23. Frank W. Sweet (2000). Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise And Triumph of the One-drop Rule. Backintyme. pp. 215–235. ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
24. ^ "Argentina: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
25. "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
26. ^ "Colombia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
27. ^ "Peru: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
28. "Puerto Rico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
29. ^ "Uruguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
30. ^ "D.R.: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
31. ^ "Bolivia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
32. Nacional de Estadística y Censo del Ecuador INEC.
33. ^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
34. ^ "Costa Rica: Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2000" (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved 2008-03-21.
35. "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. white (including mestizo) 94% = 3.9 million whites and mestizos
36. "Costa Rica". Retrieved 2009-04-21.
37. "Where does it take place?". Retrieved 2007-12-08.
38. Waibel, Leo (1939-10-01). "White Settlement in Costa Rica". Geographical Review. 29 (4): 529–560. doi:10.2307/209828. Retrieved 2007-12-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
39. "El Salvador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
40. "Honduras; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
41. "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
42. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/4861
43. "Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX" (PDF).
44. ^ "Los Extranjeros en México, La inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?" (PDF).
45. "Refugiados españoles en México".
46. "The Hispanic Experience - Indigenous Identity in Mexico".
47. "Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories, and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
48. Canada’s Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Provinces and territories, Statistics Canada
49. "Canada's visible minorities top five million". Globe and Mail. 2008-04-02.
50. "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: National picture". Retrieved 2009-02-11.
51. "Saint-Pierre and Miquelon". Encyclopædia Britannica.
52. "Cuba; Ethnic Makeup". The Financial Times World Desk Reference. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
53. "Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba". (from Cuban Genealogy Center)
54. "In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life - New York Times". Retrieved 2008-11-19.
55. "Origen de la población dominicana".
56. "Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales". Universidad de Barcelona.
57. "Sitios patrimonio de la humanidad: San Pedro de Macorís, República Dominicana".
58. Sagás, Ernesto. "A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture". Retrieved 2007-12-08.
59. Levy, Lauren. "The Dominican Republic's Haven for Jewish Refugees". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
60. "...no hicieron Las Américas". El País. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
61. "Slavery and the Haitian Revolution".
62. Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
63. Angel Rivero Mendez in the Spanish-American war.
64. Boricua Pop: Ricky Martin
65. Puerto Rico's History on race
66. Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland
67. Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
68. "World Cup 2006: Priveleged Kaka could be Brazil's best | Football | The Guardian ". Retrieved 2008-11-29.
69. Brasil 500 anos colonial
70. The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages
71. Século XVIII
72. Fim da escravidão gera medidas de apoio a imigração no Brasil - 16/02/2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil
73. Café atrai imigrante europeu para o Brasil - 22/02/2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil
74. ^ Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil
75. ^ O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)
76. IBGE espanhóis
77. A assimilação dos imigrantes como questão nacional
78. 500,000 descendientes de palestinos en Chile.
79. immigrants Palestinians in Chile.
80. Diariovasco.
81. entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.
82. vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
83. Basques au Chili.
84. Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas.Universitat de València Cita: "Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
85. "Inmigración britanica en Chile". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
86. http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/
87. Griegos de Chile
88. 90,000 descendants Swiss and Chile.
89. Diaspora Croata.
90. hrvatski.
91. "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
92. French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
93. Paraguayan Census form
94. II CENSO NACIONAL INDÍGENA DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDAS 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales
95. "Paraguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.

• Ethnic groups in Central America
• Ethnic groups in Latin America
• Ethnic groups in North America
• Ethnic groups in South America