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{{otheruses4|a novel by George Orwell}}
{{Infobox Book | <!-- See ] or ] -->
| name = Animal Farm
| title_orig = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
| translator =
| image = ]
| image_caption = US first edition cover
| author = ]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = ]
| language = ]
| series =
| subject = <!-- Subject is not relevant for fiction -->
| genre = ]<!-- ] -->
| publisher = ]
| release_date = 17 August 1945
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print (] & ])
| pages = 112 pp (UK paperback edition)<!-- First edition page count preferred -->
| isbn = ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (present) ISBN 978-0-452-28424-1 <!-- First released before ISBN system implemented -->
| preceded_by = ]
| followed_by = ]
}}
'''''Animal Farm''''' is a ] novel by ]. Published in ] on 17 August ], the book reflects events leading up to and during the ] before ]. Orwell, a ]<ref>"]" (1936) (''The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 - An Age Like This 1945-1950'' p.23 (Penguin))</ref> and a member of the ] for many years, was a critic of ] and was suspicious of ]-directed ] after his experiences with the ] during the ]. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described ''Animal Farm'' as his novel "contre Stalin".<ref name="Dav" />

The original title was ''Animal Farm: A Fairy Story'', but ''A Fairy Story'' was dropped by the US publishers for its 1946 publication. Of all the translations during Orwell's lifetime, only ] kept the original title. Other variations in the title include: ''A Satire'' and ''A Contemporary Satire''.<ref name="Dav" /> Orwell suggested for the ] translation the title ''Union des républiques socialistes animales'', recalling the French name of the ], ''Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques'', and which abbreviates URSA, which means "bear" in Latin.<ref name="Dav"/>

'']'' Magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005),<ref>]</ref> at number 31 on the ]. It won a Retrospective ] in 1996 and is also included in the ].

==Overview==
The short novel is ] ] in which animals play the roles of the ] revolutionaries<ref><cite id="GOIT">{{citation |title=La fattoria degli animali |author=George Orwell |others=Bruno Tasso (translator) |lang=Italian |pages=15,20 |isbn= |edition=1 |publisher=Oscar Mondadori |location=Italy |year=1976 |month=June}}</cite> (]'s preface quotes Orwell writing to T.S.Eliot about Cape's suggestion to find another animal than pigs to represent the Bolsheviks)<!-- please replace this with better cite from English source --></ref> and overthrow and oust the human owner of a farm (Manor Farm), renaming it Animal Farm and setting it up as a commune in which, at first, all animals are equal; however, class and status disparities soon emerge between the different animal species (the pigs being the "greater species"). The novel describes how a society's ideologies can be manipulated and twisted by those in positions of social and political power, including how ]n society is made impossible by the corrupting nature of the very power necessary to create it.

The novel addresses not only the corruption of the revolution by its leaders but also how wickedness, indifference, ignorance, greed and ] destroy any possibility of a Utopia. While this novel portrays corrupt leadership as the flaw in revolution (and not the act of revolution itself), it also shows how ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution allow the horrors to happen.

==Characters and their possible real-life counterparts==
{{Original research|section|date=April 2009}}
The events and characters in Animal Farm satirise ] ("]"), ] government and human stupidity generally; Snowball is seen as ] and the head pig, Napoleon, is ].

===Pigs===
;]
:A prize ], the inspiration that fuels the Rebellion in the book. According to one interpretation, he could be based upon both ] (in that he describes the ideal society the animals could create if the humans are overthrown) and ] (in that his skull is put on revered public display, as was ]). However, according to ]: "the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one , or, it might even be to say, there is no Lenin at all."<ref name="Hitchens">{{cite|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=Why Orwell Matters|publisher=]|pages=186-187|ISBN=978-0465030491|date=17 September 2002}}</ref>

;]
:"A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way",{{Fact|date=May 2009}} Napoleon is the main tyrant and villain of ''Animal Farm''; he is based upon ]. He begins to gradually build up his power, using puppies he took from mother dogs Jessie and Bluebell, which he raises to be vicious dogs as his ]. After driving Snowball off the farm, Napoleon usurps full power, using false propaganda from Squealer and threats and intimidation from the dogs to keep the other animals in line. Among other things, he gradually changes the Commandments for his benefit. By the end of the book, Napoleon and his fellow pigs have learned to walk upright and started to behave similarly to the humans against whom they originally revolted.

:In the first French version of ''Animal Farm'', Napoleon is called ''{{lang|fr|César}}'', the French spelling of ],<ref name="Dav">]</ref> although another translation has him as ''{{lang|fr|Napoléon}}''.<ref name="NapoleonInFrench">{{citation |publisher=Edition Gallimard|collection=Folio|isbn=978-2-07-037516-5|date=1981|author=Jean Quéval |title=La ferme des animaux}}</ref>

;]
:Napoleon's rival. He is probably an allusion to ]. He wins over most animals, but is driven out of the farm by Napoleon. Snowball genuinely works for the good of the farm and devises plans to help the animals achieve their vision of an ] utopia, but Napoleon and his dogs chase him from the farm, and Napoleon spreads rumours to make him seem evil and corrupt and that he had secretly sabotaged the animals' efforts to improve the farm. In his biography of Orwell,<ref name="Crick">{{cite |first=Bernard |last=Crick |authorlink=Bernard Crick| isbn=978-0316161121 |title=Orwell: A Life | date=March 1981 |publisher=]}}</ref> Bernard Crick suggests that Snowball was as much inspired by the ] (POUM) leader ] as by Trotsky. Nin was a similarly adept orator and also fell victim to the Communist purges of the Left during the Spanish Civil War.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}

;]
:A small fat porker who serves as Napoleon's right hand pig and minister of propaganda. Inspired by ] and the Soviet paper '']'', {{Fact|date=April 2009}}. Squealer manipulates the language to excuse, justify, and extol all of Napoleon's actions. He represents all the propaganda Stalin used to justify his own terrible acts. In all of his work, George Orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language to suit their interests. Squealer limits debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients, making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in order to function properly, for example. However, when questions persist, he usually uses the threat of the return of Mr Jones, the former owner of the farm, to justify the pigs' privileges. Squealer uses statistics to convince the animals that life is getting better and better. Most of the animals have only dim memories of life before the revolution; therefore, they are convinced.

;Minimus
:A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of ''Animal Farm'' after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned. He represents admirers of Stalin both inside and outside the USSR such as ]. As Minimus composed the replacement of "Beasts of England", he may equate to the three main composers of the '']'' which replaced '']'' – ], ] and ].{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

;The Piglets
:Hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not truly noted in the novel) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality. Is also interpreted as the generation raised in Lenin's cult of personality.

;The Rebel Pigs
:Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed. This is based on the ] during Stalin's regime.
;Pinkeye
:A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.

===Humans===
;]
:The former owner of the farm, who represents ], the deposed ], who had been facing severe financial difficulties in the days leading up to the ]. The character is also a nod towards ]. There are several implications that he represents an ] but ineffective ], incapable of running the farm and looking after the animals properly. Jones is a very heavy drinker and the animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them.
:The attempt by Jones and his farmhands to recapture the farm is foiled in the '''Battle of the Cowshed''' (the ]).

;]
:The tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm. He represents ] and the ] in general.<ref name="Cliff39">]</ref> He buys wood from the animals for forged money and later attacks them, destroying the windmill but being finally beaten in the resulting '''Battle of the Windmill''', which could be interpreted as either the ] or the ]. There are also stories of him mistreating his own animals, such as throwing dogs into a furnace, which may also represent the Nazi Party's treatment of political dissidents. {{Fact|date=April 2009}}

;]
:The easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, as described in the book. He represents the ], the ] and the ]. The card game at the very end of the novel is a ] for the ], where the parties flatter each other, all the while cheating at the game. This last scene is ironic because all the Pigs are civil and kind to the humans, defying all for which they had fought. This happened at the Tehran Conference: the Soviet Union formed an alliance with the United States and the United Kingdom, capitalist countries that the Soviet Union had fought in the early years of the revolution.<ref name="Cliff39"/> At the end of the game, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades and then begin fighting loudly, symbolising the beginning of tension between east and west.

;]
:A man hired by Napoleon for the public relations of Animal Farm to human society. He is loosely based on Western intellectuals such as ] and, especially, ], who visited the USSR in 1919.

===Equines===
There are four main equine (horse and donkey) characters: '''Clover''', '''Boxer''', '''Benjamin''', and '''Mollie'''.

;]
:One of the main characters, he is the pathetic symbol of the working class, or ]: loyal, kind, dedicated, respectful and physically the strongest animal on the farm, but naïve and slow. His ignorance and blind trust towards his leaders leads to his death and their profit. In particular, his heroic physical work represents the ] movement. His maxim of "I will work harder" is reminiscent of Jurgis Rudkus from the ] novel '']''. His second maxim, "Napoleon is always right" is an example of the propaganda used by Squealer to control the animals. It was not adopted until later in the book. Boxer's work ethic is often praised by the pigs, and he is set as a prime example to the other animals. When Boxer is injured, and can no longer work, Napoleon sends him off to the knacker's yard and deceives the other animals, saying that Boxer died peacefully in the hospital and that the ambulance was an old knacker's van that hadn't been repainted. When the animals cannot work, Napoleon tosses them aside, for they mean nothing to him and Napoleon was not just done with Boxer because he could not work. He was also afraid of Boxer. Boxer had the strength and leadership to overthrow Napoleon. Napoleon saw that Boxer would never do this because he was too loyal.

;Clover
:Boxer's companion, who is also a ]. She helps and cares for Boxer when he splits his hoof. She blames herself for forgetting the original ] when Squealer had actually revised them. Clover is compassionate, as is shown when she protects the baby ducklings during Major's speech. She is also upset when animals are executed by the dogs, and is held in great respect by the three younger horses who ultimately replace Boxer. Beyond being the matriarch it is hard to find a political role for her in the novel.

;Mollie
:A self-centred and vain white mare who likes wearing ribbons in her mane, eating sugar cubes (which represent luxury) and being pampered and groomed by humans. She represents upper-class people, the ] and ] who fled to the West after the ] and effectively dominated the ]. Accordingly, she quickly leaves for another farm and is only once mentioned again.

;]
:A wise old donkey who shows little emotion and is one of the longest-lived animals; he is still alive at the end of the book. The animals often ask him about his lack of expression but he always answers with: 'Donkeys live a long time. None of you have ever seen a dead donkey.' Benjamin can also read as well as any pig, but rarely displays his ability. He is a dedicated friend to Boxer and is very upset when Boxer is taken away. Benjamin has known about the pigs' wrongdoing the entire time, but he says nothing to the other animals. He represents the cynics in society. Another possibility is that Benjamin is an allegory for intellectuals who have the wisdom to stay clear of the purges, but take no action themselves, such as pacifists, whose attitude Orwell firmly disliked. Yet another possibility is that Benjamin is Orwell himself.

===Other animals===
;Muriel
:A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read (with some difficulty, she has to spell the words out first) and helps Clover discover that the Seven Commandments have been continually changed. She possibly represents the same category as Benjamin, though she dies near the end of the book from old age.

;The Puppies
:Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, raised by Napoleon to be his security force, and may be reference to the fact that Stalin's rise to power was helped by his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin in 1922, in which role he used his powers of appointment, promotion and demotion to quietly pack the party with his own supporters. The puppies represent Stalin's ] or the ].

;Moses the Raven
:An old bird that occasionally goes to the farm with tales of a place in the sky called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says animals go when they die, but only if they work hard. He spends time turning the animals' minds to Sugarcandy Mountain and he does no work. He represents religious leaders, specifically the ], and Sugarcandy Mountain is Heaven. He also represents ] being loyal to the Czar (Mr. Jones). Religion is banned in the new régime, and his religious persona is exacerbated by the fact that he is named after ]. He feels unequal in comparison to the other animals, so he leaves after the rebellion, for all animals were supposed to be equal. However, much later in the book he returns to the farm and continues to proclaim the existence of Sugarcandy Mountain. The other animals are confused by the pigs' attitude towards Moses; they denounce his claims as nonsense, but allow him to remain on the farm. The pigs do this to offer the hope of a happy afterlife to the other animals, probably to keep their minds on Sugarcandy Mountain and not on possible uprisings. In the end, Moses is one of few animals to remember the rebellion, along with Clover, Benjamin, and the pigs.

;The Sheep
:Represent the mass proletariat, manipulated to support Napoleon in spite of his treachery. They show limited understanding of the situations but support him anyway, and regularly chant "Four legs good, Two legs bad". At the end of the novel, one of the Seven Commandments is changed after the pigs learn to walk on two legs, so they shout "Four legs good, two legs better". They can be relied on by the pigs to shout down any dissent from others.

;The Rats
:May{{Weasel-inline|date=April 2009}} represent some of the nomadic people in the far north of the USSR.

;The Hens
:Represent the ]s. They destroy their eggs instead of handing them to the higher powers, just as during ] some Kulaks ]d machinery or killed their livestock.

;The Cows
:Represent the proletariat, whose milk is greedily stolen by the pigs as a luxury, and is not shared out equally.

;The Cat
:Represents those who insincerely adhere to ideology for exploitation and personal gain, shown in her promise to the birds that they are 'comrades' and they are safe to land in her paw.

==Origin==
] wrote the manuscript in 1943 and 1944 following his experiences during the ], which he described in his 1938 '']''.

In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries." This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the ] corruption of the original ] ideals.<ref name="GO47">]</ref>

In that preface Orwell also described what gave him the idea of setting the book on a farm:<ref name="GO47"/>
{{quote|...I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.}}

Orwell encountered great difficulty getting the manuscript published. Four publishers refused; one had initially accepted the work but declined after consulting with the ].<ref>]</ref><ref>]</ref> Eventually Martin ] published the first edition in 1945.

==Significance==
].]]
In the ] both ''Animal Farm'' and later, also '']'' were on the list of forbidden books up until '']'' in 1989, and were only available via clandestine ] networks.<ref>Editors of German Misplaced Pages: </ref>

The 1947 Ukrainian edition was an early propaganda use of the book.{{Clarify me|date=March 2009|by whom? The British socialist party?}} It was printed to be distributed among the Soviet citizens of Ukraine who were some of the many millions of ] throughout Europe at the end of the Second World War. The American occupation forces considered the edition to be propaganda printed on illegal presses, and handed 1,500 confiscated copies of ''Animal Farm'' over to the Soviet authorities.{{Clarify me|date=March 2009|when?}} The politics in the book also affected the UK, with Orwell reporting that ] was "terrified"<ref>Letter to ], 18 August, 1945</ref> that it may cause embarrassment if published before the ].

In recent years,{{When|date=March 2009}} the book has been used to compare new movements that overthrow heads of a corrupt and undemocratic government or organisation, only eventually to become corrupt and oppressive themselves as they succumb to the trappings of power and begin using violent and dictatorial methods to keep it. Such analogies have been used for many former African colonies such as ] and ], whose succeeding African-born rulers were accused of being as corrupt as, or worse than, the European colonists they supplanted.

==Efforts to find a publisher==
During ] it became apparent to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch — including his regular publisher ]. He also submitted the manuscript to ], where the poet ] (who was a director of the firm) also rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising its "good writing" and "fundamental integrity" but declaring that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint "which I take to be generally Trotskyite". Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed .. was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".<ref name="Eliot">Richard
Brooks, "", ''Sunday Times'', 29 March 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09|title=T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection|last=Eliot|first=Valery|date=] ]|work=Full text of the T.S. Eliot rejection letter|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref>

One publisher he sought during the war, who had initially accepted ''Animal Farm'', subsequently rejected his book after an official at the British ] warned him off<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7719633.stm |title=The whitewashing of Stalin|publisher=''BBC News''|date=2008-11-11}}</ref> — although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a ] ].<ref>] Writing to Leonard Moore, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher "Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable: and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. The 'important official' was, or so it may reasonably be assumed, a man named ], later unmasked as a Soviet agent."</ref> The publisher then wrote to Orwell, saying:<ref name="bbc" />

{{quote|If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators , that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships.

Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are.}}

=="The Freedom of the Press"==
Orwell originally wrote a preface which complains about self-imposed British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally. "The sinister fact about literary ] in England is that it is largely voluntary.&nbsp;... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that 'it wouldn't do' to mention that particular fact." Somewhat ],<!-- editorialising? strew 12-03-09-- no I think in the spirit of the article, and the spirit of Orwell, this is quite appropriate. As Connolly said, he couldn't blow his nose without moralising about conditions in the handkerchief indusrtry--> the preface itself was censored and is not published with most editions of the book.<ref>] (Bailey83221 includes a preface and two cites: 1995-08-26 The Guardian page 28; 1995-08-26 New Statesman & Society 8 (366): 11. ISSN: 0954-2361)</ref><ref>]</ref> His wife Eileen Blair had worked during the war at the ] censoring newspapers.

Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without any introduction. However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript. For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied and all the page numbers needed to be redone at the last minute.<ref name="GOIT15">]. introduction by Bernard Crick</ref><ref name="TFOTP">George Orwell: '''' 1945</ref>

Years later, in 1972, Ian Angus found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press", and Bernard Crick published it, together with his own introduction in ] on 15 September 1972<ref name="GOIT15"/> as "How the essay came to be written".<ref name="TFOTP"/> Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.<ref name="TFOTP"/> The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 Animal Farm edition, with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface.<ref name="GOIT15"/> Other publishers were still declining to publish it.

==Cultural references==
{{main|Animal Farm in popular culture}}
References to the novella are frequent in other works of popular culture, particularly in popular music and television series.

==Adaptations==
''Animal Farm'' has been adapted to film twice. The ] was an animated feature and the ] was a TV live action version (which differs from the book factually).{{Clarify me|date=March 2009|in what ways, both differ from the novel. Maybe expand the different ending of the 1999 film?}}

==Editions==
* ISBN 0-451-51679-6 (paperback, 1956, Signet Classic)
* ISBN 0-582-02173-1 (], 1989)
* ISBN 0-15-107255-8 (], 1990)
* ISBN 0-582-06010-9 (paper text, 1991)
* ISBN 0-679-42039-8 (hardcover, 1993)
* ISBN 0-606-00102-6 (], 1996)
* ISBN 0-15-100217-7 (hardcover, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
* ISBN 0-452-27750-7 (], 1996, Anniversary Edition)
* ISBN 0-451-52634-1 (], 1996, Anniversary Edition)
* ISBN 0-582-53008-3 (1996)
* ISBN 1-56000-520-3 (], 1998, Large Type Edition)
* ISBN 0-7910-4774-1 (hardcover, 1999)
* ISBN 0-451-52536-1 (paperback, 1999)
* ISBN 0-7641-0819-0 (paperback, 1999)
* ISBN 0-8220-7009-X (], 1999)
* ISBN 0-7587-7843-0 (hardcover, 2002)
* ISBN 0-15-101026-9 (hardcover, 2003, with '']'')
* ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (paperback, 2003, Centennial Edition)
* ISBN 0-8488-0120-2 (hardcover)
* ISBN 0-03-055434-9 (hardcover) Animal Farm with Connections
* ISBN 0-395-79677-6 (hardcover) Animal Farm & Related Readings, 1997
* ISBN 0-582-43447-5 (hardcover, 2007)
* ISBN 0-141-03349-5 (paperback, 2007)

==See also==
*'']'', a send-up of ''Animal Farm'' by ], Roof Books 2002
*'']'', published in 1924, is a book with a theme similar to ''Animal Farm'' by ].
*'']'', published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for ] similar to ''Animal Farm's'' portrayal of Soviet history.
*]
*]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Citations==
<!-- in alphabetical order by last name or organisation name -->
{{refbegin}}
* <cite id="Ba">{{cite web
| author =Bailey83221
| date =2006-05-12
| title =Animal Farm suppression
| journal =]
| url =http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/83481.html}}</cite>
* <cite id="Bo">{{cite book |title=Selected Writings |last=Bott |first=George |authorlink= |year=1968 |origyear=1958 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |location=London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan |isbn=0-4351-3675-5 |pages=13–14, 23}}</cite>
* <cite id="Dag">{{cite web
| title =George Orwell: The Freedom of the Press
| last=Dag
| first=O.
| date=2004-12-19
| work =orwell.ru
| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20050306021634/http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go
| archivedate=2005-03-06
| url =http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go
| accessdate=2008-07-31
}}</cite>
* <cite id="Dav">{{cite web |title=George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story -- 'A Note on the Text' |last=Davison |first=Peter |authorlink= |year=2000 |publisher=] |location=England |isbn= |pages= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061212041856/http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd
|archivedate=2006-12-12 |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd}}</cite>
* <cite id="Doo">{{cite web |author=doollee.com |url=http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsW/WooldridgeIan.htm |title=Wooldridge Ian - playwright |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</cite>
* <cite id="Gr">{{cite web |last=Grossman |first=Lev |coauthors=Richard Lacayo |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html |title=The Complete List / TIME Magazine - ALL-TIME 100 Novels |publisher=TIME magazine |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-08-31}}</cite>
* <cite id="Hitch">{{cite book |last=Hitchens |first= Christopher |title=Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere |page=38 |url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=RBGmrDnBs8UC&hl=en |publisher=Verso |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</cite>
* <cite id="Low">{{cite web |url=http://www.defensetech.org/archives/002229.html |title=Defense Tech: CIA, Movie Producer |author=Christian Lowe (editor) |date=2006-03-10 |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</cite>
* <cite id="Mo">{{cite book |last=Moran |first= Daniel |title=Critical Essays - Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution |page=39 |url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/id-12,pageNum-39.html |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-08-31}}</cite>
* <cite id="Or">{{cite web |last=Orwell |first=George |date=March 1947 |url=http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/ukrainian-af-pref.htm |title=Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm}}</cite>
* <cite id="Ta">{{cite book
| last =Taylor
| first =David John
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2003
| title =Orwell: The Life
| page =197
| publisher =H. Holt
| location =
| isbn =0-8050-7473-2}}</cite>
* <cite id="Woo">{{cite web |last=Woolridge |first=Ian |url=http://www.ian-wooldridge.com/animalfarm.php |title=Ian Wooldridge - Animal Farm |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</cite>
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg Australia|no =ebooks01/0100011|name = Animal Farm|html = yes}}
*
* - Free eBook in PDF format.
*
* from Literapedia
*
*
*
* study guide, symbols, quotes, teaching guide

{{Animal Farm}}
{{Crimethink}}

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Revision as of 00:23, 15 May 2009

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Animal Farm: Difference between revisions Add topic