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| By this award, on ], ], Germany and Italy compelled ] to return half of ] (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to ]. | By this award, on ], ], Germany and Italy compelled ] to give/return half of ] (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to ]. | ||
| The Second Vienna Award was rendered on ], ]. Germany and Italy compelled ] to return half of ] (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to ]; 43,492 km² of land were thus restored to Hungary after two decades' separation. The 1930 Romanian census registered for this region a population of 2,393,300. According to native language, 1,007,200 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,165,800 Romanian, 59,700 German, 99,600 Yiddish, and 61,000 other language. According to nationality, 912,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,176,900 Romanian, 68,300 German, 138,800 Jewish, and 96,800 declared other nationality. In 1941 the Hungarian authorities conducted a new census which registered a total population of 2,578,100. According to native language, 1,344,000 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,068,700 Romanian, 47,300 German, 48,500 Yiddish, and 69,600 other language. According to nationality, 1,380,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,029,000 Romanian, 44,60 German, 47,400 Jewish, and 76,600 declared other nationality. Appart form the natural population growth, the differences between the two censuses are due to some other complex reasons, like migration and assimilation . According to Hungarian registrations, 100 thousand Hungarian refugees had arrived in Hungary from South Transylvania by January 1941. Most of them sought refuge in the north, and almost as many persons arrived from Hungary in the reannexed territory as moved to the Trianon Hungary territory from South Transylvania. As a result of these migrations, North Transylvanian Hungarians increased by almost 100 thousand. In order to "compensate" for this, a great number of Romanians were obliged to leave North Transylvania. Of them, some 100 thousand had left by February 1941 according to the incomplete registration of North Transylvanian refugees carried out by the Romanian government. Besides this, a fall in the total population suggests that a further 40 to 50 thousand Romanians moved from North to South Transylvania (including refugees who were omitted from the official registration for various reasons). The Hungarian assimilation gain is made up of losses on the part of other groups of native speakers, such as the Jewish people. The changing of language was most typical among bilingual Romanians, nearly 90 thousand of whom were added to the total number of Hungarian speakers. On the other hand, in Máramaros/Maramureş and Szatmár/Satu Mare counties, in dozens of settlements many of those who had declared themselves as Romanian now identified themselves as Hungarian, even though they did not speak Hungarian at all (not did they in 1910). | |||
| This decision was taken not so much to do justice, as to win Hungary for German war aims. Similarly to the ], it granted a multiethnic area to another country, caused massive migration of populations from both sides, and sundered old socioeconomic units. In ] ], the Romanian government acceded to Italy's request for territorial cessions to Bulgaria. On ], under the ], the ] or "Quadrilateral" (southern ]) was ceded by Romania to ]. | |||
Revision as of 18:46, 1 December 2005
Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals are various names for two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940) by which arbiters of National Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy sought to enforce peacefully the territorial claims of Revisionist Hungary, ruled by Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy. The awards sanctioned Hungary's annexation of territories in present-day Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania which Hungary had lost by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon at the end of World War I, and which Hungary had always sought to regain.
First Vienna Award
Main article:First Vienna Award.
By this award, on November 2, 1938, Germany and Italy compelled Czechoslovakia to return southern Highland (now this territory belongs to Slovakia) and southern Subcarpathia (now in Ukraine) to Hungary.
Second Vienna Award
Main article:Second Vienna Award.
By this award, on August 30, 1940, Germany and Italy compelled Romania to give/return half of Transylvania (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to Hungary.
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