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Monterey, California
City
Skyline and city beach, Monterey, California
Flag
Nickname(s): The Cradle of History, Language Capital of the World, California's "First" City
Location of Monterey, California
Country	United States
State	California
County	Monterey
Government
• Mayor	Chuck Della Sala
• Senate	Abel Maldonado (R)
• Assembly	Bill Monning (D)
• U. S. Congress	Sam Farr (D)
Area
• Total	11.7 sq mi (30.4 km)
• Land	8.4 sq mi (21.9 km)
• Water	3.3 sq mi (8.5 km)
Elevation	26 ft (8 m)
Population
• Total	30,641
• Density	3,630/sq mi (1,402/km)
Time zone	UTC-8 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code	93940
Area code	831
GNIS feature ID	1659762
Website	http://www.monterey.org/

The City of Monterey in Monterey County is located on Monterey Bay along the Pacific coast in Central California. Variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Montery. Monterey lies at an elevation of 26 feet (8 m). As of 2005, the city population was 30,641. The city is noted for its rich history of resident artists beginning in the late 1800s, and its historically famed fishery.

Monterey is home to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the Monterey American Viticultural Area, Cannery Row, Fisherman's Wharf and the annual Monterey Jazz Festival.

History

In prehistoric times the Rumsen Ohlone tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey. They lived a subsistent life of hunting, fishing and gathering in what has been deduced as a biologically rich Monterey Peninsula. The most prominent archaeological resources extant here are shell middens, the garbage dumps of these early inhabitants. We can infer from midden contents that mussels and abalone were consumed by the Rumsen Ohlone as their chief marine staples. The principal archaeological sites that have been mapped are located between the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Naval Postgraduate School, within about 2000 feet (610 m) of the coastline.

First established in 1770 by Father Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà (governor of Baja and Alta California (1767–1770), explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey), Monterey served as the capital of California from 1777 to 1849, under the flags of Spain and Mexico. Portola erected the Presidio of Monterey to defend the port against an expected Russian invasion. The city was originally the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the Custom House, the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One. Built in 3 phases, construction on the Custom House began in 1814 under the Spanish, the center section under Mexican rule in 1827, with the lower end completed by the United States in 1846.

Monterey was also the site of the July 7, 1846, Battle of Monterey during the Mexican-American War. It was on this date that John D. Sloat, Commodore in the United States Navy, raised the U.S. flag over the Monterey Customs House and claimed California for the United States.

In addition, many California "firsts" occurred in Monterey. These include California's first theater, brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press, which printed The Californian, the first newspaper. Larkin House, one of Monterey State Historic Park’s National Historic Landmarks, built in the Mexican period by Thomas Oliver Larkin, is an early example of Monterey Colonial architecture. The old Custom House, the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks. The Cooper-Molera Adobe is a National Trust Historic Site.

Colton Hall, built in 1849 by Walter Colton, was originally a public school and government meeting place. It also hosted California's first constitutional convention. Today it houses a museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government. The Monterey post office opened in 1849. Monterey incorporated in 1889.

Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s, when the local fishery business collapsed due to overfishing. A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early twentieth century have been preserved as they originally stood along Cannery Row.

The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as Arthur Frank Mathews, Armin Hansen, Xavier Martinez, Rowena Meeks Abdy and Percy Gray lived or visited to pursue painting in the style of either En plein air or Tonalism.

In addition to painters many noted authors through the years have also lived in and around the Monterey area such as John Steinbeck, Robinson Jeffers, Robert A. Heinlein, Henry Miller, Ed Ricketts, and Robert Louis Stevenson.

More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California Governor Pete Wilson proclaimed Monterey as "The Language Capital of the World".

Attractions

Monterey is steeped in history and famed for the abundance and diversity of its marine life, which includes sea lions, sea otters, harbor seals, bat rays, kelp (seaweed) forests, pelicans and dolphins.

Located at the southern end of Cannery Row, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, one of the largest in North America, hosts several important marine science laboratories. Monterey's geographic location gives scientists access to the deep sea within hours, and only a few miles offshore is Monterey Canyon, the largest and deepest (3.2 km) underwater canyon off the Pacific coast of North America.

Another popular museum is MY Museum (Monterey County Youth Museum). This museum is especially popular with small children, and is located within walking distance of the present day Fisherman's Wharf, which is now a popular tourist destination, and directly adjacent to The Museum of Maritime History.

Sealife makes Monterey a popular destination for scuba divers of all abilities ranging from novice to expert. Scuba classes are held at San Carlos State Beach, which has been a favorite with divers since the 1960s.

Cannery Row itself is now a tourist attraction with many restaurants and hotels, many of which are located in former cannery buildings, and a few historical attractions. ] A few privately owned and operated fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists.

Monterey also has much to offer anyone who wants to dip into California's history including several museums, and more than thirty carefully preserved historic buildings. What may be the only whalebone sidewalk still in existence in the United States lies in front of the Old Whaling Station.

Lake El Estero is a popular Monterey park. Recreation opportunities include paddle boats, the Dennis the Menace Park (especially popular with small children), and a skate park designed by local skaters. Birders are especially fond of this park due to its easy accessibility and the diversity of bird life it attracts.

Other attractions within easy reach of Monterey include:

• Carmel-by-the-Sea
• Big Sur Coastline
• 17 Mile Drive
• Pebble Beach - resort, golf courses, trails, marine life
• Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
• National Steinbeck Center

Environmental features and geography

Monterey is located at 36°36′0″N 121°53′26″W / 36.60000°N 121.89056°W / 36.60000; -121.89056 (36.600010, -121.890605).Template:GR According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.7 square miles (30.4 km²), of which 8.4 square miles (21.9 km²) is land and 3.3 square miles (8.5 km²) (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources.

Local soil is Quaternary Alluvium, and the city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the active San Andreas Fault approximately 26 miles (42 km) to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks three miles (4.8 km) to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault seven miles (11.3 km) to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are the Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults.

Monterey Bay's maximum credible tsunami for a 100 year interval has been calculated as a wave nine feet (2.7 m) high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion.

The city is situated on the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a Federally protected ocean area extending 276 miles (444 km) along the coast. (Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay.) The California sea otter, a threatened subspecies inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station of The Marine Mammal Center is located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. Monterey is home to some endangered bird species: the California clapper rail, found in salt marshes; plus the California brown pelican and the Yuma clapper rail, both of whose habitats are dunes and rocky headlands. The rare San Joaquin kit fox is also found in Monterey's oak-forest and chaparral habitats. The chaparral, found mainly on city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants as manzanita, chemise and ceanothus. Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinas kangaroo rat and the silver-sided legless lizard.

There is a variety of natural habitat in Monterey: littoral zone and sand dunes; closed-cone pine forest; and Monterey Cypress. There are no dairy farms in the city of Monterey; the semi-hard cheese known as Monterey Jack originated in nearby Carmel Valley, California, and is named after businessman and land speculator David Jack.

The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated by Monterey pine, Knobcone pine and Bishop pine, and contains the rare Monterey manzanita. (In the early 1900s the botanist Willis Linn Jepson characterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as the "most important silva ever", and encouraged Samuel F.B. Morse (a century younger than the inventor Samuel F. B. Morse) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities.) The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plants Seaside birds beak, Hickman's potentilla and Eastwood's Ericameria. Rare plants also inhabit the chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia (Piperia yadonii) and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson's delphinium, Tidestrom lupine, Gardner's yampah and Monterey Knotweed, the latter perhaps already extinct.

Monterey's environmental noise has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are the Monterey Peninsula Airport, State Route 1 and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Boulevard, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60 db on the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL)scale. The most intense source is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets.

Climate

The climate of Monterey is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, culminating in a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb). As a result, Monterey's average high temperature ranges from around 16° Celsius (60° Fahrenheit) in winter to 22° Celsius (72° Fahrenheit) during the summer months. Average annual precipitation is around 19.5 inches (495 mm), with most rainfall occurring during California's wet season between November and April, while little or no precipitation falls during the summer months. There are an average of 70 days with measurable precipitation annually.

During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of the Santa Lucia Mountains and Gabilan Mountains that overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought a light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of 3.2 inches fell in Monterey, including 2.2 inches on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of 1.5 inches, is remembered for delaying the Bing Crosby golf tournament in nearby Pebble Beach.

The record highest temperature in Monterey was 104°F on October 5, 1987. The record lowest temperature was 20°F on December 22, 1990. Annually, there are an average of 2.9 days with highs of 90°F (32°C) or higher, and an average of 2.0 days with lows of 32°F (0°C) or lower.

The wettest year on record was 1998 with 41.01 inches of precipitation. The dryest year was 1953 with 8.95 inches. The most precipitation in one month was 14.26 inches in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation was 3.85 inches on December 23, 1995.

Arts

Monterey has a strong arts community. Museums and entertainment venues abound in the city as do local and internationally known artists.

Notable artists who made Monterey their home include John Steinbeck, who lived in Salinas, nearby Pacific Grove and the city of Monterey, California. He immortalized Monterey with his novels Cannery Row, Tortilla Flat and East of Eden, and his play Of Mice and Men. Among Steinbeck's friends were some of the city's more colorful characters, including Ed Ricketts, a marine biologist, and Bruce Ariss, artist and theatre enthusiast who designed and built the Wharf Theater.

Monterey is also the home the Monterey Museum of Art and the Thomas Kinkade National Archive. Many of Kinkade's original works can be viewed there.

In June 1967 the city was the venue of the Monterey Pop Festival. It is now the site of the Monterey Jazz Festival, Monterey Blues Festival, and numerous waterfront arts and crafts festivals held in the Custom House Plaza at the top of Fisherman's Wharf.

Media

See also: Media in Monterey County

Local radio stations include KWAV-FM - 96.9, KBOQ-FM - 103.9, KIDD-AM - 630, KNRY-AM - 1240, and 1610-AM the city information station. Television service for the community comes from the Monterey-Salinas-Santa Cruz designated market area (DMA). Local newspapers include the Monterey County Herald.

Education

There are several institutions of higher education in the area, including California State University, Monterey Bay at the site of the former Fort Ord; the Defense Language Institute, located on the Presidio of Monterey, California; the Naval Postgraduate School, on the site of a former resort hotel; the Monterey College of Law; the Monterey Institute of International Studies (an affiliate of Middlebury College); and Monterey Peninsula College, part of the California Community Colleges system. The federal institutions (the Defense Language Institute, DLI, and the Naval Postgraduate School, NPS) are important employers in, and strongly associated with, the city.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000,Template:GR there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,516.9 people per square mile (1,357.5/km²). There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of 1,586.0/sq mi (612.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 80.83% White, 2.52% African American, 0.57% Native American, 7.43% Asian, 0.29% Pacific Islander, 3.91% from other races, and 4.45% from two or more races. 10.86% of the population were Hispanic.

There were 12,600 households out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consist of individuals and 11.0% have a lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82.

The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $49,109, and the median income for a family was $58,757. Males had a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

The city is served by Monterey Peninsula Airport, and local bus Service is provided by Monterey-Salinas Transit.

Notable residents

• Mike Aldrete, coach with the St. Louis Cardinals and a former Major League Baseball player (1986-1996)
• John Whitby Allen, famous model railroader
• Tory Belleci, MythBusters
• Josh Billings, pen name for Henry Wheeler Shaw, second most famous humorist (after Mark Twain) of the mid-to-late 19th-cent. Died at Monterey.
• Pete Incaviglia, Manager of the Grand Prairie AirHogs (Minor League Baseball) and a former Major League Baseball player (1986-1998)
• James Lofton, NFL player for the Green Bay Packers, Los Angeles Raiders, Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams, and Philadelphia Eagles; member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
• Katerina Moutsatsou, Greek actress
• Leon Panetta, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2009-present), former Congressman (1977-1993) and White House Chief of Staff (1994-1997)
• Allison Scagliotti-Smith, an American actress
• John Steinbeck, American author, bought a house in Monterey in 1944, was made to feel unwelcome, left for New York in 1945
• Robert Louis Stevenson, author of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde stayed in Monterey in 1879. Monterey is cited in his children's poem from A Child's Garden of Verses, "To My Name Child." The Stevenson house, with its poetic garden, is located in Monterey.
• Jeremy Sumpter, an American actor
• Frank Zappa, musician

Town twinnings

• Nanao, Ishikawa (Japan)
• Dubrovnik (Croatia), since 2007
• Kuşadası (Turkey), since August 6, 2007

See also

• Coastal California
• Monterey, a famous song by Eric Burdon & The Animals

References

1. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Monterey, California
2. ^ Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 926. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
3. California State Parks: Custom House
4. http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm
5. Larkin House web page. Retrieved on 2008-03-14
6. Custom House web page. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
7. Royal Presidio Chapel web page. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
8. Cooper-Molera Adobe web page. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
9. Colton Hall web page. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
10. ^ Historic Monterey website
11. Encyclopedia Britannica, Monterey Canyon. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
12. California Travel, San Carlos State Beach, guide by Betsy Malloy. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
13. City of Monterey Museums website
14. California State Parks: Old Whaling Station
15. U.S. Federal Register: August 2, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 148), Pages 39326-39337
16. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5795
17. Average weather for Monterey Weather Channel Retrieved 2009-05-20
18. National Steinbeck Center "Steinbeck and Salinas" timeline compiled by Walter Neary, undated document. Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
19. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=39wNAAAAQAAJ&dq=the+strange+case+of+dr.+jekyll+and+mr.+hyde&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=McydKPwE2R&sig=VRuvvQT4g9EMO2h6zEJwo0oEEz4&ei=rnSMSf2UFpWksAPHuNmCCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPP6,M1
20. http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/to-my-name-child/
21. Now that you have spelt your lesson, lay it down and go and play, Seeking shells and seaweed on the sands of Monterey, Watching all the mighty whalebones, lying buried by the breeze, Tiny sandpipers, and the huge Pacific seas. And remember in your playing, as the sea-fog rolls to you, Long ere you could read it, how I told you what to do; And that while you thought of no one, nearly half the world away Some one thought of Louis on the beach of Monterey!
22. http://www.mchsmuseum.com/stevensonhouse.html

• Augusta Fink, Monterey: The Presence of the Past, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California (1972) ISBN 0877010723

• City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Master Plan, City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Department (1986)

• Environmental Hazards Element, city of Monterey, A part of the General Plan, February, 1977

• Flora and Fauna Resources: City of Monterey General Plan Technical Study, prepared for City of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., Nov. 2, 1977

• General Plan, City of Monterey, (1980)

• Helen Spangenberg, Yesterday's Artists of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey museum of Art (1976)

• Prehistoric Sources Technical Study, prepared for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., May 23, 1977

External links

• City of Monterey Official Municipal Web Site
• Monterey travel guide from Wikitravel
• National Trust for Historic Preservation on the Cooper-Molera Adobe
• Monterey Custom House

v t e Municipalities and communities of Monterey County, California, United States
County seat: Salinas
Cities	Carmel-by-the-Sea Del Rey Oaks Gonzales Greenfield King City Marina Monterey Pacific Grove Salinas Sand City Seaside Soledad
CDPs	Aromas‡ Boronda Bradley Carmel Valley Village Castroville Chualar Del Monte Forest Elkhorn Fort Hunter Liggett Las Lomas Lockwood Moss Landing Pajaro Pine Canyon Prunedale San Ardo San Lucas Spreckels
Unincorporated communities	Ambler Park Big Sur Blanco Bolsa Knolls Camphora Carmel Point Carmel Highlands Carmel Woods Corral de Tierra East Garrison Fort Romie Gabilan Acres Gorda Hatton Fields Jamesburg Jolon Lonoak Lucia Metz Moss Natividad Neponset Oak Hills Old Hilltown Palo Colorado Canyon Parkfield Pebble Beach Plaskett Pleyto Posts Robles del Rio San Benancio Santa Lucia Preserve Slates Hot Springs Springtown Tassajara Hot Springs
CCDs	Carmel Valley
Ghost towns	Achasta Carmelito Eslanagan Fort Ord Village Gabilan Guayusta Kakonkaruk Kalindaruk Kulul Lukaiasta Manchester Notleys Landing Paisin Quina Sapaywis Seama Soccorondo Steloglamo Subazama Tecolom Teshaya Tetachoya Tiubta Tukutnut Wachanaruka Zassalete Zumblito
Footnotes	‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county
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• Settlements established in 1770
• Cities in California
• Coastal towns in California
• Monterey County, California
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