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==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
The placement of the genus ''Rhodotus'' in the ] order is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the ] conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist ] placed ''Rhodotus'' in the ] because of similarities between the ] ''Amaniteae'' and ''Rhodoteae'', such as ] color and ornamentation, structure of the ]e and ], and ] production during ] growth.<ref name=Singer1951>{{cite journal |last=Singer R.|year=1951|title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy|journal=Lilloa|volume=22|pages=1–832}}</ref>]In 1953, Kühner and Romagnesi placed ''Rhodotus'' in the ] family—a traditional "]"—on the basis of spore color.<ref>{{cite book |title=Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, boletes, chanterelles)|last= Kühner R, Romagnesi H. |year=1953 |publisher=Masson et Cie|location=Paris|isbn= |page=fig 1–677 |pages=554|language=French}}</ref> In 1969, Besson argued for the placement of ''Rhodotus'' with the ] after studying the ] of the spores.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Besson M.|year=1969 |title=Structure de la paroi sporique de ''Rhodocybe'', ''Rhodotus'' et ''Clitopus'' (Agaricales) |journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série D|volume=269 |issue=2|pages=142–45|language=French}}</ref> By 1986, Singer had revised the placement of ''Rhodotus'' in his latest edition of ''The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy'', noting that "It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but is obviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae."<ref name="Singer1986 p.441">Singer 1986, p. 441.</ref> Tribe Pseudohiatuleae included such genera as '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>Singer 1986, p. 433–35.</ref> In 1988, a proposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae family into several new families, including the Rhodotaceae to contain the genus ''Rhodotus''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Korf RP.|year=1988|title=Reports (N.S. 1) of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens on Proposals to Conserve and/or Reject Names|journal=Taxon|volume=37|issue=2|pages=450–63 |doi=10.2307/1222170}}</ref> The placement of the genus ''Rhodotus'' in the ] order is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the ] conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist ] placed ''Rhodotus'' in the ] because of similarities between the ] ''Amaniteae'' and ''Rhodoteae'', such as ] color and ornamentation, structure of the ]e and ], and ] production during ] growth.<ref name=Singer1951>{{cite journal |last=Singer R.|year=1951|title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy|journal=Lilloa|volume=22|pages=1–832}}</ref>]In 1953, Kühner and Romagnesi placed ''Rhodotus'' in the ] family—a traditional "]"—on the basis of spore color.<ref>{{cite book |title=Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, boletes, chanterelles)|last= Kühner R, Romagnesi H. |year=1953 |publisher=Masson et Cie|location=Paris|isbn= |page=fig 1–677 |pages=554|language=French}}</ref> In 1969, Besson argued for the placement of ''Rhodotus'' with the ] after studying the ] of the spores.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Besson M.|year=1969 |title=Structure de la paroi sporique de ''Rhodocybe'', ''Rhodotus'' et ''Clitopus'' (Agaricales) |journal=Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série D|volume=269 |issue=2|pages=142–45|language=French}}</ref> By 1986, Singer had revised the placement of ''Rhodotus'' in his latest edition of ''The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy'', noting that "It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but is obviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae."<ref name="Singer1986 p.441">Singer 1986, p. 441.</ref> Tribe Pseudohiatuleae included such genera as '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>Singer 1986, p. 433–35.</ref> In 1988, a proposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae family into several new families, including the Rhodotaceae to contain the genus ''Rhodotus''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Korf RP.|year=1988|title=Reports (N.S. 1) of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens on Proposals to Conserve and/or Reject Names|journal=Taxon|volume=37|issue=2|pages=450–63 |doi=10.2307/1222170|issn=00400262|month=May|day=01|first=R. P.}}</ref>


The use of ] has helped to clarify the proper taxonomical placement of ''Rhodotus''. Studies of the nuclear large subunit ] from a wide variety of ] fungi have corroborated Kühner and Romagnesi's placement of ''Rhodotus'' in the Tricholomataceae. A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005 showed ''Rhodotus'' to be in the "core euagarics clade",<ref>{{cite journal |last= Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson K-E, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G.|year=2005 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes) |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity|volume=3|issue=2|pages=113–57}}</ref> confirming a previous study which showed ''Rhodotus'' to be part of a ] containing species such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moncalvo J-M, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R. |year=2000 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=278–305 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278 |pmid=12118409}}</ref> The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to the ] family; as of 2009, both ] and ] also list ''Rhodotus'' as belonging to the Physalacriaceae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=200961 |title=Index Fungorum - Names Record |format= |publisher=CAB International|accessdate=2009-06-12}}</ref><ref name="urlMycoBank, the fungal website">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=18472 |title=''Rhodotus'' Maire 1926 |format= |publisher= MycoBank|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref> The use of ] has helped to clarify the proper taxonomical placement of ''Rhodotus''. Studies of the nuclear large subunit ] from a wide variety of ] fungi have corroborated Kühner and Romagnesi's placement of ''Rhodotus'' in the Tricholomataceae. A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005 showed ''Rhodotus'' to be in the "core euagarics clade",<ref>{{cite journal |last= Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson K-E, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G.|year=2005 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes) |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity|volume=3|issue=2|pages=113–57 |doi= 10.1017/S1477200005001623}}</ref> confirming a previous study which showed ''Rhodotus'' to be part of a ] containing species such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moncalvo J-M, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R. |year=2000 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=278–305 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278 |pmid=12118409 |month=Jun |first1=JM |last2=Lutzoni |last3=Rehner |last4=Johnson |last5=Vilgalys |issn=1063-5157}}</ref> The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to the ] family; as of 2009, both ] and ] also list ''Rhodotus'' as belonging to the Physalacriaceae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=200961 |title=Index Fungorum - Names Record |format= |publisher=CAB International|accessdate=2009-06-12}}</ref><ref name="urlMycoBank, the fungal website">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=18472 |title=''Rhodotus'' Maire 1926 |format= |publisher= MycoBank|accessdate=2009-09-11}}</ref>


A 1986 paper reported that the species ''Pleurotus pubescens'' (Peck.) is equivalent to, and thus synonymous with, ''Rhodotus palmatus'';<ref>{{cite journal |last= Redhead SA. |year= 1986|title=Mycological observations 15–16: On ''Omphalia'' and ''Pleurotus'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=522–28 |doi= 10.2307/3807763}}</ref> according to this publication, another synonym is ''Lentinula reticeps'' (Murr.) Murr.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Murrill WA. |year=1915 |title=Notes on ''Agaricus reticeps'' Mont. |journal=Mycologia |volume=7 |pages=290–92}}</ref> A 1986 paper reported that the species ''Pleurotus pubescens'' (Peck.) is equivalent to, and thus synonymous with, ''Rhodotus palmatus'';<ref>{{cite journal |last= Redhead SA. |year= 1986|title=Mycological observations 15–16: On ''Omphalia'' and ''Pleurotus'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=522–28 |doi= 10.2307/3807763 |issn= 00275514 |month= Jul |day= 01 |first= S. A.}}</ref> according to this publication, another synonym is ''Lentinula reticeps'' (Murr.) Murr.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Murrill WA. |year=1915 |title=Notes on ''Agaricus reticeps'' Mont. |journal=Mycologia |volume=7 |pages=290–92}}</ref>


== Characteristics == == Characteristics ==
Line 49: Line 49:
; Microscopic features ; Microscopic features


The ] of ''R.&nbsp;palmatus'' are roughly spherical, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5&nbsp;]; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as ''verricose'', in mycological jargon), typically 0.5–0.7&nbsp;µm long.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pegler DN, Young TWK.|year=1975 |title=Basidiospore form in the British species of ''Clitopilus'', ''Rhodocybe'' and ''Rhodotus'' |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.2307/4102870}}</ref> The spores are non-]—unable to take up ] stain in the chemical test with ]. The spore-bearing cells, the ], are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.6–43.2 by 5.6–8&nbsp;µm. Although this species lacks cells called ] (large sterile cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms), it contains abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are 27.2–48 by 4.8–8&nbsp;µm in size. ]s are present in the ]e.<ref name=Sundberg1997/> The outer cellular layer of the cap ] is made of bladder-shaped, thick-walled hyphae, each individually supported by a small stalk that extends down into a "gelatinized zone".<ref name="Singer1986 p.441"/> The ] of ''R.&nbsp;palmatus'' are roughly spherical, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5&nbsp;]; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as ''verricose'', in mycological jargon), typically 0.5–0.7&nbsp;µm long.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pegler DN, Young TWK.|year=1975 |title=Basidiospore form in the British species of ''Clitopilus'', ''Rhodocybe'' and ''Rhodotus'' |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.2307/4102870 |issn=00755974 |month=Jan |day=01 |first=D. N. |last2=Young}}</ref> The spores are non-]—unable to take up ] stain in the chemical test with ]. The spore-bearing cells, the ], are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.6–43.2 by 5.6–8&nbsp;µm. Although this species lacks cells called ] (large sterile cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms), it contains abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are 27.2–48 by 4.8–8&nbsp;µm in size. ]s are present in the ]e.<ref name=Sundberg1997/> The outer cellular layer of the cap ] is made of bladder-shaped, thick-walled hyphae, each individually supported by a small stalk that extends down into a "gelatinized zone".<ref name="Singer1986 p.441"/>


=== Edibility === === Edibility ===

Revision as of 03:18, 13 September 2009

Template:FixBunching

Rhodotus
A convex red-pink object with a network of lighter-colored whitish or light pink ridges on the surface.
Rhodotus palmatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Physalacriaceae
Genus: Rhodotus
Maire
Type species
Rhodotus palmatus
(Bull.:Fr.) Maire
Synonyms

Lentinula reticeps (Murr.) Murr.
Pleurotus palmatus (Bull.) Quél.
Pleurotus pubescens Peck.

Template:FixBunching

Species of fungus
Rhodotus palmatusView the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following listMycological characteristics
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is pink
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

Template:FixBunching Rhodotus is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family of mushrooms. A monotypic genus, it consists of the single species Rhodotus palmatus, known in the vernacular as the netted Rhodotus, the rosy veincap, or the wrinkled peach. Typically found growing on the stumps and logs of rotting hardwoods, this distinctive species may usually be identified by the pinkish color and the ridged and veined surface of its rubbery cap, although variations in the quality and quantity of light received during fruit body development may lead to some variation in size, shape, and cap color. An uncommon species, it has a circumboreal distribution, and has been collected in eastern North America, North Africa, Europe, and Asia. The position of the genus Rhodotus within the order Agaricales has historically been somewhat uncertain, and it has been placed variously in the families Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, and Tricholomataceae; molecular phylogenetics analysis has helped determine that Rhodotus is most closely related to genera in the Physalacriaceae.

History and etymology

The type species of genus Rhodotus was originally described as Agaricus palmatus in 1785 by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard; mycologist Elias Magnus Fries later included it under the same name in his Systema Mycologicum. It was transferred to the then newly described genus Rhodotus in a 1926 publication by René Maire. The species name is derived from the Latin palmatus, meaning "shaped like a hand"—possibly a reference to the resemblance of the cap surface to the lines in the palm of a hand. Common names for R. palmatus include the netted Rhodotus, the rosy veincap, and the wrinkled peach.

Taxonomy

The placement of the genus Rhodotus in the Agaricales order is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the taxonomic conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist Rolf Singer placed Rhodotus in the Amanitaceae because of similarities between the tribes Amaniteae and Rhodoteae, such as spore color and ornamentation, structure of the hyphae and trama, and chlamydospore production during culture growth.

Four pinkish mushrooms clustered together at the base of their stems, growing out of the side of a log. Between the mushrooms are several variously-sized drops of a red-colored viscous liquid.
Young specimens of R. palmatus

In 1953, Kühner and Romagnesi placed Rhodotus in the Tricholomataceae family—a traditional "wastebasket taxon"—on the basis of spore color. In 1969, Besson argued for the placement of Rhodotus with the Entolomataceae after studying the ultrastructure of the spores. By 1986, Singer had revised the placement of Rhodotus in his latest edition of The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, noting that "It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but is obviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae." Tribe Pseudohiatuleae included such genera as Flammulina, Pseudohiatula, Cyptotrama, and Callistodermatium. In 1988, a proposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae family into several new families, including the Rhodotaceae to contain the genus Rhodotus.

The use of molecular phylogenetics has helped to clarify the proper taxonomical placement of Rhodotus. Studies of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA from a wide variety of Agaric fungi have corroborated Kühner and Romagnesi's placement of Rhodotus in the Tricholomataceae. A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005 showed Rhodotus to be in the "core euagarics clade", confirming a previous study which showed Rhodotus to be part of a clade containing species such as Cyptotrama asprata, Marasmius trullisatus, Flammulina velutipes, Xerula furfuracea, Gloiocephala menieri, and Armillaria tabescens. The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to the Physalacriaceae family; as of 2009, both Index Fungorum and MycoBank also list Rhodotus as belonging to the Physalacriaceae.

A 1986 paper reported that the species Pleurotus pubescens (Peck.) is equivalent to, and thus synonymous with, Rhodotus palmatus; according to this publication, another synonym is Lentinula reticeps (Murr.) Murr.

Characteristics

The fruit body of Rhodotus has a cap, and stem without a ring or volva. The cap, initially convex, flattens somewhat with age, and typically reaches widths of 2 to 6 centimeters (0.8 to 2.4 in). The edges of the cap are rolled inwards. The cap surface typically has a conspicuous network of lightly colored ridges or veins that outline deep narrow grooves or pits – a condition technically termed sulcate or reticulate. Between the ridges, the surface color ranges from salmon-orange to pink to red. The texture of the cap surface is gelatinous, and the internal flesh is firm but rubbery, and pinkish in color. The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem, that is, broadly attached to the stem slightly above the bottom of the gill, with most of the gill fused to the stem; the gills are thick, packed close to each other, with veins and color similar to, but paler than the cap. Some of the gills do not extend the full distance from the edge of the cap to the stem. These short gills, called lamellulae, form from 2 to 4 groups of roughly equal length. The stem is 1.5 to 3.0 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) tall by 0.4 to 0.6 cm (0.16 to 0.24 in) thick (usually slightly larger near the base), and may be attached to the underside of the cap in a central or lateral manner. It is sometimes seen "bleeding" a red- or orange-colored liquid. The spore print has been described most commonly as pink, but also as cream colored.

Microscopic features

The spores of R. palmatus are roughly spherical, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5 µm; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as verricose, in mycological jargon), typically 0.5–0.7 µm long. The spores are non-amyloid—unable to take up iodine stain in the chemical test with Melzer's reagent. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.6–43.2 by 5.6–8 µm. Although this species lacks cells called pleurocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms), it contains abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are 27.2–48 by 4.8–8 µm in size. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. The outer cellular layer of the cap cuticle is made of bladder-shaped, thick-walled hyphae, each individually supported by a small stalk that extends down into a "gelatinized zone".

Edibility

Depending on the source consulted, the edibility of Rhodotus palmatus is typically listed as unknown or inedible. The species has no distinguishable odor, and a bitter taste.

Habitat and distribution

Top view of a peach- or flesh-colored mushroom cap. Small bits of forest debris like leaves and twigs are emdebbed in the gelatinous surface.
Specimen with more pronounced gelatinous surface and less distinct reticulations

Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic, and obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter. It grows scattered or in small groups on rotting hardwoods, such as basswood (genus Tilia), (Acer), and especially elm (Ulmus); it prefers low-lying logs in areas that are periodically flooded and that receive little sunlight, such as forest areas shaded by canopy. Rhodotus palmatus tends to fruit in cooler and moister weather, from spring to fall in the United States, or fall to winter in Europe and Britain.

Described as having a circumboreal distribution, R. palmatus has been reported from Canada, Iran, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, West Germany, the area formerly known as the USSR, Korea, and Japan. It has also been collected in New Zealand. The species gained legal protection in Hungary in 2005. The 1993 National Environmental Status Report for the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania report it as "Extinct or probably extinct". In the United States it has been found in Indiana, and elsewhere in eastern North America. Although often described as "rare", a 1997 study suggests that it may be relatively common in Illinois. It has been suggested that the increase in the number of dead elms (resulting from Dutch elm disease) has contributed to its resurgence.

Light requirements

Light at the red end of the visible spectrum has been observed to be required for the development of R. palmatus fruiting bodies, contrary to the typical requirement for blue light seen with many other mushroom species. Fruiting occurs in the presence of green, yellow or red light with wavelengths above 500 nm, but only when blue light (under 500 nm) is absent. Consequently, phenotypic variations observed in the field – such as size, shape, and cap color – may be influenced by differing conditions of light intensity and quality.

Notes

  1. Bulliard JBF. (1785). Herbier de la France. France. p. 216.
  2. Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Lundae: Ex officina Berlingiana. p. 186. Retrieved 11-09-2009. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. Maire R. (1926). "Mycological studies". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. 40 (3): 293–317.
  4. Findlay WPL. (1967). Wayside and Woodland Fungi. London: F. Warne. p. 130. ISBN 0-7232-0008-4. Google Books
  5. ^ van der Gaag H. (2007). "Rhodotus palmatus: the lonely mushroom" (PDF). McIlvainea (PDF). 17 (1): 7–8.
  6. "Fungi of Iowa: Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.: Fr.) Maire". Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  7. McKnight VB, McKnight KH. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. Plate 19. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
  8. "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
  9. Singer R. (1951). "The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy". Lilloa. 22: 1–832.
  10. Kühner R, Romagnesi H. (1953). Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, boletes, chanterelles) (in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. fig 1–677. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  11. Besson M. (1969). "Structure de la paroi sporique de Rhodocybe, Rhodotus et Clitopus (Agaricales) ". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série D (in French). 269 (2): 142–45.
  12. ^ Singer 1986, p. 441.
  13. Singer 1986, p. 433–35.
  14. Korf RP., R. P. (1988). "Reports (N.S. 1) of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens on Proposals to Conserve and/or Reject Names". Taxon. 37 (2): 450–63. doi:10.2307/1222170. ISSN 0040-0262. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson K-E, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G. (2005). "The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 3 (2): 113–57. doi:10.1017/S1477200005001623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Moncalvo J-M, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R., JM; Lutzoni; Rehner; Johnson; Vilgalys (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences". Systematic Biology. 49 (2): 278–305. doi:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 12118409. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. "Index Fungorum - Names Record". CAB International. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  18. "Rhodotus Maire 1926". MycoBank. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
  19. Redhead SA., S. A. (1986). "Mycological observations 15–16: On Omphalia and Pleurotus". Mycologia. 78 (4): 522–28. doi:10.2307/3807763. ISSN 0027-5514. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. Murrill WA. (1915). "Notes on Agaricus reticeps Mont". Mycologia. 7: 290–92.
  21. Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G. (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 157. ISBN 1-58729-627-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC, Van Crevel R, Van Os J. (1995). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica—3. CRC. p. 175.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Google Books
  23. ^ Sundberg WJ, Methven AS, Monoson HL. (1997). "Rhodotus palmatus (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) in Illinois". Mycotaxon. 65: 403–10. Retrieved 11-09-2009. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 155. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. Google Books
  25. Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  26. ^ Jordan M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 175. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2. Google Books
  27. Kuo M. "Rhodotus palmatus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  28. Pegler DN, Young TWK., D. N.; Young (1975). "Basidiospore form in the British species of Clitopilus, Rhodocybe and Rhodotus". Kew Bulletin. 30 (1): 19–32. doi:10.2307/4102870. ISSN 0075-5974. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Phillips R. "Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference". Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  30. Rayner ADM, Boddy L. (1988). Fungal Decomposition of Wood: Its Biology and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 396. ISBN 978-0471103103.
  31. ^ Redhead SA. (1989). "A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora". Canadian Journal of Botany. 67: 3003–62. doi:10.1139/b89-384.
  32. Kaminskyj S. "Rhodotus palmatus". University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  33. Saber M. (1990). "Contribution to the knowledge of Agaricales pleurotoid in habit in Iran". Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology. 26 (1–4): 29–40.
  34. Siller I. (1999). "Rare macrofungi in the Kekes north forest reserve in the Matra mountains, Hungary". Mikologiai Kozlemenyek (in Hungarian). 38 (1/3): 11–24.
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Cited text

  • Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. 4th rev. ed. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.

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