Devanagari: Difference between revisions

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Devanagari is a script to write languages in India like Hindi, Sanskrit and Marathi. Devanagari is also used to write Nepali. deva signifies 'heavenly' and nagari 'script of the city' in Sanskrit. An often-used transcription variant is Devnagri.

Devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly.

Devanagari has 34 consonants ("vyanjan"), and 12 vowels ("svar"). A syllable ("akshar") is formed by the combination of zero or one or more consonants, and one vowel.

(If you don't have a proper Unicode font installed, the Devanagari characters in the following tables may not appear correctly.)

Devanagari Vowels and Related Symbols
Vowel	Transliteration	Pronunciation/Note
अ	a	'a' as in about
आ	aa	'a' as in art
इ	i	'i' as in pit
ई	ii	'ee' as in wheel
उ	u	'u' as in put
ऊ	uu	'oo' as in soot
ऋ	RRi
ॠ	RRI
ऌ	LLi
ॡ	LLI
ए	e	'a' as in rate
ऐ	ai
ओ	o
औ	au
ः	aH	visarga
्	halant	suppresses inherent vowel

When no vowel is written, 'a' is assumed. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a halant is used.

Devanagari Consonants

क

ख

ग

घ

च

छ

chh

ज

झ

ट

ठ

ड

ढ

ण

त

थ

द

ध

न

प

फ

ब

भ

म

य

र

ल

व

v/w

श

shh

स

ह

ळ

ksh

gy/dny

The letters above are pronounced as in English, with the exceptions of:

Consonant

Pronunciation

ण

त

थ

द

'th' as in the

ध

ळ

Among these, 'L' and 'N' are not used in Hindi. The entire set is used in Marathi.

There is no distinction of case, i.e. no uppercase and lowercase letters.

Devanagari digits are written as follows:

Devanagari Digits

०

१

२

३

४

५

६

७

८

९

The ITRANS notation is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into English. The letters used to represent Devanagari alphabets in this notation have approximately the same pronunciation in English. It is widely used on Usenet. In ITRANS, the word Devanagari is written as "devanaagarii".

(Note: "Devanagari" is the most common transliteration. Others are "Devnagri", "Devanagri", "Deonagri"(rare).)

Revision as of 17:36, 21 September 2002 edit209.20.239.252 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit		Revision as of 17:44, 24 September 2002 edit undoNate Silva (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users1,424 editsm fixed centeringNext edit →
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	<caption>Devanagari Vowels and Related Symbols</caption>		<caption>Devanagari Vowels and Related Symbols</caption>
	<tr><th>Vowel</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Pronunciation/Note</th></tr>		<tr><th>Vowel</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Pronunciation/Note</th></tr>
	<tr><td>अ</td><td>a</td><td>'a' as in ''a''bout</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">अ</td><td>a</td><td>'a' as in ''a''bout</td></tr>
	<tr><td>आ</td><td>aa</td><td>'a' as in ''a''rt</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">आ</td><td>aa</td><td>'a' as in ''a''rt</td></tr>
	<tr><td>इ</td><td>i</td><td>'i' as in p''i''t</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">इ</td><td>i</td><td>'i' as in p''i''t</td></tr>
	<tr><td>ई</td><td>ii</td><td>'ee' as in wh''ee''l</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ई</td><td>ii</td><td>'ee' as in wh''ee''l</td></tr>
	<tr><td>उ</td><td>u</td><td>'u' as in p''u''t</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">उ</td><td>u</td><td>'u' as in p''u''t</td></tr>
	<tr><td>ऊ</td><td>uu</td><td>'oo' as in s''oo''t</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ऊ</td><td>uu</td><td>'oo' as in s''oo''t</td></tr>
	<tr><td>ऋ</td><td>RRi</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ऋ</td><td>RRi</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>ॠ</td><td>RRI</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ॠ</td><td>RRI</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>ऌ</td><td>LLi</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ऌ</td><td>LLi</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>ॡ</td><td>LLI</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ॡ</td><td>LLI</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>ए</td><td>e</td><td>'a' as in r''a''te</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ए</td><td>e</td><td>'a' as in r''a''te</td></tr>
	<tr><td>ऐ</td><td>ai</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ऐ</td><td>ai</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>ओ</td><td>o</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">ओ</td><td>o</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td>औ</td><td>au</td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td align="center">औ</td><td>au</td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td> ः</td><td>aH</td><td>visarga</td></tr>		<tr><td align="center"> ः</td><td>aH</td><td>visarga</td></tr>
	<tr><td> ्</td><td>halant</td><td>suppresses inherent vowel</td>		<tr><td align="center"> ्</td><td>halant</td><td>suppresses inherent vowel</td>
	</table>		</table>

Line 39:		Line 39:
	<caption>Devanagari Consonants</caption>		<caption>Devanagari Consonants</caption>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">क</td><td>k</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">क</td><td>k</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ख</td><td>kh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ख</td><td>kh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ग</td><td>g</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ग</td><td>g</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">घ</td><td>gh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">घ</td><td>gh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
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	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">च</td><td>ch</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">च</td><td>ch</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">छ</td><td>chh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">छ</td><td>chh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ज</td><td>j</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ज</td><td>j</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">झ</td><td>jh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">झ</td><td>jh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
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	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ट</td><td>T</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ट</td><td>T</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ठ</td><td>Th</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ठ</td><td>Th</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ड</td><td>D</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ड</td><td>D</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ढ</td><td>Dh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ढ</td><td>Dh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ण</td><td>N</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ण</td><td>N</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">त</td><td>t</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">त</td><td>t</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">थ</td><td>th</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">थ</td><td>th</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ध</td><td>dh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ध</td><td>dh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">न</td><td>n</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">न</td><td>n</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">प</td><td>p</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">प</td><td>p</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">फ</td><td>ph</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">फ</td><td>ph</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ब</td><td>b</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ब</td><td>b</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">भ</td><td>bh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">भ</td><td>bh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">म</td><td>m</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">म</td><td>m</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">य</td><td>y</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">य</td><td>y</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">र</td><td>r</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">र</td><td>r</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ल</td><td>l</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ल</td><td>l</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">व</td><td>v/w</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">व</td><td>v/w</td></tr></table></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
	<td></td>		<td></td>
Line 93:		Line 93:
	</tr>		</tr>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">श</td><td>sh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">श</td><td>sh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%"></td><td>shh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%"></td><td>shh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">स</td><td>s</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">स</td><td>s</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ह</td><td>h</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ह</td><td>h</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ळ</td><td>L</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ळ</td><td>L</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%"></td><td>ksh</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%"></td><td>ksh</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%"></td><td>gy/dny</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%"></td><td>gy/dny</td></tr></table></td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	</table>		</table>
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	<table border="1">		<table border="1">
	<tr><th>Consonant</th><th>Pronunciation</th></tr>		<tr><th>Consonant</th><th>Pronunciation</th></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ण</td><td>N</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ण</td><td>N</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">त</td><td>t</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">त</td><td>t</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">थ</td><td>th</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">थ</td><td>th</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td><td>'th' as in ''th''e</td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td><td>'th' as in ''th''e</td></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ध</td><td>dh</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ध</td><td>dh</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>
	<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">ळ</td><td>L</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>		<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ळ</td><td>L</td></tr></table></td><td></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>

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	<caption>Devanagari Digits</caption>		<caption>Devanagari Digits</caption>
	<tr>		<tr>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">०</td><td>0</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">०</td><td>0</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">१</td><td>1</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">१</td><td>1</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">२</td><td>2</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">२</td><td>2</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">३</td><td>3</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">३</td><td>3</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">४</td><td>4</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">४</td><td>4</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">५</td><td>5</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">५</td><td>5</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">६</td><td>6</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">६</td><td>6</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">७</td><td>7</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">७</td><td>7</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">८</td><td>8</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">८</td><td>8</td></tr></table></td>
	<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr><td width="50%">९</td><td>9</td></tr></table></td>		<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">९</td><td>9</td></tr></table></td>
	</tr>		</tr>
	</table>		</table>