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| {{History of Greater Iran}} | |||
| '''Greater Iran''' (in {{lang-fa|<big>ایران بزرگ</big>}}</big> ''Irān-e Bozorg'', or <big>'''{{lang|fa|ایرانزمین}}'''</big> ''Irān-zamīn''; the '']'' uses the term '''Iranian Cultural Continent'''<ref></ref>) refers to the regions that have significant Iranian cultural influence. It roughly corresponds to the territory surrounding the ], stretching from the ] to the ] in modern day ], and conform to the historical understanding of the full territory of "]." | |||
| == | |||
| Because the concept is a cultural one, representing regions settled by ], it does not correspond to any particular political entity, and—because it represents a ] dispersion—predates such political entities by many centuries. For the ], in whose 3rd century inscriptions the term 'Iran' first appears as a political concept, the ] Iranian ''state'' included ] but excluded territories east of the two Iranian salt desert basins. This situation is however reversed in the cultural context, i.e. that of the Iranian '']''. | |||
| == | |||
| == | |||
| ==Definition== | |||
| == | |||
| ] defines Greater Iran as including "much of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, with cultural influences extending to China, western India, and the Semitic speaking world." According to Frye, "Iran means all lands and peoples where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed."<ref>], ''Greater Iran'', ISBN 1-56859-177-2 p.''xi''</ref> | |||
| == | |||
| == | |||
| Richard Foltz states: "It is often assumed that various people of "greater Iran" - a cultural area that streched from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus into ], ], ], and the ] and included Persians, Medes, Parthians and Sogdians among others—were all "Zoroastrians" in in pre-Islamic times<ref>"Richard Foltz", "Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century", Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. pg 27</ref>. | |||
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| To the Greeks, Greater Iran ended at the Indus<ref>J.M. Cook, "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire" in | |||
| == | |||
| Ilya Gershevitch, William Bayne Fisher, J. A. Boyle "Cambridge History of Iran", Vol 2. pg 250. Excerpt: "To the Greeks, Greater Iran ended at the Indus".</ref> | |||
| == | |||
| == | |||
| According to ] and ] most of Western ''greater Iran'' spoke SW Iranian languages in the Achaemenid era while the Eastern territory spoke Eastern Iranian languages related to Avesta<ref>Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London and Chicago: Fitzroy-Dearborn, ISBN 1884964982. pg 307: "Dialetically, ] is regarded as a southwestern Iranian language in constract to the east Iranian Avestan which covered most of the rest of Greater Iran</ref>. | |||
| == | |||
| == | |||
| George Lane also states that after the dissolution of Mongol empire, the ] became rulers of greater Iran<ref>George Lane, "Daily life in the Mongol empire", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pg 10" The year following 1260 saw the empire irrevocably split but also signaled the emergence of the two greatest achievements of the house of Chinggis, namely the Yuan dynasty of greater China and the Il-Khanid dynasty of greater Iran.</ref> and ] according to Judith G. Kolbas was the ruler of this expanse between 1304-1317 A.D.<ref>Judith G. Kolbas, "The Mongols in Iran", Excerpt from 399: "Uljaytu, Ruler of Greater Iran from 1304-1317 A.D.",</ref> | |||
| == | |||
| Primary sources including Timurid historian Mir Khwand define Iranshahr (Greater Iran) as from the Euphrates to the Oxus<ref>Mīr Khvānd, Muḥammad ibn Khāvandshāh, Tārīkh-i rawz̤at al-ṣafā. Taṣnīf Mīr Muḥammad ibn Sayyid Burhān al-Dīn Khāvand Shāh al-shahīr bi-Mīr Khvānd. Az rū-yi nusakh-i mutaʻaddadah-i muqābilah gardīdah va fihrist-i asāmī va aʻlām va qabāyil va kutub bā chāphā-yi digar mutamāyiz mībāshad. Markazī-i Khayyām Pīrūz . ایرانشهر از کنار فرات تا جیهون است و وسط آبادانی عالم است. Iranshahr streches from the Euphrates to the Oxus, and it is the center of the prosperity of the World. </ref> | |||
| ], stretching to ] (]) and the ] to the northeast and ] and Western ] in the southeast and into eastern ] and the ] to the northwest.]] | |||
| Traditionally, and until recent times, ethnicity has never been a defining separating criteria in these regions. In the words of ]: | |||
| {{cquote|Many times I have emphasized that the present peoples of Central Asia, whether Iranian or Turkic speaking, have one culture, one religion, one set of social values and traditions with only language separating them.}} | |||
| Only in modern times did western colonial intervention and ethnicity tend to become a dividing force between the provinces of Greater Iran. As ] states, "ethnic nationalism is largely a nineteenth century phenomenon, even if it is fashionable to retroactively extend it."<ref>]. ''Eternal Iran''. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005 ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.23</ref> "Greater Iran" however has been more of a cultural super-state, rather than a political one to begin with. | |||
| In the work ''Nuzhat al-Qolub'' (نزهه القلوب), the medieval geographer ] writes: | |||
| چند شهر است اندر ایران مرتفع تر از همه<br> | |||
| ''Some cities of Iran are better than the rest,''<br> | |||
| بهتر و سازنده تر از خوشی آب و هوا<br> | |||
| ''these have pleasant and compromising weather,''<br> | |||
| گنجه پر گنج در اران صفاهان در عراق<br> | |||
| ''The wealthy ] of ], and ] as well,''<br> | |||
| در خراسان مرو و طوس در روم باشد اقسرا<br> | |||
| ''] and ] in ], and ] (Aqsara) too.'' | |||
| The ''Cambridge History of Iran'' takes a geographical approach in referring to the "historical and cultural" entity of "Greater Iran" as "areas of Iran, parts of Afghanistan, and Chinese and Soviet Central Asia".<ref>''The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods'', ], Review author: ], ], Vol. 21, No. 3. (Aug., 1989), pp.415. Link: </ref> A detailed list of these territories follows in this article. | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| In ], Greater Iran is called ''Iranzamin'' (ایرانزمین) which means "The Land of Iran". ''Iranzamin'' was in the mythical times opposed to the ''Turanzamin'' the Land of ], which was located in the upper part of ].<ref>], ], see under entry "Turan"</ref> | |||
| In the pre-Islamic period, Iranians distinguished two main regions in the territory they ruled, one Iran and the other ''Aniran''. By Iran they meant all the regions inhabited by ]. That region was much vaster than it is today. This notion of ''Iran'' as a territory (opposed to ''Aniran'') can be seen as the core of early Greater Iran. Later many changes occurred in the boundaries and areas where Iranians lived but the languages and culture remained the dominant medium in many parts of the Greater Iran. | |||
| As an example, the Persian language was the main literary language and the language of correspondence in ] and Caucasus prior to the Russian occupation, Central Asia being the birthplace of modern Persian language. Furthermore, according to the ] government, Persian language was also used in ], prior to the British Occupation and Mandate in 1918-1932 . | |||
| With ] continuously advancing south in the course of two wars against Persia, and the treaties of ] and ] in the western frontiers, plus the unexpected death of ] in 1823, and the murdering of Persia's Grand ] (Mirza AbolQasem Qa'im Maqām), many Central Asian khanates began losing hope for any support from Persia against the ]ist armies.<ref>], ''Kharazm: What do I know about Iran?''. 2004. ISBN 964-379-023-1, p.78</ref> The Russian armies occupied the ] coast in 1849, ] in 1864, ] in 1867, ] in 1868, and ] and ] in 1873. | |||
| :''"Many Iranians consider their natural sphere of influence to extend beyond Iran's present borders. After all, Iran was once much larger. Portuguese forces seized islands and ports in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, the ] wrested from ]'s control what is today ], ], and part of ]. Iranian elementary school texts teach about the Iranian roots not only of cities like ], but also cities further north like ] in southern ]. The ] lost much of his claim to western ] following the Anglo-Iranian war of 1856-1857. Only in 1970 did a ] sponsored consultation end Iranian claims to ] over the ] island nation of ]. In centuries past, Iranian rule once stretched westward into modern ] and beyond. When the western world complains of Iranian interference beyond its borders, the Iranian government often convinced itself that it is merely exerting its influence in lands that were once its own. Simultaneously, Iran's losses at the hands of outside powers have contributed to a sense of grievance that continues to the present day."'' -] of the ]<ref>]. ''Eternal Iran''. Palgrave. 2005. Coauthored with ]. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.9,10</ref> | |||
| :''"Iran today is just a rump of what it once was. At its height, Iranian rulers controlled ], ], Western ], much of ], and the ]. Many Iranians today consider these areas part of a greater Iranian sphere of influence."'' -]<ref>]. ''Eternal Iran''. Palgrave. 2005. Coauthored with ]. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.30</ref> | |||
| :''"Since the days of the ], the Iranians had the protection of geography. But high mountains and vast emptiness of the ] were no longer enough to shield Iran from the Russian army or British navy. Both literally, and figuratively, Iran shrank. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Azerbaijan, Armenia, much of Georgia, and Afghanistan were Iranian, but by the end of the century, all this territory had been lost as a result of European military action."''<ref>]. ''Eternal Iran''. Palgrave. 2005. Coauthored with ]. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.31-32</ref> | |||
| ==Provinces == | |||
| In the ], the territory of Greater Iran was known to be composed of two portions: '']'' (western portion) and '']'' (eastern portion). The dividing region was mostly along with ] and ] cities. Especially the ], ] and ] divided their ] to Iraqi and Khorasani regions. This point can be observed in many books such as ''"Tārīkhi Baïhaqī"'' of ], ''Faza'ilul al-anam min rasa'ili hujjat al-Islam'' (a collection of letters of ]) and other books. ] and ] were mostly included in the Khorasanian region. | |||
| ===Central Asia=== | |||
| {{seealso|Mount Imeon|Kingdom of Balhara}} | |||
| ]"] is one of the regions of ''Iran-zameen'', and is the home of the ancient Iranians, ], according to the ancient book of the ]."<ref>], ''Kharazm: What do I know about Iran?''. 2004. ISBN 964-379-023-1, p.111</ref> Modern scholars believe Khwarazm to be what ancient ] texts refer to as ].<ref>Farahvoshi, Bahram. ''Iranovich'', ] Press. 1991, p.8</ref> These sources claim that ], which was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually "Ourva": the eighth land of ] mentioned in the ] text of ].<ref>Javan, Musa. ''Tarikh-i Ijtima'i Iran-i Bastan (The social history of ancient Iran)'', 1961, p24</ref> Michael Witzel, a researcher in early Indo-European history, believes that ] was located in what is now ] , the northern areas of which were a part of Ancient Khwarezm and ]. Others such as ] historian ] believe Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the ]n people,<ref>], ''The History of Iran''. 2001. ISBN 0-313-30731-8, p.28</ref> while ] calls Khwarazm "the cradle of the ]n tribe" (مهد قوم آریا). Today Khwarazm is split between several central Asian republics. | |||
| Superimposed on and overlapping with ] was ] which roughly covered nearly the same geographical areas in Central Asia (starting from ] eastward through northern Afghanistan roughly until the foothills of ], ancient ]). Current day provinces such as ] in ], ], ], and ] in ] are all remnants of the old ]. Until the 13th century and the devastating Mongol invasion of the region, Khorasan was considered the cultural capital of Greater Iran.<ref> | |||
| Lorentz, J. ''Historical Dictionary of Iran''. 1995. ISBN 0-8108-2994-0</ref> | |||
| ====Afghanistan==== | |||
| Afghanistan was part of ], and hence was recognized with the name Khorasan (along with regions centered around Merv and Neishabur), which in Pahlavi means "The Eastern Land" (خاور زمین in Persian). <ref>], '']'', Tehran University Press, p.8457</ref> | |||
| Afghanistan is where ] is located, home of ], ], ], ], ] and where many other notables in ] came from. The ] language of Afghanistan, is a nearly identical to the Persian language spoken in Iran. It is widely spoken in Afghanistan and has been granted official status next to ] language. Historically, it was also the official language of the ] Persians. | |||
| At the latest, ] lost control of ] to the British in 1857. But still even today, Persian names are far abound across the towns and districts of the country: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] among others. | |||
| زابل به کابل رسید آن زمان<br> | |||
| From ] he arrived to ]<br> | |||
| گرازان و خندان و دل شادمان<br> | |||
| Strutting, happy, and mirthful<br> | |||
| ''---] in ]'' | |||
| ====Tajikistan==== | |||
| The national anthem in ], "]", attests to the Perso-Tajik identity, which has seen a large revival, after the breakup of the ]. ] is almost identical to that spoken in Afghanistan and Iran, and their cities have Persian names, e.g. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] (). | |||
| ====Turkmenistan==== | |||
| Home of the ] (]). ] is also where the half-Persian caliph ] moved his capital to, inorder to move the center of the caliphate away from Arab speaking lands. The city of ] (some claim that the word is actually the transformed form of "Ashk Abad" literally meaning "built by Ashk", the head of Arsaced dynasty) is yet another Persian word meaning "city of love", and like Iran, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan, it was once part of ]. | |||
| ====Uzbekistan==== | |||
| The famous cities of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] are located here. Many experts point to these cities as the birthplace of modern Persian language {{Fact|date=June 2009}}. The ]s, who claimed inheritance to the ]s, had their capital built here. | |||
| ای بخارا شاد باش و دیر زی<br> | |||
| Oh ]! Joy to you and live long!<br> | |||
| شاه زی تو میهمان آید همی<br> | |||
| Your King comes to you in ceremony.<br> | |||
| ''---]'' | |||
| ====Western China==== | |||
| {{seealso|Iran-China relations|Tajiks in China}} | |||
| The ] regions of ] harbored a Persian population and culture.<ref>See: | |||
| *], p.443 for ''Persian settlements in southwestern China'' | |||
| *'']'' for more links on the historical ties.</ref> Chinese ] was always counted as a part of the Iranian cultural & linguistic continent with ], ], ], and ] bound to the Iranian history.<ref>"Persian language in ]" (زبان فارسی در سین کیانگ). Zamir Sa'dollah Zadeh (دکتر ضمیر سعدالله زاده). ''Nameh-i Iran'' (نامه ایران) V.1. Editor: Hamid Yazdan Parast (حمید یزدان پرست). ISBN 964-423-572-X ] collection under DS 266 N336 2005.</ref> | |||
| === Kurdistan=== | |||
| Culturally and historically ] has been part of what is known as Greater Iran. Kurds who speak a Northwestern Iranian language known as Kurdish comprise the majority of the population of the region there are also communities of Arab, Armenian, Assyrian, Azeri, Jewish, Ossetian, Persian, and Turkic people traditionally scattered throughout the region. Most of its inhabitants are Muslim, but there are also significant numbers of other religious sects such as ], ], ], Christian, {{Fact|date=November 2008}} ], ] and believers of ]. | |||
| === Western Pakistan === | |||
| The western provinces of modern-day Pakistan, which comprise the ] and ] are predominantly Iranian-speaking regions where ] and ] comprise the majority of the local populations. The Baluch and Pashtun tribes are the easternmost of the Iranic peoples and Baluchistan is the easternmost region of the ]. | |||
| ===The Caucasus region=== | |||
| {{seealso|Russo-Persian Wars|Treaty of Gulistan|Treaty of Turkmenchay}} | |||
| Northern Caucasus region in today's Southern Russia including the republics of ], ], ], ] & other republics & oblasts of the region long formed part of Persia & the Iranian cultural sphere until they were annexed by ] over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries. Strong Persian cultural influence can be traced up as far as ] in central Russia. Fine examples of Iranian architecture in many caucasus cities like the Sassanid citadel in ] bear witness to the importance of these territories before the arrival of Russians to the region, when it was under Persian influence, rule & suzerainty. (Even today, after decades of partition, some of these regions retain a sort of Iranian identity, as seen in their old believes, traditions and customs (e.g. ])). ''For a discussion see<ref>]: "Caucasus Iran" article, p.84-96.</ref>''. | |||
| ====Southern Caucasus==== | |||
| Also by the Treaty of Gulistan, Iran had to cede all the Khanates of the ], which included ], ], ], ], ], ], and parts of the ]. ] (Darband) was also lost to Russia. These Khanates comprise what is today the ].By the ], Iran was forced to cede ] and the Mughan regions to Russia, as well as ]. These territories roughly constitute the modern-day ] and ]. Most localities in this region bear Persian names or names derived from Iranian languages. | |||
| ====Armenia==== | |||
| {{seealso|Persian Armenia|Iranian Armenians}} | |||
| ] was a province of various ]s since the ] period and was heavily influenced by ]. Armenia however, has historically been largely populated by a distinct ]-speaking people who merged with local ] peoples, rather than being directly associated with the Iranian peoples. Ancient Armenian society was a combination of local cultures, Iranian social and political structures, and ]/] traditions.<ref>See: | |||
| *Link: | |||
| *] p.417-483 for a lengthy discussion on this topic. Link: </ref> Due to centuries of independent indigenous development, conquests by western powers including the ] and ], and its diverse diasporic population that has absorbed many cultural traits, especially those of ] and ]. | |||
| Iran continues to have a ] that links ] to Iranian culture. Many Armenians such as ] were directly involved and remembered in the ]. | |||
| ====Nakhichevan==== | |||
| Early in antiquity, ] is known to have had fortifications built here. In later times, some of Persia's literary and intellectual figures from the ] period have hailed from this region. Also separated from Greater-Iran/Persia in the mid-1800s, by virtue of the ] and ]. | |||
| که تا جایگه یافتی نخچوان<br> | |||
| Oh Nakhchivan, respect you've attained,<br> | |||
| بدین شاه شد بخت پیرت جوان<br> | |||
| With this King in luck you'll remain.<br> | |||
| ''---]'' | |||
| ====Georgia==== | |||
| ], 1620. Artist is ]. Painting is located at Berlin's Museum Für Islamische Kunst.]] | |||
| ], or "Gorjestan" was a Persian Province during ] times (particularly starting with Hormozd IV). During the ] era, Georgia became so culturally intertwined with Iran that they almost replaced the ] in the Safavid courts. ] was even the official administrative language of Georgia in the time of Shah Tahmasb, and Allah-verdi Khan, whom the famous landmark of ] in ] is named after, was among the Georgian elite that were involved in the Safavid government. And ], ], was the son of a Georgian father.<ref>Patrick Clawson. Eternal Iran. Palgrave. 2005. Coauthored with Michael Rubin. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.168</ref> Georgia was again a direct province of Persia from 1629 until 1762 when the Russian influence arrived. | |||
| The aforementioned is especially true of "Eastern Georgia". Eastern Georgia historically was attached to the south for support, as opposed to Western Georgia, which looked for help to the North. The city of "Teflis" ( ] in Georgian) was Persianized for quite some time. The ]id heir to the throne prince ] spent much time there. | |||
| In the end, Persia was unable to challenge Russia in Georgia, and officially gave up claim to Georgia according to the text of the ] and ]. | |||
| Due to the ], Iran was forced to cede to Russia all the cities, towns, and villages of ], including regions on the Black Sea coast, such as ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| For a lengthy discussion, see . | |||
| ===Iraq=== | |||
| ] was a province of various ]s since the ] period and was heavily influenced by ]. It is where one of the ] capitals was located (]). There are still cities and provinces in contemporary Iraq where the Persian names of the city are still retained. e.g. ] or ]. Other cities of Iraq with originally Persian names include ''Nokard'' (نوكرد) --> ], ''Suristan'' (سورستان) --> ], ''Shahrban'' (شهربان) --> ], ''Arvandrud'' (اروندرود)--> ], and ''Asheb'' (آشب) --> ].<ref>See: محمدی ملایری، محمد: فرهنگ ایران در دوران انتقال از عصر ساسانی به عصر اسلامی، جلد دوم: دل ایرانشهر، تهران، انتشارات توس 1375.: Mohammadi Malayeri, M.: Del-e Iranshahr, vol. II, Tehran 1375 Hs.</ref> | |||
| ] verifies this: | |||
| :"] may seek retroactively to extend the present into the past, but this skews reality. Iranian domains once extended well into what is now Iraq. The first Sassanian capital was at ], 21 miles southeast of ]." said ].<ref>]. ''Eternal Iran''. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6,</ref> | |||
| Even after Iraq was ] during the ] of the 7th century, the Persian presence was still quite recognizable and dominant at times, as many famous Persian ] clerics are buried in ] and ]. At the latest, the ]s lost control of these areas to the ]. | |||
| ==Map gallery== | |||
| <center> | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| File:1753vaugondy.jpg|A 1753 map by ] titled ''ESTATS DU GRAND-SEIGNEUR EN ASIE'' where the color yellow marks the Greater Persian territores. | |||
| |1650 map by Johannes Blaeu. | |||
| File:Achaemenid Empire.jpg|Map depiction circa 500BC. | |||
| File:Iran e Bozorg.jpg|19th century British map depicting Greater Persia. | |||
| File:Iran e Bozorg2.jpg|Map depiction of 1719 of Central Asia. | |||
| File:Matthaus 1598.JPG|1598 ] map of the region. | |||
| File:Moll_1720_Persian_Empire.JPG|Herman Moll's map of 1720. Note the provincial markings. | |||
| File:Hondius 1610.JPG|1610 Map by Dutch map maker Jodocus Hondius showing Bactria and Georgia among the territories. | |||
| File:Persia1808.JPG|1808 British map of Persia. | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| </center> | |||
| ==Treaties== | |||
| *]: Iran formally transfers ] and modern Iraq to the ]. | |||
| *]: Iran gives up claims over large areas in the Caucasus. | |||
| *]: Signed by ]. ] gains sovereignty over the Caucasus. | |||
| *]: Signed by ]. Iran loses ] and parts of Afghanistan in exchange for the evacuation of Iran's southern ports by ]. | |||
| *]: Signed by ]. Iran loses ] and parts of ] in exchange for security guarantees from ]. | |||
| *1893: Iran transfers to ] additional regions near the ] that were Iranian under the Akhal Treaty. This treaty was signed by General Boutsoff and ''Mirza Ali Asghar Amin al-Sultan'' on ], ]. | |||
| *1907: Persia was to be carved up into three regions, according to the ]. | |||
| *1970: Iran abandons sovereignty rights over ] to ] in exchange for ] and ] islands in the ]. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{portal|Iran|Coat_of_arms_of_Iran.svg}} | |||
| {{portal|Zoroastrianism|Faravahar.svg}} | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * "Ethnic Identity in Iran" by ], JSAI 26, 2002, see p. 82 | |||
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| ==External links== | |||
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