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| {{Otheruses2|Pierre Elliott Trudeau}} | |||
| {{Infobox officeholder | |||
| |honorific-prefix = <small>]</small><br/> | |||
| |name = Pierre Elliott Trudeau<br/> | |||
| |honorific-suffix = <small>] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]</small> | |||
| |image = Pierre Elliot Trudeau.jpg | |||
| |imagesize = 250px | |||
| |caption = Trudeau in 1980 | |||
| |order = 15th | |||
| |office = Prime Minister of Canada | |||
| |term_start = April 20, 1968 | |||
| |term_end = June 4, 1979 | |||
| |monarch = ] | |||
| |predecessor = ] | |||
| |successor = ] | |||
| |term_start2 = March 3, 1980 | |||
| |term_end2 = June 30, 1984 | |||
| |monarch = ] | |||
| |predecessor2 = ] | |||
| |successor2 = ] | |||
| |office3 = ] | |||
| |term_start3 = June 4, 1979 | |||
| |term_end3 = March 2, 1980 | |||
| |predecessor3 = ] | |||
| |successor3 = ] | |||
| |office4 = ] | |||
| |term_start4 = April 6, 1968 | |||
| |term_end4 = June 16, 1984 | |||
| |predecessor4 = ] | |||
| |successor4 = ] | |||
| |office5 = ] | |||
| |term_start5 = April 4, 1967 | |||
| |term_end5 = July 5, 1968 | |||
| |predecessor5 = ] | |||
| |successor5 = ] | |||
| |riding6 = ] | |||
| |parliament6 = Canadian | |||
| |term_start6 = 1965 | |||
| |term_end6 = 1984 | |||
| |majority6 = | |||
| |predecessor6 = ] | |||
| |successor6 = ] | |||
| |birth_date = {{birth date|1919|10|18|mf=y}} | |||
| |birth_place = ], ], ] | |||
| |death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2000|9|28|1919|10|18}} | |||
| |death_place = ], ], ] | |||
| |birth_name = Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau | |||
| |party = ] | |||
| |spouse = ] (1971-1984) | |||
| |relations = ] (father) | |||
| |children = ]<br />]<br />]<br />Sarah Coyne (daughter with ]) | |||
| |alma_mater = ]<br />]<br />]<br />] | |||
| |occupation = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />] | |||
| |profession = | |||
| |religion = ] | |||
| |signature = Pierre Trudeau Signature 2.svg | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau''',<ref>{{IPA-fr|tʁydo}}, {{IPA-en|trʊˈdoʊ|lang}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ] (18 October 1919 – 28 September 2000), usually known as '''Pierre Trudeau''' or '''Pierre Elliott Trudeau''', was the 15th ] from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and again from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984. | |||
| Pierre Trudeau was a charismatic figure who, from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E0DD163DF93AA1575AC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=New York Times |title=Pierre Trudeau Is Dead at 80; Dashing Fighter for Canada |first=Michael T. |last=Kaufman |date=September 29, 2000 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect<ref>Mallick, Heather (September 30, 2000). . Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. ''The Globe and Mail.'' Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.</ref> and they salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and establishing the ] within Canada's constitution.<ref>''Globe and Mail'' (September 29, 2000). Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.</ref> His detractors accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the authority of the federal government in relation to the provinces,<ref>Fortin, Pierre (October 9, 2000). . Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000. ''The Globe and Mail.'' Retrieved on: October 9, 2008.</ref> but despite the controversy, both Trudeau's defenders and detractors agree he left a mark on the Canadian politics of his time. | |||
| Trudeau led Canada through a difficult period in Canadian history, and was often the centre of attention and controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he dated celebrities, was ] during debate in the ], and once did a ] behind the back of ]. | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| He was born in ] to ], a ] businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and ] descent. Pierre had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr. and he was close to both siblings for his entire life. The family became quite wealthy by the time Trudeau was in his teens, as his father sold his prosperous gas station business to Imperial Oil.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/ambulant.html |publisher=Globe and Mail |work=Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919–2000 |title=Ambulant life made him one-of-a-kind |first=Donn |last=Downey |date=September 30, 2000 |accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref> Trudeau attended the prestigious ] (a private French ] school) where he was affiliated with the ideas of ]. Trudeau's father died when Pierre was in his mid-teens, and this hit him and the family very hard. Pierre remained very close to his mother for the rest of her life.<ref name="Memoirs 1993"/> | |||
| According to long-time friend and colleague ], the contemporary clerically influenced dictatorships of ] in ], ] in ] and Marshal ] in ] were seen as models to many young intellectuals educated at elite ] schools in ]. Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" was a product of his experiences once he left Quebec to study in the United States, France and England and travel the world, an experience which allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as ] and ] as well as ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |work=Globe and Mail |title=Closest friends surprised by Trudeau revelations |date=April 8, 2006 |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060408.TRUDEAU08/TPStory/?query=Pierre+Trudeau+Hugh+Winsor |format=fee required |first=Hugh |last=Winsor |page=A6 |accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref> | |||
| ==Education and the Second World War== | |||
| Trudeau earned a law degree at the ] in 1943; during his studies he was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the ]. He joined the ] and served with other conscripts in Canada, as they were not liable for overseas military service until after the ]. Trudeau said he was willing to become involved in the ], but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the ] government. Trudeau reflected on his opposition to conscription and his doubts about the war in his 1993 ''Memoirs'': "So there was a war? Tough... if you were a French Canadian in Montreal in the early 1940s, you did not automatically believe that this was a ]... we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers."<ref name="Memoirs 1993"/> | |||
| In a 1942 ] by-election, he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate ] (later ]), and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. The ], in its biographical sketches of Canadian prime ministers, records how on one occasion during the war Trudeau and his friends drove their motorcycles wearing ]n military uniforms, complete with pointed steel helmets.<ref>{{cite news |work=National Archives of Canada, Canada's Prime Ministers, 1867–1994: Biographies and Anecdotes |title=Anecdote: A prime minister in disguise |year=1994 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3382-e.html}}</ref> | |||
| After the war, Trudeau went abroad to continue his studies, first with a master's degree in political economy at ]'s ]. Next, he studied in ], ] in 1947 at the '']'', and finally working towards his ] at the ], although he did not finish his thesis.<ref>''Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau'', volume 1, by ], 2006.</ref> | |||
| Trudeau was interested in ] ideas in the 1940s and his Harvard dissertation was on the topic of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=145,146|date= 2006-10-06}}</ref> At ] Trudeau found himself profoundly challenged as he discovered that his "... legal training was deficient, his knowledge of economics was pathetic."<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=123|date= 2006-10-06}}</ref> Thanks to the great intellectual migration away from ] ], Harvard had become a major intellectual centre in which Trudeau profoundly changed.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=124|date= 2006-10-06}}</ref> Despite this, Trudeau found himself an outsider - a ] ] living for the first time outside of ] in the predominantly Protestant American ] University.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=134|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> This isolation deepened finally into despair<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=137|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> and led to his decision to continue his ] studies abroad.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=141|date= 2006-10-06}}</ref> | |||
| In 1947 he travelled to Paris to continue his dissertation work. Over a five week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of ] after being influenced most notably by ].<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=147|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> The ] dissertation remained undone when Trudeau entered a doctoral program to study under the renowned ] economist ] in the ].<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=166|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> This cemented Trudeau's belief that ] economics and social science were essential to the creation of the "good life" in democratic society.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=296|date= 2006-10-06}}</ref> | |||
| ==Early career== | |||
| From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the ]. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, ''La grève de l'amiante'', which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, ] clerical establishment and ] business class that had long ruled the province.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=289,292|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of ] ] as the founder and editor of '']'', a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the ]. | |||
| From 1949 to 1951 Trudeau worked briefly in Ottawa, in the ] of the Liberal Prime Minister ] as an economic policy advisor. He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful later on, when he entered politics, and that senior civil servant ] tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on. | |||
| His ] values and his close ties with ] (CCF) intellectuals (including ], ], ] and ]) led to his support and membership in that federal ] party throughout the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=364|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> Despite these connections, when Trudeau entered federal politics in the 1960s he decided to join the ] rather than the CCF, now the ] (NDP). This is attributed to a few factors: (1) he felt the ] could not achieve power, because of ]'s inability to attract Quebec voters, (2) Trudeau expressed doubts about the centralizing policies of Canada's socialists (he favoured a more decentralized approach), and (3) there were "real differences" between his approach and the NDP's "two nations" approach to the Canadian constitution and the role of Quebec within Canada.<ref>{{cite book |author=John English|title=Citizen of the World |isbn = 978-0-676-97521-5 (0-676-97521-6) |publisher= ]|page=364,365|date=2006-10-06}}</ref> | |||
| In his memoirs, published in 1993, Trudeau wrote that during the 1950s, he wanted to teach at the Université de Montréal, but was blacklisted three times from doing so by ], then premier of Quebec. He was offered a position at ] teaching political science by ], who later became principal of Queen's, but turned it down because he preferred to teach in Quebec.<ref>''Memoirs'', by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Toronto 1993, ] publishers, pp. 63–64.</ref> During the 1950s, he was ] by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in ], and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban and it was rescinded. | |||
| ==Law professor, enters politics== | |||
| An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of ]. In economic theory he was influenced by professors ] and ] while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of ] when it supported arming ] in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends ] and ]. These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the ]. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of ], in western Montreal, succeeding ] ]. He would hold this seat until his retirement from politics in 1984, winning each election with large majorities. | |||
| Upon arrival in Ottawa, Trudeau was appointed as Prime Minister Lester Pearson's parliamentary secretary, and spent much of the next year traveling the world, representing Canada at international meetings and events, including the ]. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's ] as ].<ref name="Memoirs 1993">''Memoirs'', by Pierre Trudeau, Toronto 1993, ] publishers.</ref> | |||
| ==Justice minister and leadership candidate== | |||
| As ], Pierre Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark '']'', an ] whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of ] acts between consenting adults, the legalization of ], ] and ], new ] restrictions as well as the authorization of ] tests on suspected drunk drivers. Trudeau famously defended the decriminalization of homosexual acts segment of the bill by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code".<ref>{{cite video |title=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/538/ Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos] |medium=TV clip |publisher=] |location=Canada |date=1967-12-21}} Although usually attributed solely to Trudeau, the quote is a paraphrase by him from an editorial that appeared in the Globe and Mail on December 12, 1967 (page 61) which read in part: "Obviously, the state's responsibility should be to legislate rules for a well-ordered society. It has no right or duty to creep into the bedrooms of the nation."</ref> Trudeau also liberalized ] laws, and clashed with Quebec ] ] during constitutional negotiations. | |||
| At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted the attention of the news media and mobilized and inspired many youths, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change (he was 48). Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner, and was clearly the favourite candidate with the Canadian public. Many within the Liberal Party still had deep doubts about him, though. Having joined the party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider. Many saw him as too radical and outspoken a figure. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by the substantial conservative wing of the party. Nevertheless, at the April ], Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates, defeating some prominent, long-serving Liberals including ], ] and ]. Trudeau was sworn in as Liberal leader and Prime Minister two weeks later on April 20. | |||
| ==Prime minister== | |||
| Trudeau soon called an election, for June 25 (see ]). His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "]" (a term coined by journalist Lubor J. Zink),<ref>Lubor J. Zink, Trudeaucracy, Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd., 1972, back cover: "Lubor Zink is the one who first coined those two terms of our times{{ndash}} Trudeaumania and Trudeaucracy."</ref> which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual ] parade in ], when rioting ] threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day.<ref>CBC Archives. . cbc.ca Television clip. Recording Date: June 24, 1968. Retrieved on: November 14, 2007.</ref><ref>Maclean's Magazine (April 6, 1998) . The Canadian Encyclopedia, ''Historica.'' Retrieved on: November 14, 2007.</ref> | |||
| As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused ] as a means of making Canada a "]." He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just. He also implemented many procedural reforms, to make Parliament and the Liberal caucus meetings run more efficiently, and substantially expanded the size and role of the prime minister's office.<ref name="Memoirs 1993"/> | |||
| During the ] of 1970, the '']'' (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul ] at his residence on the fifth of October. Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister ] was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on October 17). Trudeau responded by invoking the '']'', which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like ], it was met with only limited objections from the public.<ref name = measures>Mount Allison University (2001). . The Centre for Canadian Studies - Study Guides. Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.</ref> Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "]." Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross's life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.<ref> Munroe, Susan. . About.com. Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.</ref> | |||
| Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official ]. Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented. | |||
| Trudeau was the first world leader to agree to meet ] and his wife ] on their 'tour for ]'. Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace."<ref>Ottawa Citizen (December 23, 1969). . Retrieved on: June 21, 2008.</ref> | |||
| On March 4, 1971, the Prime Minister married ], a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. They later divorced. | |||
| In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (]), but often pursued an independent path in international relations. He established Canadian diplomatic relations with the ], before the United States did, and went on an official visit to ]. He was known to be a friend of ] and ]. A mobster said that in 1974 he was hired by New York State mafia members to kill Trudeau, hoping to bait Castro up to a funeral, where they would kill him. The plan was apparently later rejected.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Edwards |title=Confessions of a mobster: 'My job was to kill Pierre Trudeau' |url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/290634 |work=Toronto Star |publisher=Torstar |location=Toronto, Ontario |date=2008-01-03 |accessdate=2008-01-03 }}</ref> | |||
| ] ] in 1976]] | |||
| In the ], Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a ], with the ] holding the ]. This government would move to the left, including the creation of ]. | |||
| In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a ] in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that he had in fact engineered his own downfall, since he was confident he would win the resulting election. The ] saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a ] with 141 of the 264 seats. In September 1975, ], ] resigned. Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted ], something which he had mocked ] leader ] for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier. | |||
| Canada joined the ] group of major economic powers in 1976, after being left out of the first set of meetings. Trudeau wrote in his memoirs that U.S. President ] arranged this, and expressed sincere appreciation.<ref>''Memoirs'', by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, ] 1993, ] publishers.</ref> | |||
| Trudeau's outward actions during his premiership led many to believe he harboured republican notions; it was even rumoured by ], that the ] was worried ] "had little meaning for him." This may have had to do with the erasure of royal symbols, his documented antics around the Monarch, such as his sliding down ] banisters, and his famous pirouette behind the Queen, captured on film in 1977. He also glaringly breached protocol in 1978 when he vacationed in ], instead of being in Canada to attend the Queen's arrival and departure. However, he was accused of instant monarchism, as well as opportunism during a period of personal unpopularity in the 1970s, when he invited Elizabeth II to attend the ] ] (CHOGM), at Ottawa 1973. The invitation, and acceptance of it, started the tradition of Elizabeth attending Commonwealth conferences, no matter the location. Also, in 1976, after ], then ], begged Trudeau to invite the Queen to the ], Trudeau, after obliging him, became annoyed when Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be. He commented directly on the Monarchy in 1967, when he, by then a Cabinet minister, stated "I wouldn't lift a finger to get rid of the monarchy.... I think the monarchy, by and large, has done more good than harm to Canada." Ultimately, he experimented with the Crown more than any previous politician, and then entrenched the role of the Crown in Canada when he orchestrated the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 (see below).<ref name="Trudeau"></ref> | |||
| A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly.<ref>"Between 1970 and 1976, while Canada's population had grown by 8 per cent, the federal bureaucracy had expanded by 30 per cent, while the number of senior civil servants had ballooned by 127 per cent. In July, Gallup found for the first time that as many Canadians blamed big government for their troubles as blamed the perennial scapegoat, big labour." ''The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians,'' by Richard Gwyn, Toronto, 1980, McClelland and Stewart, 325.</ref> Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979. | |||
| ==Defeat and opposition== | |||
| In the ], Trudeau's government was defeated by the ], led by ], who formed a ]. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a ] could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the ] by a ], in mid-December, 1979. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the ], and won a ]. | |||
| ==Return to power== | |||
| The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of ]. Trudeau had to resort to having ] appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. The introduction of the ] (NEP) created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "]." | |||
| A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist ] in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation. However, after tough bargaining on both sides, Trudeau did reach a revenue-sharing agreement on energy with Alberta premier ] in 1982.<ref name="Memoirs 1993"/> | |||
| Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Pierre Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the ], called by the '']'' government of ]. In the debates between Trudeau and Lévesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.<ref></ref> Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Quebec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote. | |||
| Trudeau had attempted ] of the Constitution earlier in his career, but always ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. After he threatened to go to London alone, a ] led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. Even so, the patriation was achieved; the '']'' was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth on April 17, 1982. Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, ], who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and ], who represented the interests of Canada so well in London... The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."<ref name="Trudeau" /> | |||
| Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. On February 29, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. He formally retired on June 30. | |||
| ==Final years== | |||
| Shortly after his retirement from politics, Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm ] as counsel. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the ] and ] proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals. | |||
| He also spoke out against ] and the ''Parti Québécois'' with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec for his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the ]. | |||
| He published his memoirs in 1993; the book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published. | |||
| Trudeau lived in the historic ] in Montreal following his retirement from politics. In the last years of his life, he was afflicted with ] and ], and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, ], who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998. | |||
| ===Death=== | |||
| {{Main|Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau}} | |||
| Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, ], ], ].<ref></ref> He ] to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. The response by Canadians was unprecedented in its size and public outpouring of emotion. He is survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons ] and ], and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered by ]. During the ], Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy<ref>—Justin Trudeau's eulogy, October 3, 2000</ref> that led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future. (Justin was elected to the House of Commons in late 2008). Many world politicians paid their respects to Trudeau by attending the funerals, notably Fidel Castro who traveled from Cuba and Former President of the USA Jimmy Carter. | |||
| ==Marriage and children== | |||
| On March 4, 1971, the Prime Minister married ], a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. The couple had three children: ] (b. December 25, 1971), ] (Sacha) (b. December 25, 1973), and ] (October 2, 1975 – 13 November 1998). They were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicised legal separation in 1977. When their divorce was finalised in 1984, Trudeau became the first Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with ]. This was his first and only daughter, named Sarah. Trudeau did not marry Coyne. | |||
| As of 2009, he had four grandchildren: grandsons Xavier James Trudeau (Justin) and Pierre Emmanuel Trudeau (Sacha); and granddaughters Ella-Grace Margaret Trudeau (Justin) and Gala Simone Trudeau (Sacha). {{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} | |||
| ==Spirituality== | |||
| Trudeau was a ] and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the ''United Church Observer'' in 1971: “I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I’m a ].” Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a ] than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled.<ref>Trudeau, P. 1996. ''Against the Current: Selected Writings 1939–1996.'' G. Pelletier, ed. Toronto: McClellan and Stewart. 302–303.</ref> | |||
| Michael W. Higgins, President of ], has researched Trudeau’s spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. The first of these was the ] who provided his education up to the college level. Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau’s life was ]. According to Michel Gorges, Rector of the ''College Dominicain philosophie et théologie,'' Trudeau “considered himself a lay Dominican.” He studied philosophy under Dominican Father ] and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as “spiritual director and friend.” Another skein in Trudeau’s spirituality was a ] aspect acquired from his association with the ] tradition. According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of ] in a life fully-lived. He took retreats at ] and regularly attended ] and the ] at Montreal’s Benedictine community.<ref name="Higgins">Higgins, M. 2004. “Defined by Spirituality,” in English, J., R. Gwyn and P.W. Lackenbauer, eds. ''The Hidden Pierre Trudeau: The Faith Behind the Politics.'' Ottawa: Novalis. 26–30.</ref> | |||
| Although never publicly ] in the way of ] or ], nor ], in the way of ] or ], Trudeau’s spirituality, according to Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. In no small part, it defined him.”<ref name="Higgins" /> | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| Trudeau remains well-regarded by many Canadians.<ref> Toronto Star, 2002-02-16. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.</ref> However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents.<ref>"The Worst Canadian?", '']'' '''87''' (4), Aug/Sep 2007. The article reports the results of a promotional, online survey by write-in vote for "the worst Canadian", which the magazine carried out in the preceding months, and in which Trudeau polled highest.</ref><ref>], who was Prime Minister at the time of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, and one of the chief forces behind them, sharply criticized Trudeau's opposition to them, in his 2007 autobiography, '']''. </ref> Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity. His strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian ] puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers."<ref>Bliss, M. Seventh Floor Media. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.</ref> "He haunts us still," biographers ] and ] wrote in 1990.<ref>Clarkson, S. and C. McCall (1990). ''Trudeau and Our Times, Volume 1: The Magnificent Obsession.'' McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0771054143</ref> Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of ]. In all, Trudeau is undoubtedly one of the most dominant and transformative figures in Canadian political history.<ref>Whitaker, R. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia Historica.'' Retrieved: 2007-04-07.</ref><ref>Behiels, M. Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy. Regina, Saskatchewan. Retrieved: 2007-04-07.</ref> | |||
| Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterward. | |||
| Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his prime ministership. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}; when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.<ref>—GDP figures</ref> However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} | |||
| Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, ]. | |||
| Pierre Trudeau is today seen in very high regard on the Canadian political scene. Many politicians still use the term "taking a walk in the snow, " a throw-away line Trudeau used to describe his decision to leave office in 1984. Other popular Trudeauisms frequently used are "just watch me", the "Trudeau Salute", and "]." | |||
| ===Constitutional legacy=== | |||
| {{See also|Constitution Act, 1982}} | |||
| One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the ], including a domestic amending formula and the ]. It is seen as advancing ] and liberties and, ] aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, re-establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of ] all across Canada. ] of the ], has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of ]. Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (]) of the Charter has been infrequently used. | |||
| ] claim the Constitution has resulted in too much ] on the part of the courts in Canada. It is also heavily criticized by ], who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any ] and does not recognize a constitutional veto for ]. | |||
| ===Bilingualism=== | |||
| {{See also|Bilingualism in Canada}} | |||
| Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario and New Brunswick). While official ] has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were. | |||
| However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which ''all'' cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada. | |||
| ===Cultural legacy=== | |||
| Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the ] and the ] finally had proper homes in the national capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated ] in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} | |||
| Furthermore, his cultural legacy can be found in Canada's strong ties to ]. | |||
| ===Legacy with respect to western Canada=== | |||
| Trudeau's posthumous reputation in the Western Provinces is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the "father of ]." The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Some Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially ] and ], at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the ], which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich ] where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP.<ref></ref> Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP.<ref>{{cite paper |first=Mary Elizabeth |last=Vicente |title=The National Energy Program |work=Canada’s Digital Collections |publisher=Heritage Community Foundation |year=2005 |url=http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/events/issues_nep.html |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |first=Robert |last=Mansell |coauthors=Schlenker, Ron; Anderson, John |title=Energy, Fiscal Balances and National Sharing |publisher=Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy/University of Calgary |year=2005 |url=http://www.iseee.ca/files/iseee/ISEEEResearchReportNov1805.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> | |||
| More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to ], ] on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat. The widely-remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protestors' concerns with "Why should ''I'' sell your wheat?" — in reality, however, the media never adequately reported the fact that he asked the question rhetorically and then proceeded to answer it himself.<ref>, '']'', December 23, 1996.</ref> Years later, on a train trip through ], he "gave the ]" to a group of protesters through the carriage window — less widely remembered is that the protestors were shouting anti-French slogans at the train.<ref>Anthony Westell, ''Paradox: Trudeau as Prime Minister''.</ref> | |||
| ===Legacy with respect to Quebec=== | |||
| Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the ] as crucial in terminating the ] (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his ]—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the ]. | |||
| At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the ]. Provincially, though, Quebecers twice elected the pro-sovereignty '']''. Moreover, there were not then any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the ]. Since the signing of the ] in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. Trudeau is disliked by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments.<ref></ref> While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec. | |||
| ===Intellectual contributions=== | |||
| Trudeau made a number of contributions throughout his career to the intellectual discourse of Canadian politics. Trudeau was a strong advocate for a ] model of government in Canada, developing and promoting his ideas in response and contrast to strengthening Quebec nationalist movements, for instance the social and political atmosphere created during ]' time in power <ref>(Gagnon 2000)</ref>. Federalism in this context can be defined as “a particular way of sharing political power among different peoples within a state…Those who believe in federalism hold that different peoples do not need states of their own in order to enjoy self-determination. Peoples…may agree to share a single state while retaining substantial degrees of self-government over matters essential to their identity as peoples” <ref>(Ignatieff qtd. in Balthazar 1995, 6)</ref>. As a social democrat, Trudeau sought to combine and harmonize his theories on ] with those of federalism so that both could find effective expression in Canada. He noted the ostensible conflict between socialism, with its usually strong centralist government model, and federalism, which expounded a division and cooperation of power by both federal and provincial levels of government <ref>(Trudeau 1968)</ref>. In particular, Trudeau states that socialists, | |||
| <blockquote>rather than water down…their socialism, must constantly seek ways of adapting it to a bicultural society governed under a federal constitution. And since the future of Canadian federalism lies clearly in the direction of co-operation, the wise socialist will turn his thoughts in that direction, keeping in mind the importance of establishing buffer zones of joint sovereignty and co-operative zones of joint administration between the two levels of government <ref>(Trudeau 1968 p.141)</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Trudeau pointed out that in sociological terms, Canada is inherently a federalist society, forming unique regional identities and priorities, and therefore a federalist model of spending and jurisdictional powers is most appropriate. He argues, “in the age of the mass society, it is no small advantage to foster the creation of quasi-sovereign communities at the provincial level, where power is that much less remote from the people.” <ref>(Trudeau 1968 p.133)</ref> | |||
| Unfortunately, Trudeau’s idealistic plans for a cooperative Canadian federalist state were resisted and hindered as a result of his narrowness on ideas of identity and socio-cultural pluralism: “While the idea of a ‘nation’ in the sociological sense is acknowledged by Trudeau, he considers the allegiance which it generates—emotive and particularistic—to be contrary to the idea of cohesion between humans, and as such creating fertile ground for the internal fragmentation of states and a permanent state of conflict” <ref name="Gagnon2000pp16-17">(Gagnon 2000, 16-17)</ref>. This position garnered significant criticism for Trudeau, in particular from Quebec and First Nations peoples on the basis that his theories denied their rights to nationhood <ref name="Gagnon2000pp16-17"/>. First Nations communities raised particular concerns with the proposed ], developed under Trudeau by ]. | |||
| ==Supreme Court appointments== | |||
| Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the ] by the ]: | |||
| * ] (March 19, 1970 – March 17, 1984; as Chief Justice, December 27, 1973) | |||
| * ] (as Chief Justice, March 23, 1970 – December 23, 1973; appointed a ] December 22, 1949) | |||
| * ] (March 26, 1973 – June 30, 1990; as Chief Justice, April 18, 1984) | |||
| * ] (January 1, 1974 – November 10, 1988) | |||
| * ] (January 1, 1974 – October 1, 1977) | |||
| * ] (September 29, 1977 – April 22, 1988) | |||
| * ] (October 1, 1977 – June 30, 1979) | |||
| * ] (January 1, 1979 – February 15, 1989) | |||
| * ] (March 28, 1980 – January 6, 2000) | |||
| * ] (March 4, 1982 – January 4, 1991) | |||
| * ] (May 29, 1984 – November 30, 1988) | |||
| ==Honours== | |||
| The following honours were bestowed upon him by the ], or by ] herself: | |||
| * Trudeau was made a member of the ] on April 4, 1967, giving him the style "]" and post-nominal "PC" for life.<ref>—Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Version: February 6, 2006</ref> | |||
| * He was styled "]" for life on his appointment as Prime Minister on April 20, 1968. | |||
| * Trudeau was made a ] in 1984. | |||
| * He was made a ] (post-nominal "CC") on June 24, 1985.<ref>—Pierre Elliott Trudeau—Companion of the Order of Canada, October 30, 1985</ref> | |||
| * He was granted arms, crest, and supporters by the ] on December 7, 1994.<ref>—Arms of Canada's Prime Ministers</ref> | |||
| Other honours include: | |||
| * The Canadian news agency ] named Trudeau "]" a record ten times, including every year from 1968 to 1975, and two more times in 1978 and 2000. In 1999, CP also named Trudeau "Newsmaker of the 20th Century." Trudeau declined to give CP an interview on that occasion, but said in a letter that he was "surprised and pleased." In many {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} informal and unscientific polls conducted by Canadian Internet sites, users also widely agreed with the honour. | |||
| * In 1983–84, he was awarded the ], for negotiating the reduction of nuclear weapons and Cold War tension in several countries. | |||
| * The ] in ] is named in his honour.<ref></ref> | |||
| * ] in ], ] is also named in his honour. | |||
| * The ] (YUL) in ] was named in his honour, effective January 1, 2004. | |||
| * In 2004, viewers of the ] series '']'' voted Trudeau the third greatest Canadian. | |||
| * The government of British Columbia named a peak in the ] ], on June 10, 2006.<ref>—Mt. Trudeau named; —Mount Trudeau to be officially named in June</ref> The peak is located in the ], which has many peaks named for British Columbian premiers and Canadian prime ministers. | |||
| * Trudeau was awarded a 2nd dan black belt in ] by the Takahashi School of Martial Arts in Ottawa.<ref>Takahashi, M. et all (2005). ''Mastering Judo''. USA: Human Kinetics.</ref> | |||
| * Trudeau was ranked #5 of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through ] in a survey of Canadian historians. The survey was used in the book ''Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders'' by ] and ]. | |||
| ===Honorary degrees=== | |||
| {{Expand list|date=May 2009}} | |||
| * ] in ] in 1974.<ref>—Center for Canadian Studies</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1976 (])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keio.ac.jp/english/keio_in_depth/keio_view/004.html |title=Vol. 4. Conferment of Honorary Degree of Doctor |accessdate=2009-05-21 |publisher='']'' }}</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1968<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=44577a1357ae9 |title=Bob Rae, Ben Heppner and William Hutt among Queen’s honorary degree recipients |date=2006-05-02 |accessdate=2009-05-21 |publisher='']'' }}</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1968<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=554 |title=Trudeau legacy lives on, say profs |accessdate= 2009-05-21 |publisher=''University of Alberta ExpressNews'' |first=Andrew |last=Leitch |date=2000-09-29 }}</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1987 (])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umac.mo/reg/UMCalendar/appendices/(12)A-HDT.pdf |title=Honorary Degrees and Titles |publisher='']'' |accessdate=2009-05-21 }}</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uottawa.ca/services/markcom/gazette/001006/001006-art02-e.html |title=Pierre Trudeau and U of O |first=Jacques |last=Pallascio |publisher=''University of Ottawa Gazette'' |accessdate=2009-05-21 |date=2000-10-06 }}</ref> | |||
| * ] in ] in 1982 | |||
| ==Trudeau in film== | |||
| Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the recent documentary ''Memoirs'' details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart. | |||
| Trudeau's life is depicted in two ] ]. The first one, '']''<ref></ref> (with ] in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. ''Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making''<ref></ref> (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life. | |||
| The 1999 documentary film '']'' explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians. | |||
| He was the co-subject along with ] in the ]-directed documentary mini-series'']''. | |||
| ==Trudeau in music== | |||
| Trudeau is name-checked in the song "]" by ] (a side project band featuring former ] singer ]). The lyrics says "like Pierre Trudeau's walk out in the snow."<ref></ref> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| A homage to Trudeau is "Song for a Father" by ] (of Moxy Fruvous Fame) which chronicles the life of the politician. | |||
| ==Works by Trudeau== | |||
| <small> | |||
| * ''Memoirs''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5 | |||
| * ''Towards a just society: the Trudeau years'', with ], (eds.) Markham, Ont.: Viking, 1990. | |||
| * ''The Canadian Way: Shaping Canada's Foreign Policy 1968–1984'', with Ivan Head | |||
| * ''Two innocents in Red China. (Deux innocents en Chine rouge)'', with Jacques Hébert 1960. | |||
| * '' Against the Current: Selected Writings, 1939–1996. (À contre-courant: textes choisis, 1939–1996)''. Gerard Pelletier (ed) | |||
| * ''The Essential Trudeau''. Ron Graham, (ed.) Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1998. ISBN 0-7710-8591-5 | |||
| * ''The asbestos strike. (''Grève de l'amiante)'', translated by James Boake 1974 | |||
| * ''Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out on Meech Lake''. Donald J. Johnston, (ed). Toronto: General Paperbacks, 1990. ISBN 0-7736-7244-3 | |||
| * ''Approaches to politics''. Introd. by Ramsay Cook. Prefatory note by Jacques Hébert. Translated by I. M. Owen. from the French ''Cheminements de la politique''. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-19-540176-X | |||
| * ''Underwater Man'', with Joe Macinnis and Joseph B. Macinnis. | |||
| * ''Federalism and the French Canadians''. Introd. by John T. Saywell. 1968 | |||
| * ''Conversation with Canadians''. Foreword by Ivan L. Head. Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press 1972. ISBN 0-8020-1888-2 | |||
| * ''The best of Trudeau''. Toronto: Modern Canadian Library. 1972 ISBN 0-919364-08-X | |||
| * ''Lifting the shadow of war''. C. David Crenna, editor. Edmonton: Hurtig, c1987. ISBN 0-88830-300-9 | |||
| * ''Human rights, federalism and minorities. (Les droits de l'homme, le fédéralisme et les minorités)'', with Allan Gotlieb and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs | |||
| </small> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Commons category|Pierre Elliott Trudeau}} | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
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| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| <small> | |||
| * Bergeron, Gérard. ''Notre miroir à deux faces: Trudeau-Lévesque''. Montreal: Québec/Amérique, c1985. ISBN 2-89-037239-1 | |||
| * Bliss, Michael. ''Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney'', 1994. | |||
| * Bowering, George. ''Egotists and Autocrats: the Prime Ministers of Canada'', 1999. | |||
| * Burelle, André. '' Pierre Elliott Trudeau: l'intellectuel et le politique'', Montréal: Fides, 2005, 480 pages. ISBN 276212669X | |||
| * Butler, Rick, Jean-Guy Carrier, eds. ''The Trudeau decade''. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1979. | |||
| * Butson, Thomas G. ''Pierre Elliott Trudeau''. New York: Chelsea House, c1986. ISBN 0-87-754445-X | |||
| * Clarkson, Stephen; McCall, Christina. ''Trudeau and our times''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1990–c1994. 2 v. ISBN 0-77-105414-9 ISBN 0-77-105417-3 | |||
| * Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. ''Trudeau's Shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau''. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999. | |||
| * Couture, Claude. ''Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada''. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, c1998. Issued also in French: La loyauté d'un laïc. ISBN 1417593067 ISBN 0888643136 | |||
| * Donaldson, Gordon (journalist). ''The Prime Ministers of Canada'', 1997. | |||
| * English, John. ''Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume One: 1919-1968'' (2006); ''Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968-2000'' (2009); Knopf Canada, ISBN 0676975216 ISBN 978-0676975215 | |||
| * Ferguson, Will. ''Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present'', 1999. | |||
| * Griffiths, Linda. ''Maggie & Pierre: a fantasy of love, politics and the media: a play''. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1980. ISBN 0889221820 | |||
| * Gwyn, Richard. ''The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1980. ISBN 0771037325 | |||
| * Hillmer, Norman and Granatstein, J.L. ''Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders'', 1999. ISBN 0-00-200027-X. | |||
| * Laforest, Guy. ''Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream''. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, c1995. ISBN 0773513000 ISBN 0773513221 | |||
| * Lotz, Jim. ''Prime Ministers of Canada'', 1987. | |||
| * McDonald, Kenneth. ''His pride, our fall: recovering from the Trudeau revolution''. Toronto: Key Porter Books, c1995. ISBN 155013714X | |||
| * McIlroy, Thad, ed. '' A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotas''. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 038519787X ISBN 0385197888 | |||
| * Nemni, Max and Nemni, Monique. '']''. Toronto: ], 2006. ISBN 0771067496 (Based on private papers and diaries of Pierre Trudeau which he gave the authors in 1995) | |||
| * Peterson, Roy. ''Drawn & quartered: the Trudeau years''. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984. | |||
| * Radwanski, George. ''Trudeau''. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co., 1978. ISBN 0800878973 | |||
| * Ricci, Nino. ''Extraordinary Canadians Pierre Elliott Trudeau'' (2009) | |||
| * Sawatsky, John. ''The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists'', 1987. | |||
| * Simpson, Jeffrey. ''Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration''. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984. ISBN 0920510248 | |||
| * Stewart, Walter. ''Shrug: Trudeau in power''. Toronto: New Press, 1971. ISBN 0887700810 | |||
| * Southam, Nancy. ''Pierre'', McClelland & Stewart, September 19, 2006, 408 pages ISBN 978-0-7710-8168-2 | |||
| * Simard, François-Xavier. ''Le vrai visage de Pierre Elliott Trudeau'', Montréal: Les Intouchables, April 19, 2006 ISBN 2-89549-217-4 | |||
| * Vastel, Michel. '' The outsider: the life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau''. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1990. 266 pages. Translation of: Trudeau, le Québécois. ISBN 0771591004 | |||
| * Walters, Eric. ''Voyageur'', Toronto: Penguin Groups 2008 | |||
| * Zink, Lubor J. ''Trudeaucracy.'' Toronto: Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd., 1972. 150 pages. ISBN 1301459780 | |||
| </small> | |||
| ===Archival videos of Trudeau=== | |||
| <small> | |||
| * {{cite video |people=Pierre Elliott Trudeau |date=1967–1970 |title=Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-538/politics_economy/omnibus/ |format=.wmv |accessdate=2006-12-05 |medium=news clips |publisher=CBC Archives}} | |||
| * <small>{{cite video |people=Pierre Elliott Trudeau |date=1957–2005 |title=Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Philosopher and Prime Minister |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-2192/politics_economy/trudeau/ |format=.wmv |accessdate=2006-12-05 |medium=news clips |publisher=CBC Archives}} | |||
| </small> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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| {{s-aft|after=]}} | |||
| {{s-ppo}} | |||
| {{s-bef|before=]}} | |||
| {{s-ttl|title=]|years=1968–1984}} | |||
| {{s-aft|after=]}} | |||
| {{end}} | |||
| {{Pierre Trudeau}} | |||
| {{canPM}} | |||
| {{Leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada}} | |||
| {{CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General}} | |||
| {{CA-Presidents of the Privy Council}} | |||
| {{Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year}} | |||
| <!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME = Trudeau, Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Trudeau, Pierre Elliott | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = 15th Prime Minister of Canada | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = October 18, 1919 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = September 28, 2000 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Trudeau, Pierre}} | |||
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Revision as of 03:01, 20 January 2010
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