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| {{Wiktionarypar|aborigine|aboriginal}} | {{Wiktionarypar|aborigine|aboriginal}} | ||
| '''Aborigine''' or '''aboriginal''' refers to ]. The name derives from the ] in ]. | |||
| A '''mental disorder''' or '''mental illness''' is a ] or ] pattern associated with distress or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of ] ] or ]. The recognition and understanding of ] conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and ], although standard guideline criteria are widely accepted. | |||
| Over a third of people in most countries report meeting criteria for the major categories at some point in their life. The ] are often explained in terms of a ] and ] model. ] are based in ] or in the ], and ] diagnose individuals by various methods, often relying on observation and questioning in interview. | |||
| ] and ] are two major treatment options as are ] interventions, ] and ]. In some cases there may be ] and ] where legislation allows. ] and ] add to the ] associated with the disorders, and various ] campaign for change. | |||
| ==Classifications== | |||
| {{Main|Classification of mental disorders}} | |||
| The ] and ] of mental disorders is a key issue for ] and for users and providers of mental health services. Most international clinical documents use the term "mental disorder". There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders—'']'', part of the ] produced by the ] (WHO), and the '']'' (DSM-IV) produced by the ] (APA). Both list categories of disorder and provide standardized criteria for diagnosis. They have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that the manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. Other classification schemes may be used in non-western cultures (see, for example, the '']''), and other manuals may be used by those of alternative theoretical persuasions, for example the '']''. In general, mental disorders are classified separately to ], ] or ]. | |||
| Unlike most of the above systems, some approaches to classification do not employ distinct categories of disorder or ] cut-offs intended to separate the abnormal from the normal. There is significant scientific debate about the different kinds of ] and the relative merits of categorical versus non-categorical (or hybrid) schemes, with the latter including ], ] or ] systems. | |||
| ==Disorders== | |||
| {{Refimprovesect|date=June 2007}} | |||
| There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered.<ref name=Gazzaniga>Gazzaniga, M.S., & Heatherton, T.F. (2006). ''Psychological Science''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.</ref><ref name=WebMDTypesIllness>WebMD Inc (2005, July 01). ''Mental Health: Types of Mental Illness''. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness</ref><ref name=USDHHS>United States Department of Health & Human Services. (1999). ''''. Retrieved April 19, 2007</ref><ref>NIMH (2005) Curriculum supplement from The NIH Curriculum Supplements Series</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= Phillip W. Long M.D.|title= Disorders| url=http://www.mentalhealth.com/p20-grp.html|publisher= Internet Mental Health| date= 1995-2008| accessdate= 5 October 2009}}</ref> | |||
| ] or ] that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an ].<ref name=webMD_types>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness |title=Mental Health: Types of Mental Illness |accessdate=2009-09-29 |publisher=] }}</ref> Commonly recognized categories include specific ]s, ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| Other ] (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. ] involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia or despair is known as ] or Clinical depression (milder but still prolonged depression can be diagnosed as ]). ] (also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as ] or ], alternating with normal or depressed mood. Whether unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or whether they usually mix and merge together along a dimension or spectrum of mood, is under debate in the scientific literature.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Akiskal HS, Benazzi F |title=The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent depressive and bipolar II disorders: evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16488021 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035 }}</ref> | |||
| Patterns of belief, language use and perception can become disordered (e.g. ], ], ]). ]s in this domain include ], and ]. ] is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders. ] is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia but without meeting cut-off criteria. | |||
| ]—the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence his or her thoughts and behaviors across situations and time—may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and ]. Categorical schemes list a number of different such ]s, including those sometimes classed as eccentric (e.g. ], ] and ] personality disorders), to those sometimes classed as dramatic or emotional (], ], ] or ] personality disorders) or those seen as fear-related (], ], or ] personality disorders). If an inability to sufficiently adjust to life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an ]. There is an emerging consensus that so-called "personality disorders", like personality traits in general, actually incorporate a mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more stable.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clark LA |title=Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=58 |pages=227–57 |year=2007 |pmid=16903806 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200}}</ref> Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality rather than using a cut-off from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on the ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morey LC, Hopwood CJ, Gunderson JG, ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of alternative models for personality disorders |journal=Psychol Med |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=983–94 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17121690 |doi=10.1017/S0033291706009482 }}</ref> | |||
| ]s involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight.<ref name=webMD_types /> Categories of disorder in this area include ], ], ] or ]. | |||
| ]s such as ] involve disruption to normal ] patterns, or a feeling of tiredness despite sleep appearing normal. | |||
| ] and gender identity disorders may be diagnosed, including ], ] and ]. Various kinds of ] are considered mental disorders (sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others). | |||
| People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classed as having an impulse control disorder, including various kinds of ] such as ], and disorders such as ] (stealing) or ] (fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as ] addiction, may be classed as a disorder. ] can sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety disorder. | |||
| The use of drugs (legal or illegal), when it persists despite significant problems related to the use, may be defined as a mental disorder termed ] or ] (a broader category than ]). The DSM does not currently use the common term ] and the ICD simply talks about "harmful use". Disordered substance use may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of the drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. | |||
| People who suffer severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classed as having a ], such as ] or Dissociative Identity Disorder itself (which has also been called multiple personality disorder, or "split personality"). Other memory or cognitive disorders include ] or various kinds of old age ]. | |||
| A range of ] that initially occur in childhood may be diagnosed, for example ] disorders, ] and ], and ] (ADHD), which may continue into adulthood. | |||
| Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be diagnosed as ] (dissocial personality disorder in the ICD). Popularist labels such as ] (or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses. | |||
| Disorders appearing to originate in the body, but thought to be mental, are known as somatoform disorders, including ] and ]. There are also disorders of the perception of the body, including ]. ] is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gamma A, Angst J, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W |title=The spectra of neurasthenia and depression: course, stability and transitions |journal=Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=257 |issue=2 |pages=120–7 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17131216 |doi=10.1007/s00406-006-0699-6 }}</ref> | |||
| ]s, such as ], are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be experienced (deliberately produced) and/or reported (feigned) for personal gain. | |||
| There are attempts to introduce a category of ], where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of ] where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other. | |||
| Various new types of mental disorder diagnosis are occasionally proposed. Among those controversially considered by the official ] of the diagnostic manuals include ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Aboriginal peoples== | ==Aboriginal peoples== | ||
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| *] of Asia. | *] of Asia. | ||
| *] of United States of America. | *] of United States of America. | ||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| {{disambig}} | {{disambig}} | ||
Revision as of 11:08, 10 May 2010
Aborigine or aboriginal refers to indigenous peoples. The name derives from the Aborigines in Roman mythology.
Aboriginal peoples
- Aboriginal peoples in Canada (First Nations, Inuit, Métis)
- Australian Aborigines
- Aboriginal guanches of Tenerife, Spain.
- Native Americans in the United States
- Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India.
- Taiwanese aborigines
- Bushmen and pygmies of Africa.
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
- Ainu of Japan.
See also
- Negrito of Asia.
- Native American of United States of America.
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aborigine.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Category: