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| bgcolor="#A9A9A9" | '''<font color=f9f9f9>]</font>''' || ] Leopold Nicolaas Nisnoni {{#tag:ref|Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a ] of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is presently the chief of ], and has also been accepted as ] of the confederacy. He has not, however, been officially installed as king. The other current chiefs are: Gideon Broery of ],<ref>{{cite web
| bgcolor="#A9A9A9" | '''<font color=f9f9f9>]</font>''' || ] Leopold Nicolaas Nisnoni {{#tag:ref|Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a ] of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is presently the chief of ], and has also been accepted as ruler of the confederacy. The other current chiefs are: Gideon Broery of ],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Amabi
| title = Amabi
| work = Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor
| work = Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor
Line 1,360:
Line 1,360:
| publisher = Tick, Donald P
| publisher = Tick, Donald P
| url = http://www.royaltimor.com/Helong.html
| url = http://www.royaltimor.com/Helong.html
| accessdate = 2010-07-03}}</ref> They are all hereditary positions.|group=id|name=Kupang}} || 14 November 1992 || ] {{#tag:ref||group=id|name=Atoni}} || ] and ] || align="center" | <ref>{{cite web
| accessdate = 2010-07-03}}</ref> They are all hereditary positions.|group=id|name=Kupang}} || July 2004 {{#tag:ref|Leopold succeeded as head of the royal family of Sonbai Kecil upon the death of his father on 14 November 1992. He was proclaimed ] of the Kupang confederacy in 1993. He was formally installed as king in 2004.|group=id|name=Leonis}} || ] {{#tag:ref||group=id|name=Atoni}} || ] and ] || align="center" | <ref>{{cite web
| title = Raja of Kupang
| title = Raja of Kupang
| work = Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor
| work = Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor
Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been officially restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive monarchies that were previously abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta.
In recent years, the number of dynasties receiving recognition as nominal cultural authorities has steadily increased. However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, the list below will contain all extant Indonesian dynasties on which there is information available. One notable exception is the Sultan of Yogyakarta, who is listed with constituent monarchs, due to the constitutional nature of his title. Monarchies that have explicitly been denied recognition are listed under pretenders.
In Fiji, which became a colony of Great Britain in 1874, the British monarchs were historically bestowed the title Tui Viti, which translates as "King of Fiji" or "Paramount Chief of Fiji". The last holder of the title (from 6 February 1952) was Queen Elizabeth II, of the House of Windsor. The state became a republic in 1987, abolishing the title by establishing a new constitution. The Great Council of Chiefs, however, still recognises Elizabeth II as Tui Viti, as the nation's traditional queen and its supreme tribal chief, despite no longer holding a constitutional office. Consequently, while Fiji remains a republic, a monarch or paramount chief is still recognised by traditional tribal structures. The Queen herself has made no official claim to the Tui Viti throne, although she has remained open to the possibility of a constitutional restoration of the monarcy.
Native chiefs in Fiji are considered members of the nobility. The House of Chiefs, consisting of about 70 chiefs of various rank determined by a loosely defined order of precedence, was modelled after the British House of Lords. Tongan chiefs, subordinate to a king, are also considered nobles and have therefore been excluded from the above list.
In Eastern or American Samoa, there are currently twelve paramount chiefs, but they are all traditionally subordinate to the Tu'i Manu'a, a title that is now considered purely historical; the last titleholder, Elisala, died 2 July 1909. The paramount chiefly titles are: on Tutuila, Faumuina, Lei'ato, Letuli, Fuimaono, Tuitele, Satele, Mauga, and in the Manu'a Islands, Lefiti, Sotoa, Tufele, Misa and Tuiolosega.
Notes
Africa
America
The most recent (since 31 May 1998) king, Tito, was deposed by a vote of no confidence in the Leadership Council, and was replaced (on 30 May 2004) by Valentín. The former, who is no longer in office, has disputed the legality of the deposition, and still claims the title. The new king has not yet been recognised by the government of Panama.
Succession is determined by the vote of the general adult population. An election for a new monarch may take place upon any occasion in which an eligible member of the royal family wishes to be considered. Until recently, the traditional law of succession followed a pattern similar to the rota system.
^ The rajas of Denpasar and Pamecutan, two dynastical divisions of the formerly unified kingdom of Badung, both use the hereditary regnal name "Pemecutan". Ngurah Jambe of Denpasar is formally referred to as Pemecutan IX, while Ngurah Manik of Pamecutan is known as Pemecutan XI. The numerical appendages are not interconnected.
^ A branch of the Badung dynasty.
The previous head of the royal family and the last recognised king of Ubud, Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati, died in 1978. His eldest son, Gde Putra, is the present head of the family. He has not yet been installed as king, however, and instead presently serves as prince regent.
The throne of the Sultan of Banjarmasin has been vacant since its revival by the government. Its last ruler was deposed by the Dutch in 1863.
Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura was officially revived as a traditional polity in 1999. Muhammad Salehuddin II has been officially recognised as sultan by the government since that time, although he has been head of the royal family since 29 August 1991. His formal coronation took place 22 September 2001.
Also known as the Alkadrie, Kadriah, or Kadariah dynasty.
Muhammad Tarhan succeeded as head of the royal family following the death of his father in 2008. Like his father, however, he has not been formally installed as sultan, and instead presently acts as prince regent. He is also a minor, born in 1993.
Also commonly written as Sampang.
Muhammad Ikhsani Syafiuddin was officially recognised as Panembahan of Sintang by the government in 2003. He was formally enthroned as Panembahan Sri Kusuma Negara V on 26 September 2005.
Muhammad Ismetullah was officially recognised as Head of the Royal House of Banten when the sultanate was revived in 1985. He was recognised as crown prince in 2003, but has yet to be formally enthroned as sultan.
^ A branch of the Cirebon dynasty. In 1662, the sultanate of Cirebon was divided between three branches of the ruling dynasty: (in order of seniority) Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. All three lines were nominally restored in 2002.
Following the death of the previous sultan, Muhammad Djalaluddin, a dispute of succession arose between two of his sons. Muhammad Emiruddin, the current occupant of the palace, is the rightful heir to his father according to the relevant laws of succession. He was actively opposed by his elder half-brother, Muhammad Saladin, who was "installed" by his supporters on 5 March 2003. He later renounced his claim on 12 September 2003, and the local government has recognised Emiruddin as the sole successor.
Upon the death of Pakubuwono XII in 2004, with no successor named, there arose two rival claims to the throne. Two of his sons, Hangabehi and Tejowulan, each had themselves "crowned" as the next Susuhunan. The dispute likely still exists, although family consensus apparently favours the elder brother, Hangabehi, who is also the sole titleholder recognised by the government. In either case, both claimants would use the regnal name of Pakubuwono XIII.
The last sultan, Gahral Adyan Syah, died September 2009. His successor has yet to be installed.
The sultan is selected from amongst a group of royal candidates by a council of the family's four main branches: Iskandar Alam, Tarafannur, Kamarullah, and Tunggulawang, each of which is descended from a past sultan. Since 1797, the sultans have been exclusively of the Kamarullah branch.
Lodewijk was selected as raja on 24 May 2005. He was officially installed later, in December of the same year.
A branch of the House of Pesulima, which is descended from the Majapahit kings of Java.
Since 1380, the rulers of Ternate have also held the title Kolano Maloko, which denotes supremacy among the Moluccan sultanates. Prior to then it had been worn by the ruler of Jailolo.
Mudaffar Syah was officially installed as sultan in 1986. Prior to that, he had held the title in pretence as head of his household since 4 July 1975.
The royal family of Fatagar is descended from the neigbouring dynasty of Rumbati.
The last raja of Patipi, Usman Iba, died in 2003. His brother, Ahmad Iba, currently serves as regent pending the enthronement of the late raja's son, the Raja Muda Atarai Iba.
A sept of the Koesman Ibia clan, which descends from the Segera tribe.
Herman Dupe was the last reigning manek of Bokai, effectively ruling from 1961 until the state was abolished by the Indonesian government in 1968. Presumably, recognition of his title was abolished concurrently. The date of the nominal restoration of this monarchy is not known.
Formal enthronement took place in 2000.
The last manek of Dengka died in 1970. His heir apparent, who has not yet acceded to the throne, is Prince Jeremias Tungga. At present, Prince Godlief Eliazar Tungga serves as prince regent.
The last manek of Korbafo, Leoanan Nathaniel Manubulu, died in 2000. The throne has remained vacant since then.
The last manek of Landu, Marthen Matheos Johannes, died in 2008. His son Willem Marthen Johannes is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He currently serves as prince regent.
Formal enthronement took place in 2004.
The last manek of Ringgou, Hendrik Daoed, died in 2002. His son Christian Daoed is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He currently serves as prince regent.
Known within his community as "Bea". According to sources, the throne was scheduled to pass to Soleman's brother, Joël Amalo, in 2009. This has not been confirmed.
The last manek of Thie, Benjamin Messakh, died in 2010. His successor has yet to be confirmed.
The last raja, Adam Ardjad Lamarauna, died in 2006. His son and heir, Wajar Lamarauna, has yet to be formally installed as his successor.
The present tomundo, born in 1993, is a minor, and currently reigns alongside a regent.
The throne of the Arung of Barru has officially been vacant for over fifty years. Since then, the head of the royal family is Hasanuddin Petta Tawang, who currently acts as regent.
Also written as Butung, or in Dutch as Boeton.
The deposed monarchy of Gowa, also known after its capital Makassar, was nominally restored by the government in 2001. The throne of the Somba has been vacant since then. The current head of the royal family (since 1978), and heir to the throne, is Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila.
The throne of the mokole of Mori is currently vacant. The present head of the royal family is Kumampu Marunduh. There are reportedly plans to install a young prince as mokole in the near future.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 6 April 1980; he was formally enthroned later in May.
Also commonly written as Bakkara.
Also known by his birth name, Tonggo Tua Sinambela. It is unclear whether or not he has been officially recognised, or even installed.
The present sultan, born in 1997, is a minor. His grand uncle, the Raja Muda Tengku Hamdi Osman, currently acts as regent.
The Pagaruyung kingdom was traditionally headed by a tripartite monarchy, consisting of the Raja Alam, the Raja Adat and the Raja Ibadat, collectively known as the "Kings of the Three Seats". The latter two were religious titles, while the first was considered the paramount ruler (or emperor) of the temporal world.
^ A Minangkabau dynasty. The seat of the Minangkabau emperor, who is considered the paramount monarch of all Minangkabauw people in Sumatra and Malaya, is Pagaruyung.
Formally enthroned in January 2003, after having been recognised by the government.
Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a confederation of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is presently the chief of Sonbai Kecil, and has also been accepted as ruler of the confederacy. The other current chiefs are: Gideon Broery of Amabi, Esthon Leyloh of Foenay (also spelled Funai), and Daud Tanof of Taebenu. The present chief of the Helong nation is Soleman Bislissin. They are all hereditary positions.
Leopold succeeded as head of the royal family of Sonbai Kecil upon the death of his father on 14 November 1992. He was proclaimed regent of the Kupang confederacy in 1993. He was formally installed as king in 2004.
While the elected loros do not belong to any one royal lineage, succession has historically been limited to the Bunak people.
Lamaknen was formed as a confederation of small Timorese fiefdoms. Its monarch is elected by the hereditary chiefs of each constituent state. The chiefs themselves are not normally considered candidates for election.
Originally subordinate to the Sonbai kingdom under the name of Amakono.
The previously recognised liurai died in 2003. His longtime rival, Dominikus Tei Serang, from another branch of the royal family, was "enthroned" by his supporters on 9 August 2003. It is unclear whether his title has been recognised. At present, there are other claimants to the throne.
Sovereignty in Barnusa was historically divided between two ruling clans: the Baso and the Blegur, the leaders of which both wore the title Raja of Barnusa. The Blegur raja was later given the lesser title Kapitan by the Dutch colonial government. The title remains hereditary and prestige is traditionally divided equally. The current Kapitan is Bastian C. Blegur (since 1973).
Pending his formal coronation as Sultan Bima XV, Iskandar Zulkarnain wears the title of crown prince. Currently acting as princess regent (since May 2001) is his aunt, Siti Maryam Salahuddin.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 3 May 2001. He was invested with the title of heir apparent later in June, but has not yet been formally enthroned as sultan.
Dompu's last sultan was Muhammad Tajularifin Sirajuddin II, who died in 1964. Since then, the throne has remained officially vacant, and succession is currently disputed between two of the late sultan's sons: Prince Abdul Azis, and his younger half-brother Prince Kaharul Zaman. Neither have been enthroned, although the latter is apparently considered the head of the family.
A sept of the Taruwamang clan.
The current dynasty is descended from the royal family of Terengganu, and are of mixed Malay and Bugis descent. Historically, the sultan's family, who were Malay, was based in Lingga, whilst a viceroy, who was always of Bugis descent, governed the Riau Islands. The two ruling lines merged in 1899.
The last sultan, Muhammad Kaharuddin III, died in 1975. His son Muhammad Abdurahman was formally installed as head of the royal family in 2001, but has not yet been designated as his successor.
Others
The Bohmong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Marma population, and the traditional king of the Bohmong Circle (Bohmong Htaung), one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Chakma Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Chakma population, and the traditional king of the Chakma Circle, one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Mong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Arakanese population, and the traditional king of the Mong Circle (Phalang Htaung), one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
After the neighbouring kingdom of Ambeno was annexed in 1912, it changed its name to Oecusse-Ambeno.
Antonio was recognised as liurai in 2001, but has not yet been officially installed. He presently acts as regent.
The kings of the five traditional states known collectively as the Dangs are the only royals in India whose titles are recognised by the government. Each raja receives an annual pension from the state, owing to an agreement made with the British colonial government in 1842.
The current Raja of Gadhvi has been missing since 1992. His son and heir, Karan Singh, is presently acting as prince regent.
These five traditional chiefdoms are part of the confederacy of Negeri Sembilan, a federated state of Malaysia. The ruling chiefs of Jelebu, Johol, Rembau, and Sungai Ujong form the Undang Laut, who will decide the next Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan. Tampin is a separate hereditary principality.
Formally enthroned on 20 November 1981.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the three highest noble families: the Waris Ulu Jelebu, Waris Sarin, and Waris Kemin.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the male descendants of the first ruler, following the matrilineal line.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Jakun and Waris Jawa. The position is, by informal agreement, alternated between the heads of the two houses.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Hulu and Waris Hilir.
Formally enthroned on 12 August 2006.
The Yang di-Pertuan Muda (prince) succeeds according to the laws of male primogeniture, but must also receive confirmation from the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.
Europe
Oceania
Each major atoll in the Cook Islands has a certain number of arikis, ceremonial high chiefs who together form the Are Ariki, a parliamentary advisory body with up to 24 seats. The only domains not listed are those of Manuae, on which current information is inadequate, and Penrhyn, whose chiefly line is extinct. Styles and names are listed in their conventional local form. In addition to the generic title of ariki, which is worn at the end of one's name, each chiefly line carries its own unique style, which is placed at the beginning. Thus, if the chief's name is "Henry" and his title is "Ngamaru", then he is known as "Ngamaru Henry Ariki".
Her full regnal name is "Ada Teaupurepure Tetupu".
The two high chiefs on Manihiki also traditionally reign over neighbouring Rakahanga. They represent the populace of both islands in the Are Ariki.
The title is also often written as Whakaheo Ariki.
Arikis of this line belong to either the Numatua or Tiangarotonga tribes.
The throne of Te Faingaitu Ariki (alternatively Whaingaitu) is currently vacant. It is apparently disputed between a number of members of the eligible tribes, but no information is available on the claimants.
Arikis of this line belong to either the Heahiro or Mokopuwai tribes.
Sources are unclear on the actual name of the current Tamuera Ariki (often written Samuela Ariki).
His name is sometimes written "Te Maeva" or simply "Maeva".
The Makea Nui Ariki is one of three high chiefs in the Te Au o Tonga tribe on Rarotonga. The previous died in 1994, and her successor has yet to be agreed upon. Several members of the tribe claim rightful inheritance of the title. Succession is traditionally limited to the Rangi Makea clan; the three other clans of the tribe (Sadaraka, Mere and Upokotokoa) are considered junior branches. Mere Maraea MacQuarrie, the youngest daughter of the last ariki, is the only known claimant from the Rangi Makea clan, and is apparently the contender most likely to be granted the title. Other contenders include Stanley Adam Hunt, Yolande Browne, and Matapo Oti Oti, all of whom claim descent from one or another of the earlier arikis. The first of these, Hunt, was "invested" with the Makea Nui title under the regnal name "Takaia Tutavake"; the ceremony, which took place 16 May 2009, was not recognised by the government.
Her full regnal name is "Tapaeru Teariki Upokotini Marie", although she is most commonly known simply as "Pa Marie".
There are three separate lineages eligible for the Puaikura chieftaincy, all of which descend from Tinomana Enuarurutini (ca. 1820–1854) and one of his three wives. They are (in order of seniority): Te Pori, Oakirangi, and Akaiti. The current ariki belongs to the Akaiti line.
The government of the Marshall Islands recognises a total of twelve chiefly domains, called mojen, each headed by one or several paramount chiefs. Each domain is represented in the Council of Iroij, a legislative body of traditional chiefs guaranteed by the Constitution.
This chief is normally referred to as the Isipahu.
The ruling line belongs specifically to the Inenkatau (or Upwutenmai) sept of the Dipwinpahnmei clan.
This chief is normally referred to as the Sangiro.
The ruling line belongs specifically to the Sounpasedo sept of the Lasialap clan.
Hilarion was recognised as grand chef in 1974, but, due to a violent succession dispute with his relative Jean-Marie Vendégou, was not formally enthroned until later, on 7 July 1979. He is also the incumbent mayor of the island commune, until 2014.
The Naisseline family is a branch of the Netché, a tribe of Kanaks.
The throne of the grand chef on Maré Island is traditionally held by the chief of Guahma district, which is an hereditary position.
The throne of the grand chef on Lifou Island, which also rules over Ouvéa, is traditionally held by the chief of Lössi district, an hereditary position.
Commonly referred to as the "Māori King Movement". Its elected ariki nui is often called the "Māori King" due to his nationalistic influence over all Māori tribes as a symbol of unity. This title is not recognised by the government of New Zealand.
Te Wherowhero is the lineage of the first king. It belongs to the Waikato iwi, which is part of the Tainui confederation.
The monarch is appointed for life by the chiefs of the various tribes involved in the Kīngitanga movement. Traditionally, selection is limited to direct descendants of the first king: Pōtatau I, who was from the Waikato tribe. However, on principal, inheritance is open to any lineage should the electing chiefs be in agreement.
Palau is divided into 16 traditional polities. The 16-seat Council of Chiefs, which is made up of the traditional chiefs from each constituent state, is an advisory body to the President. The chiefs of Koror and Melekeok, the highest chiefs from Eoueldaob and Babeldaob respectively, are recognised as the two paramount chiefs of the nation.
^ This is not the name of the ruling house or clan. It is instead the ritual name used by the successive chiefs from this lineage.
^ Chiefs are selected by the seniormost women of the ruling clan.
There are four paramount chiefs in Western Samoa, each presiding over a royal lineage (Tama a ‘Āiga) of past kings. Chiefs in Samoa are afforded a considerable degree of power. The national parliament, the Fono, is comprised exclusively of chiefly titleholders (matai). The office of head of state (the O le Ao o le Malo) is traditionally reserved for the paramount chiefs, although this is not required by the Constitution.
Tufuga Efi also holds (since 1 July 1983) the chiefly title of Tui Atua Fa'asavali, and is the incumbent (since 20 June 2007) head of state of Samoa.
The throne of the Mata'afa has been vacant since 1997; little information beyond that is available.
The throne of the Mālietoa has been vacant since 2007. The current claimant, Papali'i Fa'amausili Moli, succeeded to the throne as "Moli II" in a bestowal ceremony on 29 June 2007. However, an interim order in the High Court (dated 27 September 2007) prevents his use of the title under any circumstance. The interim was demanded by senior representatives from the Talavou and Natuitasina branches of the clan, who were allegedly not consulted to nominate the new titleholder. The holder of this title also wears the chiefly title of Susuga.
The lineage associated with this title consists of three branches: Sa Moli, Sa Talavou and Sa Natuitasina (also spelled Gatuitasina). As the succession law dictates, heirs of all three branches are equally entitled to hold the title, and ascension of an heir to the title is subject to nomination and consensus from all three branches. The most recent titleholders have been exclusively from the Moli sept.
Each island or atoll of Tuvalu has a traditional high chief, the ulu-aliki, who is recognised by and plays an active ceremonial role in the national government. Thrones are primarily elective, but candidates are limited to members of a certain number of chiefly clans.
Funafuti's traditional chieftaincy is limited to senior members of two chiefly clans: Te Aliki a Mua, and Te Aliki a Muli. By custom, succession rotates between the two lineages.
The high chief, or Pulefenua, is elected by a council of chiefs (the Fale Kaupule) from amongst senior members of Nanumea's seven chiefly clans, all of which claim descent from the island's first settlers.
"Tupua Tamasese". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Tuimaleali'ifano". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Mata'afa". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Malietoa". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Government of Tuvalu; Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Industries; Economic Research and Policy Division (2005), "Malefatuga Declarartion", Te Kakeega II: National Strategies for Sustainable Development: 2005–2015 (PDF), Funafuti: United Nations, p. 27, retrieved 2010-06-14 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
Faaniu, Simati (1983). Tuvalu: A History. Suva, Fiji: IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Staff writers (20 November 2002). "Queen still chief of Fiji". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney: Sydney Morning Herald Online. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Fijian Chiefly Titles". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Tongan Titles". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Buyers, Christopher (2010). "The Royal Ark". Retrieved 2010-04-19
Van Klinken, Gerry (2007). "Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics". The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. London: Routledge: 149–169. Retrieved 2010-06-28.. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); External link in |accessdate= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); line feed character in |accessdate= at position 11 (help)
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