| Revision as of 10:33, 29 July 2010 edit95.245.131.76 (talk) Deleting unreferenced version by usual vandalic Ip. Restoring version based upon Ohio University sources← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:03, 29 July 2010 edit undo93.45.66.58 (talk) Deleting unreferenced version by usual vandalic Ip. Restoring version based upon historical sources already showNext edit → | ||
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| {{about|the Savoyard State of Piedmont-Sardinia|the ancient realm which gave its name to this State|Viceroyalty of Sardinia}} | |||
| {{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
| |native_name = '' |
|native_name = ''Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae'' | ||
| |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sardinia | |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sardinia | ||
| |common_name = |
|common_name = Kingdom of Sardinia | ||
| |continent = Europe | |continent = Europe | ||
| |region = Italy | |region = Italy | ||
| |country = Italy | |country = Italy | ||
| |event_start= | |||
| |status = State union | |||
| |year_start = 1324 | |||
| |event_start= ] | |||
| |date_start = August 24 | |||
| |year_start = 1720 | |||
| |date_start = February 20 | |||
| |year_end = 1861 | |year_end = 1861 | ||
| |date_end = March 17 | |date_end = March 17 | ||
| |event_end = |
|event_end = Italian unification | ||
| |event1 = Aragonese conquest of Sardinia | |||
| |event1 = ] | |||
| |date_event1 = |
|date_event1 = 1323-24 | ||
| |event2 = |
|event2 = Battle of Sanluri | ||
| |date_event2 = June |
|date_event2 = June 30, 1409 | ||
| |event3=] | |event3=] | ||
| |date_event3 = March 4, 1848 | |date_event3 = March 4, 1848 | ||
| |event4 = |
|event4 = Treaty of Zurich | ||
| |date_event4 = November 10, 1859 | |date_event4 = November 10, 1859 | ||
| |image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg | |image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg | ||
| |flag = | |flag = | ||
| |p1= Giudicato of Arborea | |||
| |p1= Kingdom of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus | |||
| |flag_p1= |
|flag_p1=Albero Eradicato del Giudicato di Arborea.svg | ||
| | | | | ||
| |p2 = |
|p2 = Duchy of Savoy | ||
| |flag_p2 = |
|flag_p2 = Savoie flag.svg | ||
| | | |||
| |p3 = Republic of Genoa | |||
| |flag_p3 = Flag of Genoa.svg | |||
| | | | | ||
| |s1 = Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) | |s1 = Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) | ||
| |flag_s1 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg | |flag_s1 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg | ||
| | | | | ||
| |s2 = Second French Empire | |s2 = Second French Empire | ||
| |flag_s2 = Flag of France.svg | |flag_s2 = Flag of France.svg | ||
| | | | | ||
| |flag_type = Flag <small>(1816–1848)</small> | |flag_type = Flag <small>(1816–1848)</small> | ||
| |image_coat = |
|image_coat = Sardegna1730(TZ).jpg | ||
| |symebol = Coat of arms of Italy | |symebol = Coat of arms of Italy | ||
| |image_map = KingdomofSardinia1815.png | |image_map = KingdomofSardinia1815.png | ||
| |image_map_caption = Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland ] with ], ], ] and the island of ]. | |image_map_caption = Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland ] with ], ], ] and the island of ]. | ||
| |national anthem = |
|national anthem = ] | ||
| |capital = ] <br>] (1798- |
|capital = ] (1324-1861) <br>] '']'' (1720-1798 , 1815-1861) | ||
| |national_anthem = '']''(1843)<br><small> | |||
| |common_languages = ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| |common_languages = ], ], ] <br> from 1720: ], ], ], ], ] |religion = ] | |||
| |religion = ] | |||
| |government_type = Monarchy | |government_type = Monarchy | ||
| |leader1=] | |leader1=] | ||
| |year_leader1 = ]–] | |year_leader1 = 1324–] | ||
| |leader2 = ] | |leader2 = ] | ||
| |year_leader2 = |
|year_leader2 = 1849–] | ||
| |legislature = ] ( |
|legislature = ] (1720-1861) | ||
| |house1 = ] | |house1 = ] (1720-1861) | ||
| |house2 = ] | |house2 = ] (1720-1861) | ||
| |stat_pop1 = |
|stat_pop1 = 260485 | ||
| |stat_area1= |
|stat_area1 = 24090 | ||
| |stat_year1= |
|stat_year1 = 1698 | ||
| |stat_pop2 = 4650368 | |||
| |currency = ] (Mainland, 1720-1800)<br>] (Island, 1720-1821)<br>] (1816-1861) | |||
| |stat_area2 = 70000 | |||
| |stat_year2 = 1838 | |||
| |currency = Alfonsino (1324)<br>Magnanimo (1420)<br>Cagliarese (end of the 15th century) (])<br>] (Island, 1720-1816)<br>] (Mainland, 1720-1798)<br>] (1816-1861) | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Kingdom of Sardinia''' |
The '''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica''' was a Kingdom proclamated by ] in the 1297, as consequence of ], that included the island of ] and initially even the island of ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia started his life in 1324 when the ], after several battles against the ], conquered the most part of Sardinia and ] assumed the title of ''King of Sardinia''. Since 1353 the ] (together with Genoa), the only sardinian political entity remained indipendent, triggered various uprisings against the Aragonese rulers and in 1368 the whole island, except the cities of ] and ], was reconquered by Arborea. In 1388 as established by the peace treaty stipulated between Arborea and the Aragonese, the arboreans returned all the cities and the territories previously occupied to the crowd of Aragon-Sardinia but four years later the arborean army led by genoese ] resumed the war against Aragon and retook the control of almost all of Sardinia. This situation lasted until the 1409 when the army of the Giudicato of Arborea was finally defeated by the Catalan-Aragonese army in the ] and the territory of the Kingdom of Sardinia, after the subsequent extinction of the Giudicato of Arborea in the 1420, extended throughout the island. In 1720 the crown of ] was awarded by the ] to ] to compensate him for the loss of the crown of ] to ], retaining in that way the title of king. Besides Sardinia, the new kingdom included ], ], and ]; ], including ], was added by the ] in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became ''Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duchy of Savoy and Montferrat, Principality of Piedmont'', the House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of ] and ], but both had long been under ]. During most of the 18th and 19th centuries, the political and economic capital of the kingdom was ] in Piedmont on the Italian mainland. In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France as a price paid for French consensus ]. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new ], ] all other Italian states. The Kingdom so continued in perfect legal continuity with the actual Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions. | ||
| ==Early history of |
==Early history of Sardinia== | ||
| {{main| |
{{main|History of Sardinia}} | ||
| The title "King" first appears as an informal praise of ] (ca 1113-15), though his successor ] employed it in official documents. The first crowned "King of Sardinia" or ''rex Sardiniae'' was the judge ]. ], who invested him as such in 1164, was forced to reverse this decision and regrant Sardinia to the ] the next year. Barisone's successors, ] and ], continued to claim the title, but it never had any meaning. Briefly after succeeding to the ], ], son of the ], was installed as king, but was captured and never succeeded in making the kingship hereditary. | |||
| ] | |||
| Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-] tribes such as the ] and the ]. They later submitted to the ] (c. ]), who founded several colonies there including ''Augusta Taurinorum ''(Turin) and ''Eporedia'' (]). After the fall of the ], the region was repeatedly invaded by the ], the ] (5th century), ], ] (6th century), ] (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the ] and ]. At the time Piedmont, as part of the ] within the ], was subdivided into several marks and counties. | |||
| ===Sardinia under Aragonese and Spanish domination=== | |||
| In 1046, ] added Piedmont to their main segment of ], with a capital at ] (now in ]). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of ] and ] and the marquisates of ] and ]. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke ] moved the seat to ] in 1563. When Spain tried to reconquer Sicily, it was granted to Austria. To compensate Piedmont, the duke received Sardinia and was able to keep the title of ] he had from Sicily. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became ''King of Sardinia'', founding what evolved into the ''Kingdom of Sardinia'' or ''Sardinia-Piedmont'' and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital. | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1297, ], intervening between the ] and ], established on paper a ''Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae'' that would be a ] of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to ] of ], promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with ] and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of ] and ] along with ], claiming the territory as the ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica''. In 1347 Aragon made war on ] (who owned large areas of the ]) then, starting from 1353, fought with the ] leader ], of the ] family, but did not reduce the last of the ] ] (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1409 when the sardinian hopes of expel the Aragonese from the island vanished due to the heavy defeat at the ]. In 1420, after the exstintion of the Giudicato of Arborea, the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia was completed and the royal territory for the first time after almost a century of wars, coincided with that of the entire island. The ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica'' retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, ] granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1409, ], king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian ''giudicato'' but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. | |||
| ==Early history of Sardinia== | |||
| {{main|History of Sardinia|Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1297, ], intervening between the ] and ], established on paper a ''regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae'' that would be a ] of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to ] of ], promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. | |||
| In 1323 James II formed an alliance with ] and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of ] and ] along with the city of ], claiming the territory as the ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica''. In 1353 Aragon made war on ], then fought with its leader ],of the ] family, but did not reduce the last of the ] ] (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1410. | |||
| The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, ] granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. | |||
| When in 1409, Martin the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian ''giudicato'' but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile ], as well as the discovery of the ], provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble ], marquess of ], who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the ] (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from ] and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. | |||
| ===Changeover to the House of Savoy=== | |||
| ==The London's changeover== | |||
| The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile ], as well as the discovery of the ], provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble ], marquess of ], who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the ] (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from ] and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. | |||
| ] | |||
| The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of ]. By the ] of 1713, ]'s European empire was divided: ] received ] and parts of the ], while ] (the ] and ]), received the ], the ], ], and the bulk of the ]. In 1718, by the ] among the great powers, ], duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island. | The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of ]. By the ] of 1713, ]'s European empire was divided: ] received ] and parts of the ], while ] (the ] and ]), received the ], the ], ], and the bulk of the ]. In 1718, by the ] among the great powers, ], duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island. | ||
| ==Early history of Piedmont== | |||
| ] | |||
| Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-] tribes such as the ] and the ]. They later submitted to the ] (c. ]), who founded several colonies there including ''Augusta Taurinorum ''(Turin) and ''Eporedia'' (]). After the fall of the ], the region was repeatedly invaded by the ], the ] (5th century), ], ] (6th century), ] (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the ] and ]. At the time Piedmont, as part of the ] within the ], was subdivided into several marks and counties. | |||
| In 1046, ] added Piedmont to their main segment of ], with a capital at ] (now in ]). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of ] and ] and the marquisates of ] and ]. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke ] moved the seat to ] in 1563. When Spain tried to reconquer Sicily, it was granted to Austria. To compensate Piedmont, the duke received Sardinia and was able to keep the title of ] he had from Sicily. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became ''King of Sardinia'', founding what evolved into the ''Kingdom of Sardinia'' or ''Sardinia-Piedmont'' and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital. | |||
| ==Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna== | ==Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna== | ||
| Line 87: | Line 92: | ||
| The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the '']'', was enacted in ], under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost. | The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the '']'', was enacted in ], under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost. | ||
| ==''Risorgimento''== | |||
| ==Italian unification== | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Line 93: | Line 98: | ||
| Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous second war with Austria, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son ]. | Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous second war with Austria, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son ]. | ||
| In 1850 a liberal ministry under ] was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia |
In 1850 a liberal ministry under ] was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the ], allied with ], ], and ], and fighting against ]. | ||
| In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against ], the ]. ] didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the ] had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of ] and ], both Sardinian/French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede ] to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. | In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against ], the ]. ] didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the ] had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of ] and ], both Sardinian/French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede ] to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. | ||
| ===Garibaldi and the |
===Garibaldi and the ''Mille''=== | ||
| On March 5, 1860 ], ], ], and ] voted in ]s to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. | On March 5, 1860 ], ], ], and ] voted in ]s to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. In 1860 ] started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the ] and marched to ]. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister. | ||
| In 1860 ] started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the ] and marched to ]. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister. | |||
| ===Towards Kingdom of Italy=== | ===Towards Kingdom of Italy=== | ||
| On March 17, 1861 the ] was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the ]s of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to ]; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, ]. The ] would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a ]. | On March 17, 1861 the ] was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the ]s of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to ]; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, ]. The ] would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a ]. | ||
| ==Kings of Sardinia from 1324 to 1861== | |||
| ==Flags== | |||
| {{main|List of monarchs of Sardinia}} | |||
| When the ] changed its name into Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, it maintained its traditional flag depicting a white cross on a red field. But a problem arose: if the Duchy owned the small harbour of ] only, the union with Sicily and then Sardinia gave to the Kingdom a quite big fleet, which had the same flag of ]. To disambiguate the ships of the two different States, the House of Savoy added a blue border to its flag, and then it reduced the cross in a single quarter. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| The flag had following minor changes until 1848, when a revolution happened: to follow the liberal revolutions which were exploding in all Europe, King ] adopted the Napoleonic Italian tricolour, surmonted by the Savoyard shield, as national flag. This flag became the flag of Italy until 1946. | |||
| ] | |||
| Dinasty of the ]: | |||
| <center><gallery> | |||
| * ] (1324-1327) | |||
| Image:Savoie flag.svg|First original flag | |||
| * ] (1327-1336) | |||
| Image:Savoyard flag.svg|Second revised flag | |||
| * ] (1336-1387) | |||
| Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg|Third blue flag | |||
| * ] (1387-1396) | |||
| Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|Final tricolour flag | |||
| * ] (1396-1410) | |||
| </gallery></center> | |||
| Dinasty of the ] of ]: | |||
| * ] (1412-1416) | |||
| ==Constituent countries== | |||
| * ] (1416-1458) | |||
| Until the ] of 1848, the Savoyard State was formed by different constituent countries: | |||
| * |
* ] (1458-1479) | ||
| * |
* ] (1479-1516) | ||
| Dinasty of the ] of ]: | |||
| * ] (1516-1556) | |||
| * the ] | |||
| * ] (1556-1598) | |||
| * the ] | |||
| * ] (1598-1621) | |||
| * ] (1621-1665) | |||
| * ] (1665-1700) | |||
| Dinasty of the ] of ]: | |||
| * ] (1700-1713) | |||
| Dinasty of the ] of ] | |||
| * ] (1713-1720) | |||
| Dinasty of the ]: | |||
| * ] (1720-1730) | |||
| * ] (1730-1773) | |||
| * ] (1773-1796) | |||
| * ] (1796-1802) | |||
| * ] (1802-1821) | |||
| * ] (1821-1831) | |||
| * ] (1831-1849) | |||
| *] (1849-1861) | |||
| ==Gallery== | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| File:La couronne d'Aragon en Sardaigne avant 1409.svg|The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and from 1392 to 1409 included only the cities of ] and ], while the rest of the island was recaptured by the Giudicato of Arborea. | |||
| File:Aragonese Empire.PNG|Maximun territorial extension of the Crowd of Aragon. | |||
| File:SardiniePiemont.jpg|Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856. | |||
| File:PalazzoRegio3.jpg|The Royal Palace of Cagliari. | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| * Franco Cesare Casula, '''''La Storia di Sardegna''''', Sassari, Carlo Delfino Editore, ]. ISBN 88-7138-063-0 | |||
| <references/> | |||
| * Manlio Brigaglia,Giuseppina Fois,Laura Galoppini,Attilio Mastino,Antonello Mattone,Guido Melis,Piero Sanna,Giuseppe Tanda - A cura di Manlio Brigaglia, '''''Storia della Sardegna''''', Sassari, Soter Editore, ]. | |||
| ==Sources== | |||
| *Hearder, Harry. ''Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870''. London: Longman, 1986. | |||
| *Martin, George. ''The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy''. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1969. | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Sardinia}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Sardinia}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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| Kingdom of SardiniaRegnum Sardiniae et Corsicae | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1324–1861 | |||||||||||||||
Flag (1816–1848)
.jpg)
Coat of arms
| |||||||||||||||
| Anthem: Inno Sardo(1843) | |||||||||||||||
 Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, Genoa and the island of Sardinia. | |||||||||||||||
| Capital | Cagliari (1324-1861) Turin de facto (1720-1798 , 1815-1861) | ||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Sardinian, Catalan, Spanish from 1720: Italian, French, Piedmontese, Sardinian, Occitan | ||||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
| • 1324–27 | James II of Aragon | ||||||||||||||
| • 1849–61 | Victor Emmanuel II | ||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament (1720-1861) | ||||||||||||||
| • Upper house | Senate (1720-1861) | ||||||||||||||
| • Lower house | Chamber of Deputies (1720-1861) | ||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||
| • Established | August 24 1324 | ||||||||||||||
| • Aragonese conquest of Sardinia | 1323-24 | ||||||||||||||
| • Battle of Sanluri | June 30, 1409 | ||||||||||||||
| • Constitution | March 4, 1848 | ||||||||||||||
| • Treaty of Zurich | November 10, 1859 | ||||||||||||||
| • Italian unification | March 17 1861 | ||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||
| 1698 | 24,090 km (9,300 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| 1838 | 70,000 km (27,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||
| • 1698 | 260,485 | ||||||||||||||
| • 1838 | 4,650,368 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency | Alfonsino (1324) Magnanimo (1420) Cagliarese (end of the 15th century) (Sardinia) Sardinian scudo (Island, 1720-1816) Piedmont scudo (Mainland, 1720-1798) Sardinian lira (1816-1861) | ||||||||||||||
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The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica was a Kingdom proclamated by Pope Boniface VIII in the 1297, as consequence of Treaty of Anagni, that included the island of Sardinia and initially even the island of Corsica. The Kingdom of Sardinia started his life in 1324 when the Aragonese, after several battles against the Republic of Pisa, conquered the most part of Sardinia and James II of Aragon assumed the title of King of Sardinia. Since 1353 the Giudicato of Arborea (together with Genoa), the only sardinian political entity remained indipendent, triggered various uprisings against the Aragonese rulers and in 1368 the whole island, except the cities of Cagliari and Alghero, was reconquered by Arborea. In 1388 as established by the peace treaty stipulated between Arborea and the Aragonese, the arboreans returned all the cities and the territories previously occupied to the crowd of Aragon-Sardinia but four years later the arborean army led by genoese Brancaleone Doria resumed the war against Aragon and retook the control of almost all of Sardinia. This situation lasted until the 1409 when the army of the Giudicato of Arborea was finally defeated by the Catalan-Aragonese army in the Battle of Sanluri and the territory of the Kingdom of Sardinia, after the subsequent extinction of the Giudicato of Arborea in the 1420, extended throughout the island. In 1720 the crown of Sardinia was awarded by the Treaty of The Hague to Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy to compensate him for the loss of the crown of Sicily to Austria, retaining in that way the title of king. Besides Sardinia, the new kingdom included Savoy, Piedmont, and Nice; Liguria, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duchy of Savoy and Montferrat, Principality of Piedmont, the House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, but both had long been under Ottoman rule. During most of the 18th and 19th centuries, the political and economic capital of the kingdom was Turin in Piedmont on the Italian mainland. In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France as a price paid for French consensus to unify Italy. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, annexing all other Italian states. The Kingdom so continued in perfect legal continuity with the actual Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions.
Early history of Sardinia
Main article: History of SardiniaThe title "King" first appears as an informal praise of Constantine, giudice of Logoduro (ca 1113-15), though his successor Gonario II employed it in official documents. The first crowned "King of Sardinia" or rex Sardiniae was the judge Barisone II of Arborea. Frederick Barbarossa, who invested him as such in 1164, was forced to reverse this decision and regrant Sardinia to the Archdiocese of Pisa the next year. Barisone's successors, Hugh I and Peter I, continued to claim the title, but it never had any meaning. Briefly after succeeding to the Giudicato of Gallura, Enzio, son of the Emperor Frederick II, was installed as king, but was captured and never succeeded in making the kingship hereditary.
Sardinia under Aragonese and Spanish domination
In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to James II of Aragon, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with Sassari, claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica. In 1347 Aragon made war on Genoa (who owned large areas of the Logudoro) then, starting from 1353, fought with the arborean leader Marianus IV, of the Cappai de Bas family, but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous giudicati (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1409 when the sardinian hopes of expel the Aragonese from the island vanished due to the heavy defeat at the Battle of Sanluri. In 1420, after the exstintion of the Giudicato of Arborea, the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia was completed and the royal territory for the first time after almost a century of wars, coincided with that of the entire island. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1409, Martin the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian giudicato but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title.
Changeover to the House of Savoy
The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile feudalism, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble Leonardo de Alagon, marquess of Oristano, who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from North African pirates and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. In 1718, by the Treaty of London among the great powers, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island.
Early history of Piedmont
Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They later submitted to the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), Franks (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars and Saracens. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.
In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main segment of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. When Spain tried to reconquer Sicily, it was granted to Austria. To compensate Piedmont, the duke received Sardinia and was able to keep the title of king he had from Sicily. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital.
Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna
In 1792 Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.
In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna. In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire Code Napoléon and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Piedmont. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino, was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848, under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost.
Risorgimento
Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous second war with Austria, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.
In 1850 a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the Italian Unification. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the Crimean War, allied with Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France, and fighting against Russia.
In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria, the Austro-Sardinian War. Napoleon III didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, both Sardinian/French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians.
Garibaldi and the Mille
On March 5, 1860 Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and marched to Gaeta. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister.
Towards Kingdom of Italy
On March 17, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the annexations of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to Florence; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, especially in Southern Italy. The House of Savoy would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a republic.
Kings of Sardinia from 1324 to 1861
Main article: List of monarchs of Sardinia
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Dinasty of the Counts of Barcelona:
- James II of Aragon (1324-1327)
- Alfonso IV of Aragon (1327-1336)
- Peter IV of Aragon (1336-1387)
- John I of Aragon (1387-1396)
- Martin of Aragon (1396-1410)
Dinasty of the Trastamara of Castile:
- Ferdinand I of Aragon (1412-1416)
- Alfonso I of Aragon (1416-1458)
- John II of Aragon (1458-1479)
- Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479-1516)
Dinasty of the Habsburg of Spain:
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1516-1556)
- Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)
- Philip III of Spain (1598-1621)
- Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665)
- Charles II of Spain (1665-1700)
Dinasty of the Borbon of Spain:
- Philip V of Spain (1700-1713)
Dinasty of the Habsburg of Spain
- Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1713-1720)
Dinasty of the Savoy:
- Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1720-1730)
- Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1730-1773)
- Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1773-1796)
- Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1796-1802)
- Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1802-1821)
- Charles Felix of Sardinia (1821-1831)
- Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831-1849)
- Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia (1849-1861)
Gallery
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The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and from 1392 to 1409 included only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero, while the rest of the island was recaptured by the Giudicato of Arborea.
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Maximun territorial extension of the Crowd of Aragon.
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Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856.
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The Royal Palace of Cagliari.
References
- Franco Cesare Casula, La Storia di Sardegna, Sassari, Carlo Delfino Editore, 1994. ISBN 88-7138-063-0
- Manlio Brigaglia,Giuseppina Fois,Laura Galoppini,Attilio Mastino,Antonello Mattone,Guido Melis,Piero Sanna,Giuseppe Tanda - A cura di Manlio Brigaglia, Storia della Sardegna, Sassari, Soter Editore, 1995.