Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license.
Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat.
We can research this topic together.
This is a '''list of currently reigning constituent monarchs''', including ] and governing constitutional monarchs. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess ] sovereign governing power. Their ], however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.
This is a '''list of currently reigning constituent monarchs''', including ] and governing constitutional monarchs. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess ] sovereign governing power. Their ], however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.
This is a list of currently reigning constituent monarchs, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.
In 2004, the Mbeki administration established the controversial Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC) to determine the historical legitimacy of the nation's traditional kingships. The purpose of the Commission was to reconstruct the institution of indigenous leadership following its distortion under the colonial and apartheid regimes. In July 2010, acting on the findings of the Commission, the Zuma administration announced that the government of South Africa would cease recognising a total of six of the thirteen traditional kingships upon the deaths of their respective incumbent monarchs. Their successors would be recognised as "principal traditional leaders", a status yet to be defined. The Commission has been denounced by several senior traditional leaders, who have taken the government to court in an attempt to reverse the ruling.
Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been officially restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive monarchies that were previously abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta.
In recent years, the number of dynasties receiving recognition as nominal cultural authorities has steadily increased. However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, the list below will contain all extant Indonesian dynasties on which there is information available. Monarchs that have explicitly been denied recognition are listed under pretenders. The Sultan of Yogyakarta is listed separately due to the constitutional nature of his position.
Each major atoll in the Cook Islands has a certain number of arikis, ceremonial high chiefs who together form the Are Ariki, a parliamentary advisory body with up to 24 seats. The only domains not listed below are those of Manuae, on which current information is inadequate, and Penrhyn, whose chiefly line is extinct. Styles and names are listed in their conventional local form. In addition to the generic title of ariki, which is worn at the end of one's name, each chiefly line carries its own unique style, which is placed at the beginning. Thus, if the chief's name is "Henry" and his title is "Ngamaru", then he is styled as "Ngamaru Henry Ariki".
In Fiji, which became a colony of Great Britain in 1874, the British monarchs were historically bestowed the title Tui Viti, which translates as "King of Fiji" or "Paramount Chief of Fiji". The last holder of the title (from 6 February 1952) was Queen Elizabeth II, of the House of Windsor. The state became a republic in 1987, abolishing the title by establishing a new constitution. The Great Council of Chiefs, however, still recognises Elizabeth II as Tui Viti, as the nation's traditional queen and its supreme tribal chief, despite no longer holding a constitutional office. Consequently, while Fiji remains a republic, a monarch or paramount chief is still recognised by traditional tribal politics. The Queen herself has made no official claim to the Tui Viti throne, although she has remained open to the possibility of a constitutional restoration of the monarcy.
Native chiefs in Fiji are considered members of the nobility. The House of Chiefs, consisting of about 70 chiefs of various rank determined by a loosely defined order of precedence, was modelled after the British House of Lords. Tongan chiefs, subordinate to a king, are also considered nobles and have therefore been excluded from the above list.
In Eastern or American Samoa, there are currently twelve paramount chiefs, but they are all traditionally subordinate to the Tu'i Manu'a, a title that is now considered purely historical; the last titleholder, Elisala, died 2 July 1909. The paramount chiefly titles are: on Tutuila, Faumuina, Lei'ato, Letuli, Fuimaono, Tuitele, Satele, Mauga, and in the Manu'a Islands, Lefiti, Sotoa, Tufele, Misa and Tuiolosega.
Notes
Africa
The previous kolak (or "sultan") was Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Urada, who died on 11 August 2004. It is not clear as to whether a successor has been named.
The last recognised king was Malabo II, who died in 2001. The throne has remained vacant since then.
Ali Mirah II succeeded as sultan (locally: amóyta) in early 1945. On 2 June 1975, he went into exile in Saudi Arabia following the rise of the Derg regime. He returned to Ethiopia in 1991.
^ This paramount chieftaincy, reigning over all tribes of that particular nationality, was recently created by the government, a presidential prerogative guaranteed in the country's Constitution. Prior to its creation, the various tribal authorities remained independent of one another. Many chiefs have dismissed the notion that they are now subordinate to a centralised authority.
The current chief, Willard Mswati Gomani, was appointed at his father's burial in 2009. He has not yet been formally enthroned. He is also a minor, and currently reigns under the regency of his aunt, Rosemary Malinki.
Succession is hereditary within the royal family, but is subject to approval by five electing tribes: the Kel Owi, Kel Ferwan, Kel Fade, Imakkitan, and Ikaskazan.
A clan of the Dinka people. The Ngok are traditionally divided into nine chiefdoms.
The reigning king, considered by the Anuak to be a demigod, selects his heir from amongst his eligible sons.
Date of formal enthronement. He was elected to the throne in 1992.
The reth is chosen from the sons of previous kings, each belonging to one of three royal lineages: Kwathker, Gwang, and Nyidhok. The elected individual is traditionally said to be a reincarnation of the first reth, Nyikango wad Okwa.
The last simbamwene (or sultan), Mputa II, died in 2000, and the throne has remained vacant since then. Another member of the family, Daniel Magogo, currently acts as prince regent.
^ At the end of March 1821, the chiefdom of Aného became divided under two distinct royal lineages: the Adjigo at Nlessi, and the Lawson dynasty at Lolan. In each lineage, the next king is selected by a council of wisemen from amongst the male members of the royal family. The kings of Aného are traditionally subordinate to ruler of Glidji (see separate entry).
Under the 1996 Constitution, the government of Zambia recognises 286 chiefs, 54 senior chiefs and five paramount chiefs. The paramount chiefs are those of the Lozi, Bemba, Chewa, Ngoni, and Lunda peoples, all of which are listed in the table above. The remainder listed here are considered senior chiefs.
Succession to the throne of the chitimikulu is limited to male matrilineal members of the Bena Ng'andu. Tradition dictates that the throne passes to a son of the sisters of the previous chitimikulu. Selection is made by the royal Lamfya council.
Born as Frederic Daka. His birth name, however, is no longer used.
Since the succession of Agoli Agbo in 1989, there has been widespread controversy, resulting in a divide in the dynasty. On 22 January 2000, Dado Houédogni Béhanzin, a descendant of Chadakogundo Béhanzin (or Gbêhanzin, 1889–1894), and a longtime rival of the incumbent, was "enthroned" by his family and supporters as the rightful king, sparking a divide in the community. On 8 March 2010, the kingdom's traditional council determined Agoli Agbo as the sole legitimate ruler of Abomey. Béhanzin disputed the outcome, and the conflict continues. Since the beginning of the dispute, both men have been commonly styled "sa majesté" in the media, and both are considered major influential figures in tribal politics. Name is written variously as Agoli or Agboli, and Dedjani, Dedjlani, Dédjanlangni, or Dédjinnagni.
^ A sept of the Borgou dynasty of the Bariba. The kings of Nikki are historically also of Boussa origin.
The previous king of Parakou, the Akpaki Dagbara II, died in 2004, and the throne has remained vacant since then. Two candidates, one designated by the Baparapé chief, the other by chief of Gbégourou, both customarily empowered to appoint the successor of a deceased king, have been battling for the throne. In October 2008, the traditional council was divided in its deciding election. The candidates, both of the Bourou dynasty, are N'Gobi Barthélémy and Yossounon Gobi.
A sept of the Borgou dynasty. Succession is traditionally alternated between the Akpaki dynasty of the Bariba, and the Bourou dynasty of the Yoruba.
Formerly known as Kora Zaki Lafia.
Name is also written as Agnontinmè, or Ayintinmè.
Name is also written as Kpoto-Zounme.
Also styled as Onisabe within the community.
Botswana
The rulers of the eight paramount chiefdoms of the Tswana in Botswana hold the eight permanent seats in the country's Ntlo ya Dikgosi. The remainder of seats are held by chiefs from minority Tswana tribes, such as the Birwa, Kalaka, Kgalagadi, Sarwa, and Tswapong. These representatives are either elected or appointed for five-year terms.
Also known as Kgafela Kgafela.
Also known as Kgari a Bonewamang Sechele.
Sworn in the House of Chiefs in March 2002.
Also known as Mosadi Muriel Seboko a Mokgôsi.
Elected as paramount chief in December 2001. She officially took up duties on 7 January, and was sworn in the House of Chiefs on 28 February 2002. She was formally enthroned on 30 August 2003.
Also known as Seretse Khama Ian Khama, or Ian a Sêrêtsê. He is also (since 1 April 2008) the current head of state of Botswana.
Also known as Malope Gaseitsiwe.
Has not yet been formally installed.
Also known as Lotlamoreng Montshiwa, or Lotlaamoreng Montshioa.
Elected as paramount chief in June 2001. Sworn in the House of Chiefs on 28 February 2002.
Kealitile Moremi took over as paramount chief from her brother Tawana II, who resigned in August 2003 in order to follow a career in politics. At present, she is only considered regent, and has not been formally enthroned.
Elected as paramount chief on 18 March 2006. Coronation took place on 18 August 2007.
The captaincy of the Basters, recognised as a traditional authority by the government of Namibia, is purely elective within the community. The kaptein is elected for life.
The land of the Hai-khaua, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as the "Berseba Oorlam" or "Berseba Nama".
In 2010, the formerly divided Hai-khauan chiefdom of Berseba was reconciled under the cooperative leadership of the royal Goliath and Isaak clans. The two rival lineages had resulted from a succession dispute for the chieftaincy in the 1960s. Prior to the recent union, Stephanus had been the chief of the Goliath faction since 1976. Johannes Isaak had been the chief of his faction prior to the union also, but the date of his installation is unclear.
The land of the Aman, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as "Bethany", or subsequently the "Bethanien Nama".
The incumbent kaptein, Anna Christiaan, no longer actively manages the tribe's affairs due to her poor health. Officially serving as acting chief is Josef Christiaan, whose position, however, is disputed by several senior members of the royal family, including Anna's son Jan Christiaan.
Prior to formal enthronement as "king" (a title not currently recognised by the Namibian government), Justus previously reigned as acting paramount chief from 1982. He took over the leadership of the Chiefs' Council on 27 July 1977, following the death of Chief David Goreseb.
The previous kaptein was Hans Titus, who reigned from 3 May 1980 until his death in 2009. His successor is yet to be chosen.
Riruako succeeded as paramount chief following the death of Clemens Kapuuo in 1978. The position at that time, though established in effect, was not recognised by the government of Namibia. Recognition was extended by the government on 8 December 2008 and Riruako was officially inaugurated on 4 Febuary 2009. His supremacy remains actively disputed by some of the now subordinated chiefs.
The land of the Kai-khau, a tribe of the Nama. The community is also known as the "Red Nation".
A queen. Also known as Martha Kristian Nelumbu, or Martha Mwadinomho ya Nelumbu.
The land of the Khowese, a tribe of the Nama descended from the Oorlam. The community is also known as the "Khowese Nama", or as "Gibeon" after the township.
Acting chief only. Rooi took over administration of the traditional authority following the death of Hendrik Witbooi, a Christian minister and Namibia's first deputy prime minister. Rooi has not been formally mandated as chief.
Within the Herero community, the Namibian government officially recognises six traditional authorities, each headed by its own royal house. The six are listed here, grouped by tribe. Officially, these are subordinate to a paramount chief in Okahandja, who is listed in the previous section. In addition, there are over 40 other Herero chiefs who remain unrecognised by the government, and are not currently constitutional traditional authorities.
In 1999, Alfons was also proclaimed chief of the Tjamuaha clan by court order, deposing Frederik II. The Tjamuaha are among those clans not recognised as constitutional traditional authorities.
The previous ombara of the Vita lineage was Kapuka Thom, who died in 2009. His successor has yet to be chosen.
South Africa
In April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the baKwêna (also spelled baKoena) ba Mopeli paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship, and hence in July 2010, the government announced that it would cease recognising it as such upon the death of the incumbent monarch.
The present kgosi is a minor. His mother, Mathokwana Mopeli currently serves as regent on his behalf.
Was declared the legitimate monarch by President Zuma in July 2010, following the rulings of the CTLDC. He officially replaced the acting chief Kenneth Kgagudi Sekhukhune, who had been ruling in dispute since 1976. Thulare has yet to be formally crowned.
In April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the baTlôkwa (also spelled baTlokoa) ba Mota paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship, and hence in July 2010, the government announced that it would cease recognising it as such upon the death of the incumbent monarch.
Also known as the ba ga Mokotleng, one of four main branches of the baTlôkwa. The others are: ba ga Bogatsu under Kgosi Mokalake Motsatsi, ba ga Sedumedi under Kgosi Sedumedi Kenneth Sedumedi (who died 25 September 2007), and the ba ga Gaborone in Botswana. The ba Mota are the only recognised paramountcy of the baTlôkwa in South Africa, although this will soon change (see note above).
Since the death of Faku in 1867, the amaMpondo (also amaPondo, or amaPonda) have effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the Mqikela line (aseQaukeni), and the Ndamase line (aseNyandeni). In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Mqikela lineage were the kings of all amaMpondo, and that the Nyandeni paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship. In July 2010, it was announced that the aseNyandeni's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.
Following the rulings of the CTLDC in July 2010, the Zuma administration officially removed the then-king Mpondombini Thandizulu Sigcau, and replaced him with Zanozuko Sigcau, identified as the rightful king by the Commission. Mpondombini, who had been ruling since 1 December 1978, was among several traditional leaders to denounce the Commission's findings, and has since taken the government to court in an attempt to reverse the ruling and regain his throne. The hearings began in August 2010. Zanozuko, the king currently recognised by the government, has yet to be formally crowned.
^ A sept of the Nyawuza clan of the amaMpondo. The amaMpondo are descended from Mpondo, the twin brother of Mpondomise.
Coronation took place 12 April 2008. Ndamase was nominated successor to his grandfather, the previous king, upon the elder's death on 21 February 1997. As he was still a minor, however, his mother Queen Bongolethu Dlamini, a descendant of the Swazi royal family, served as the kingdom's regent until his formal assumption of the throne in 2008.
Since the death of Musi in 1630, the amaNdebele kingdom has effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the kaManala, and the kaNdzundza. In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the elder Manala lineage were the kings of all amaNdebele, and that the Ndzundza paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship. In July 2010, it was announced that the Ndzundza's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.
Full name is Makhosonke Enoch Mabhena; also occasionally spelled "Makhosonke".
A sept of the Manala clan of the amaNdebele. The current royal family has the surname Mabhena, also occasionally misspelled "Mabena".
In the Ndebele tradition, following the death of a king the family nominates a successor and gives him a regnal name, which he will use from the day he is crowned. Mbusi has been elected, but has not yet been formally enthroned. His regnal name will be "Mabhoko III". However, as of 2 February 2007, Mbusi has been suspended as king by the royal council. A regent, Sililo Mahlangu, was appointed on 4 February 2007 to act on the king's behalf while the council deliberates on his alleged misconduct.
A sept of the Ndzundza clan of the amaNdebele. The current royal family has the surname Mahlangu.
Since 1865, the abaThembu have effectively been divided under two royal lineages: the bakaDalindyebo (baseBumbane), and the bakaMatanzima (baseRhoda). In April 2008, however, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Dalindyebo lineage were the kings of all abaThembu, and that the Rhoda paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship. In July 2010, it was announced that the baseRhoda's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined. According to some reports, the late king Lwandile Zwelenkosi, who died in May 2010, was officially considered the last king.
Full name is Buyelekhaya Zwelinbanzi Dalindyebo a Sabata.
^ During a leave of study between 2000 and August 2002, the king's wife Noluntu and brother Jongisizwe Dalindyebo acted as regents on his behalf. In May 2005, Buyelekhaya was indicted on charges of fraud, culpable homicide, assault, kidnapping, and arson. He is currently appealing against a 15-year jail term. Queen Noluntu and senior chief Jonginyaniso Mtirara are serving as regents while the monarch is in and out of prison. Cite error: The named reference "Siyamb" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ A sept of the amaDlomo clan of the abaThembu. It is also known as the amaHala, or Madiba clan; each name styled after one of the earliest kings, descendants of the kingdom's founder, Nxeko.
For centuries, the vhaVenda have effectively been divided under several royal lineages. Among these, the haRamabulana, the haTshivhase, and the haMphaphuli were eventually recognised as separate traditional authorities by the government. The kingship, however, disputed between an even larger number of clans, was considered to be effectively defunct until July 2010, when the CTLDC determined to restore the vhaVenda kingship under the haRamabulana. The Commission determined that the kings of the Ramabulana were the kings of all vhaVenda, thereby rejecting the appeals of two other claimants: the Ravhura clan under Azwianewi David Mutshinyalo Ravhura, and the vhaNgona tribe under Tshidziwelele Azwidowi Nephawe, both of which were officially under the jurisdiction of the haTshivhase. The Commission also rejected the respective appeals of the haTshivhase and haMphaphuli to establish new kingships separate to that of the vhaVenda.
^ A clan of the Masingo (also known as the maKhwinde, or maKwinda) tribe of the vhaVenda. Although the title thovele (or thovela) is most common, kings are also formally styled khosikhulu vho, or simply khosi.
Since the death of Phalo in 1775, the amaXhosa have effectively been divided under two kingdoms (see note below). However, in April 2008, the CTLDC determined that the kings of the Gcaleka lineage were the kings of all amaXhosa, and that the Rharhabe paramountcy was not a legitimate kingship. In July 2010, it was announced that the Rharhabe's present status as a kingship would cease to be recognised as such by the government upon the death of the incumbent king, whose successor will instead be considered a "principal traditional leader", a status yet to be defined.
Coronation took place 18 June 2010.
^ A Xhosa dynasty. All current Xhosa monarchs are genealogical members of the amaTshawe clan, the royal line of the amaXhosa which is styled after Tshawe, descended from Xhosa, a son of Mnguni. The royal line is divided into two primary lineages descended from the sons of Phalo: the amaGcaleka, descended from Gcaleka, and the amaRharhabe, descended from Rharhabe. The amaGcaleka are the senior line, and its king is to some extent deferred to by all the others. The amaRharhabe represents the junior line, from which also descend the paramount chiefs of the imiDushane, amaGasela, amaNdlambe, and imiQhayi, listed separately. The ruling line of the amaRharhabe is that of the amaNgqika, descended from Mlawu.
Full name is Maxhob'ayakhawuleza Sandile a Mxolisi, but is most commonly known as "Maxhoba".
The Zulu kingdom is traditionally a paramount authority, with a number of subordinate chiefdoms. Most prominent among these chiefdoms is that of the Buthelezi, whose current chief (or inkosi) is Mangosuthu Gatsha.
Midiyavhathu was installed as heir to the throne of the Tshivhase lineage in 1970. He was, however, considered too young to rule, and his uncle John Shavhani Tshivhase was appointed as regent until it was deemed appropriate for the new king to assume effective office, which he did in 1993. His name is also often spelled "Midiavhathu".
The amaGqunukhwebe are a Xhosa tribe of Khoisan origin.
Coronation took place 16 August 2003.
The previous queen, Modjadji VI, died in 2005. Her daughter and heiress, Princess Masalanabo, is still a child, and will be eligible to be enthroned as Modjadji VII when she comes of age and once she has produced an heiress of her own by her royal suitor. Her succession rights, however, have not been universally accepted by the royal council since her father is a commoner. Her uncle Prince Mpapatla currently serves as regent. He has recently had a daughter by his cousin of the royal bloodline. Consequently, a faction of the royal council would prefer to enthrone Mpapatla's daughter when she comes of age. He, however, maintains that the true heir is Masalanabo, who has been accepted as heiress for now, though this may change before she comes of age.
The "Rain Queens" of the baLobedu ba ga Modjadji are descended from the Monomatapa dynasty in modern Zimbabwe.
Succession is matrilineal. The queen is constitutionally unwed, although she may produce children.
Otherwise known as Muziwenkosi Johannes Hadebe ka Tatazela. The royal clan name, Hadebe, is also often spelled "Radebe".
Supremacy among the Mpondomise is currently disputed between two primary factions: the Jola and the Dosini, both branches of the Majola dynasty. Contenders from the Dosini clan are Zanexhoba Tonjeni and Masibulele Maseti. The most recent claimant from the Jola clan was Loyiso Matiwane, who died 12 June 2007. He was a direct descendant of Mhlontlo, the last reigning king, who was stripped of his kingship by the colonial government around 1904 (died in 1912). Since then, the throne of the Mpondomise has been disputed, and has failed to regain recognition from the government as a traditional kingship.
Uganda
Date of coronation. The Ker Kwaro Acholi chieftaincy was recognised by the government on 17 January 2005. He has been the chief of the Payira clan since 1999.
The tribal confederation of the Alur is historically comprised of 56 chiefdoms under the rwoth obima (paramount chief). At present, six chiefs have rejected the obima's authority, and have formed a separate body, the Association of Alur Traditional Chiefs, which remains unrecognised by the government of Uganda. The six chiefs are: Onesimo Otober of Amor, Omua Okongo Ceru II of Paidha, John Ombidi II of Panyimur, Dominic Omac of Paroketo, Michael Mandir of Puvungu, and Owacho Ali of Ragem. Some reports suggest that the number of breakaway chiefdoms has grown to thirteen.
Formally enthroned on 19 May 2006.
Ankole, historically referred to as Nkore, was nominally revived as a traditional kingdom with the coronation of Rutashijuka Ntare IV in November 1993. It has remained unrecognised by the Ugandan government, however, and the coronation was declared illegitimate and void by the country's president. The current king has reigned in pretendence since the death of his predecessor in April 1979.
Muwenda Mutebi succeeded as head of the royal household upon the death of his father on 21 November 1969. He was formally invested as Ssabataka (head of the royal clans and chief landowner) on 4 April 1971. He was officially proclaimed as kabaka upon the restoration of the kingdom, 24 July 1993. His coronation took place 31 July 1993. He has also assumed the additional name of "Kimera".
Muwenda Mutebi succeeded as head of the royal household upon the death of his father in 1971. He was officially proclaimed as omukama upon the restoration of the kingdom, 24 July 1993. His coronation took place 11 June 1994.
Busoga is a traditional confederation comprised of eleven clan domains. There are five royal clans (Bugabula, Bukono, Bulamogi, Kigulu, and Luuka) and six traditional chiefdoms (Bugweri, Bukooli, Bunya, Bunyole, Busiki, and Butembe). The royal clans form the five royal families of the Basoga. Each of the hereditary chiefs and princes of the confederation are listed in a separate section in the table.
The previous kyabazinga, Henry Wako Muloki of Bulamogi, died on 1 September 2008. His son, Edward Columbus Wambuzi, was announced as his successor following contentious elections on 31 October 2008. However, five of the eleven royal chiefs denounced the new king, instead endorsing William Nadiope IV, of Bugabula. The Ugandan government advised the parties to hold another election, and an interim order was served to Wambuzi in May 2009 restraining him from holding office. On 7 June 2009, however, Wambuzi was installed on the throne amidst protests from other chiefs. He also secured a court order blocking the planned re-elections. These took place in secret on 5 October 2009, when Nadiope IV was elected unopposed. The High Court is to start hearing the cases in November 2010, but the clan heads have vowed to install Nadiope IV on the throne before September, despite the standing judicial injunctions blocking the enthronement of either contender.
The kyabazinga is elected for life by the Royal Council, comprised of the eleven hereditary chiefs of the kingdom. Selection is limited to members of the five royal clans of the Basoga.
^ The throne is traditionally supposed to rotate among the numerous clans. It is not clear as to which of the clans the current leader belongs.
A clan of the Kebu people. The current chief belongs to the Waringu family.
The kamuswaga belongs to the Ndawula Lwabulanga lineage of the Babito clan.
Elected to the throne by clan leaders on 17 August 2001.
Elected to the throne by clan leaders on 19 September 1998.
The current king, Charles Mumbere, was first proclaimed as "Kibanzanga II" on 19 October 1966. He reigned as a minor, in pretendence, under a regency council until 1972, when he took the regnal name "Irema-Ngoma I". His kingdom was officially abolished by the Ugandan government on 8 September 1967, but effectively continued in armed opposition until 15 August 1982, when the king's forces surrendered and Mumbere was officially appointed as "chief elder" of the district. Rwenzururu was officially restored by the government as a traditional kingdom on 17 March 2008, and recognition was confirmed by the President at the king's coronation anniversary on 19 October 2009.
Iguru Rukidi succeeded as omukama upon the death of his father in August 1995. He was crowned on 12 September 1996. Until 17 April 2010, he had officially reigned as a minor under a regency council.
America
The most recent (since 31 May 1998) king, Tito, was deposed by a vote of no confidence in the Leadership Council, and was replaced (on 30 May 2004) by Valentín. The former, who is no longer in office, has disputed the legality of the deposition, and still claims the title. The new king has not yet been recognised by the government of Panama.
Succession is determined by the vote of the general adult population. An election for a new monarch may take place upon any occasion in which an eligible member of the royal family wishes to be considered. Until recently, the traditional law of succession followed a pattern similar to the rota system.
Asia
Malaysia
Formally installed on the following day. Tengku Ibrahim previously ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1984 and 25 April 1989, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
Formally installed on 20 February 1959. Tengku Abdul had been ruling as prince regent since 9 March 1957.
Coronation took place 30 March 1980. Prior to his accession, Tengku Ismail had been ruling as prince regent since 21 September 1975, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
Negeri Sembilan is a confederation currently consisting of six states. Seri Menanti is the name of the state from which the ruling line of Negeri Sembilan derives. It is a branch of the Minangkabau dynasty.
The Yang di-Pertuan Besar is chosen for life by the Undang Laut (four ruling chiefs of the confederated states of Negeri Sembilan) from amongst four royal princes. These princes are selected by the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar from amongst the senior members of the ruling line of Seri Menanti.
Coronation took place on 6 May 1975.
Coronation took place on 9 December 1985.
Formally installed on the following day. Sharafuddin, then known as Tengku Idris Shah, previously ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1999 and 21 November 2001, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
The current ruling family of Selangor is a Bugis dynasty.
Formally installed 26 May 1998. Coronation took place on 4 March 1999. Tuanku Mizan had previously served as acting sultan between 20 October and 8 November 1990.
These traditional chiefdoms are part of the confederacy of Negeri Sembilan, a federated state of Malaysia. The ruling chiefs of Jelebu, Johol, Rembau, and Sungai Ujong form the Undang Laut, who will decide the next Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan. Tampin is a separate hereditary principality. Naning is currently situated within the state of Melaka.
Formally enthroned on 20 November 1981.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the three highest noble families: the Waris Ulu Jelebu, Waris Sarin, and Waris Kemin.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the male descendants of the first ruler, following the matrilineal line.
Naning, .
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Jakun and Waris Jawa. The position is, by informal agreement, alternated between the heads of the two houses.
The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Hulu and Waris Hilir.
Formally enthroned on 12 August 2006.
The Yang di-Pertuan Muda (prince) succeeds according to the laws of male primogeniture, but must also receive confirmation from the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.
Philippines
The kingdom of Lanao, or Ranao, is traditionally a federation composed of sixteen primary sultanates. Each sultanate, headed by an hereditary royal house, represents a different clan of the Maranaos. In addition to the primary sultanates, there are a further twenty-eight lesser (termed "legislative") sultanates, which are the guardians of the Maranao taritib (tradition). The federation is headed by a supreme sultan, chosen from amongst the royal lineages of the lesser sultanates. The sixteen primary sultans are also listed above; the others are not. This customary system of traditional society is recognised by the government of the Philippines.
A Maranao dynasty. The current sultan belongs principally to the House of Dayawan. He also descends from the houses of Bayang, Buayan, Guimba, Marawi, and Marantao.
The throne of Maguindanao has been officially vacant since the assassination of the last sultan, Amir bin Muhammad Baraguir, in early 2006. His eldest son, Ammar Yassir, is presently prince regent and head of the royal household.
The throne of the Sultan of Sulu is currently disputed between two members of the Kiram family. The present sultan recognised by the government of the Philippines is Jamalul Kiram III. He was proclaimed upon the death of his father in 1984, and was formally crowned in Jolo on 15 June 1986. He had previously served as prince regent during part of his father's reign, between 1974 and 1981. Since his enthronement, he has settled in Manila. Consequently, he has been replaced by his younger brother Esmail Kiram II, who was proclaimed sultan upon the recommendation of the sultanate's traditional council. Esmail was crowned on 12 March 2001. However, he has not been recognised by the Philippine government, which continues to recognise and consult with Jamal. To further complicate the matter, Esmail is seemingly recognised by the provincial government in Jolo. There are a number of other claimants to the throne from other branches of the dynasty; these are listed under pretenders.
A branch of the House of Sulu. The royal family of Sulu is a Tausūg dynasty.
While state law requires that all provincial governors be elected, in the case of Yogyakarta, the sultan is given priority during elections, and therefore is always the default governor. In addition, the reigning Pakualam (see under Java) is normally given preference when selecting the vice-governor. As in other provinces, considerable administrative power is also ceded to the central government.
^ The rajas of Denpasar and Pamecutan, two dynastical divisions of the formerly unified kingdom of Badung, both use the hereditary regnal name "Pemecutan". Ngurah Jambe of Denpasar is formally referred to as Pemecutan IX, while Ngurah Manik of Pamecutan is known as Pemecutan XI. The numerical appendages are not interconnected.
^ A branch of the Badung dynasty.
The previous head of the royal family and the last recognised king of Ubud, Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati, died in 1978. His eldest son, Gde Putra, is the present head of the family. He has not yet been installed as king, however, and instead presently serves as prince regent.
The throne of the Sultan of Banjarmasin has been vacant since its revival by the government. Its last ruler was deposed by the Dutch in 1863. There are several candidates for succession amongst the current members of the royal family.
Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura was officially revived as a traditional polity in 1999. Muhammad Salehuddin II has been officially recognised as sultan by the government since that time, although he has been head of the royal family since 29 August 1991. His formal coronation took place 22 September 2001.
Also known as the Alkadrie, Kadriah, or Kadariah dynasty.
Muhammad Tarhan succeeded as head of the royal family following the death of his father in 2008. Like his father, however, he has not been formally installed as sultan, and instead presently acts as prince regent. He is also a minor, born in 1993.
Also commonly written as Sampang.
Muhammad Ikhsani Syafiuddin was officially recognised as Panembahan of Sintang by the government in 2003. He was formally enthroned as Panembahan Sri Kusuma Negara V on 26 September 2005.
Muhammad Ismetullah was officially recognised as Head of the Royal House of Banten when the sultanate was revived in 1985. He was recognised as crown prince in 2003, but has yet to be formally enthroned as sultan.
^ A branch of the Cirebon dynasty. In 1662, the sultanate of Cirebon was divided between three branches of the ruling dynasty: (in order of seniority) Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. All three lines were nominally restored in 2002.
Following the death of the previous sultan, Muhammad Djalaluddin, a dispute of succession arose between two of his sons. Muhammad Emiruddin, the current occupant of the palace, is the rightful heir to his father according to the relevant laws of succession. He was actively opposed by his elder half-brother, Muhammad Saladin, who was "installed" by his supporters on 5 March 2003. Saladin later renounced his claim on 12 September 2003, and the local government has recognised Emiruddin as the sole successor.
Also commonly known as Solo.
Upon the death of Pakubuwono XII in 2004, with no successor named, there arose two rival claims to the throne. Two of his sons, Hangabehi and Tejowulan, each had themselves "crowned" as the next Susuhunan. The dispute likely still exists, although family consensus apparently favours the elder brother, Hangabehi, who is also the sole titleholder recognised by the government. In either case, both claimants would use the regnal name of Pakubuwono XIII.
The last sultan, Gahral Adyan Syah, died September 2009. His successor has yet to be installed.
The sultan is selected from amongst a group of royal candidates by a council of the family's four main branches: Iskandar Alam, Tarafannur, Kamarullah, and Tunggulawang, each of which is descended from a past sultan. Since 1797, the sultans have been exclusively of the Kamarullah branch.
Lodewijk was selected as raja on 24 May 2005. He was officially installed later, in December of the same year.
A branch of the House of Pesulima, which is descended from the Majapahit kings of Java.
Since 1380, the rulers of Ternate have also held the title Kolano Maloko, which denotes supremacy among the Moluccan sultanates. Prior to then it had been worn by the ruler of Jailolo.
Mudaffar Syah was officially installed as sultan in 1986. Prior to that, he had held the title in pretence as head of his household since 4 July 1975.
The royal family of Fatagar is descended from the neigbouring dynasty of Rumbati.
The last raja of Patipi, Usman Iba, died in 2003. His brother, Ahmad Iba, currently serves as regent pending the enthronement of the late raja's son, the Raja Muda Atarai Iba.
A sept of the Koesman Ibia clan, which descends from the Segera tribe.
Herman Dupe was the last reigning manek of Bokai, effectively ruling from 1961 until the state was abolished by the Indonesian government in 1968. Presumably, recognition of his title was abolished concurrently. The date of the nominal restoration of this monarchy is not known.
Formal enthronement took place in 2000.
The last manek of Dengka died in 1970. His heir apparent, who has not yet acceded to the throne, is Prince Jeremias Tungga. At present, Prince Godlief Eliazar Tungga serves as prince regent.
The last manek of Korbafo, Leoanan Nathaniel Manubulu, died in 2000. The throne has remained vacant since then.
The last manek of Landu, Marthen Matheos Johannes, died in 2008. His son Willem Marthen Johannes is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He currently serves as prince regent.
Formal enthronement took place in 2004.
The last manek of Ringgou, Hendrik Daoed, died in 2002. His son Christian Daoed is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He currently serves as prince regent.
Known within his community as "Bea". According to sources, the throne was scheduled to pass to Soleman's brother, Joël Amalo, in 2009. This has not been confirmed.
The last manek of Thie, Benjamin Messakh, died in 2010. His successor has yet to be confirmed.
The last raja, Adam Ardjad Lamarauna, died in 2006. His son and heir, Wajar Lamarauna, has yet to be formally installed as his successor.
The present tomundo, born in 1993, is a minor, and currently reigns alongside a regent.
The throne of the arung of Barru has officially been vacant for over fifty years. Since then, the head of the royal family is Hasanuddin Petta Tawang, who currently acts as regent.
Also written as Butung, or in Dutch as Boeton.
The deposed monarchy of Gowa, also known after its capital Makassar, was nominally restored by the government in 2001. The throne of the Somba has been vacant since then. The current head of the royal family (since 1978), and heir to the throne, is Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila.
The throne of the mokole of Mori is currently vacant. The present head of the royal family is Kumampu Marunduh. There are reportedly plans to install a young prince as mokole in the near future.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 6 April 1980; he was formally enthroned later in May.
Also commonly written as Bakkara.
Also known by his birth name, Tonggo Tua Sinambela. It is unclear whether or not he has been officially recognised, or enthroned.
The present sultan, born in 1997, is a minor. His grand uncle, the Raja Muda Tengku Hamdi Osman, currently acts as regent.
The Pagaruyung kingdom was traditionally headed by a tripartite monarchy, consisting of the Raja Alam, the Raja Adat and the Raja Ibadat, collectively known as the "Kings of the Three Seats". The latter two were religious titles, while the first was considered the paramount ruler (or emperor) of the temporal world.
^ A Minangkabau dynasty. The seat of the Minangkabau emperor, who is considered the paramount monarch of all Minangkabauw people in Sumatra and Malaya, is Pagaruyung.
Formally enthroned in January 2003, after having been recognised by the government.
Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a confederation of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is presently the chief of Sonbai Kecil, and has also been accepted as ruler of the confederacy. The other current chiefs are: Gideon Broery of Amabi, Esthon Leyloh of Foenay (also spelled Funai), and Daud Tanof of Taebenu. The present chief of the Helong nation is Soleman Bislissin. They are all hereditary positions.
Leopold succeeded as head of the royal family of Sonbai Kecil upon the death of his father on 14 November 1992. He was proclaimed regent of the Kupang confederacy in 1993. He was formally installed as king in 2004.
While the elected loros do not belong to any one royal lineage, succession has historically been limited to the Bunak people.
Lamaknen was formed as a confederation of small Timorese fiefdoms. Its monarch is elected by the hereditary chiefs of each constituent state. The chiefs themselves are not normally considered candidates for election.
Originally subordinate to the Sonbai kingdom under the name of Amakono.
The previously recognised liurai died in 2003. His longtime rival, Dominikus Tei Serang, from another branch of the royal family, was "enthroned" by his supporters on 9 August 2003. It is unclear whether his title has been recognised. At present, there are other claimants to the throne.
Sovereignty in Barnusa was historically divided between two ruling clans: the Baso and the Blegur, the leaders of which both wore the title Raja of Barnusa. The Blegur raja was later given the lesser title Kapitan by the Dutch colonial government. The title remains hereditary and prestige is traditionally divided equally. The current Kapitan is Bastian C. Blegur (since 1973).
Pending his formal coronation as Sultan Bima XV, Iskandar Zulkarnain wears the title of crown prince. Currently acting as princess regent (since May 2001) is his aunt, Siti Maryam Salahuddin.
Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 3 May 2001. He was invested with the title of heir apparent later in June, but has not yet been formally enthroned as sultan.
Dompu's last sultan was Muhammad Tajularifin Sirajuddin II, who died in 1964. Since then, the throne has remained officially vacant, and succession is currently disputed between two of the late sultan's sons: Prince Abdul Azis, and his younger half-brother Prince Kaharul Zaman. Neither have been enthroned, although the latter is apparently considered the head of the family.
A sept of the Taruwamang clan.
The current dynasty is descended from the royal family of Terengganu, and are of mixed Malay and Bugis descent. Historically, the sultan's family, who were Malay, was based in Lingga, whilst a viceroy, who was always of Bugis descent, governed the Riau Islands. The two ruling lines merged in 1899.
The last sultan, Muhammad Kaharuddin III, died in 1975. His son Muhammad Abdurahman was formally installed as head of the royal family in 2001, but has not yet been designated as his successor.
Western Asia
The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
The emirates, whilst absolute at the regional level, also forfeit a portion of their sovereignty and administrative power to the federal government.
The Al Maktoum are a branch of the Al Falasi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
A branch of the Sharqiyyin tribe.
Due to poor health, Saqr does not actively rule at present. Crown Prince Saud bin Saqr was appointed deputy ruler by emiri decree on 14 June 2003, and is the effective ruler of the emirate.
Saqr took power from his uncle, Sheikh Sultan bin Salim, in a coup on 7 February 1948, and has ruled continuously since that time. He was officially recognised as emir by the British colonial government on 17 July.
^ A branch of the Al Qawasim tribe.
Sultan was initially enthroned as emir on 25 January 1972. On 17 June 1987, he was briefly deposed by his brother, Sheikh Abdul'aziz bin Muhammad, for a period of six days. Sultan regained the throne on 23 June.
Others
The Bohmong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Marma population, and the traditional king of the Bohmong Circle (Bohmong Htaung), one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Chakma Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Chakma population, and the traditional king of the Chakma Circle, one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Mong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Arakanese population, and the traditional king of the Mong Circle (Phalang Htaung), one of three tribal circles in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
After the neighbouring kingdom of Ambeno was annexed in 1912, the state changed its name to Oecusse-Ambeno.
Antonio was recognised as liurai in 2001, but has not yet been officially installed.
The kings of the five traditional states known collectively as the Dangs are the only royals in India whose titles are recognised by the government. Each raja receives an annual pension from the state, owing to an agreement made with the British colonial government in 1842.
The current Raja of Gadhvi has been missing since 1992. His son and heir, Karan Singh, is presently acting as prince regent.
Oceania
The government of the Marshall Islands recognises a total of twelve chiefly domains, called mojen, each headed by one or several paramount chiefs. Each domain is represented in the Council of Iroij, a legislative body of traditional chiefs guaranteed by the Constitution.
This chief is normally referred to as the Isipahu.
The ruling line belongs specifically to the Inenkatau (or Upwutenmai) sept of the Dipwinpahnmei clan.
This chief is normally referred to as the Sangiro.
The ruling line belongs specifically to the Sounpasedo sept of the Lasialap clan.
Hilarion was recognised as grand chef in 1974, but, due to a violent succession dispute with his relative Jean-Marie Vendégou, was not formally enthroned until later, on 7 July 1979. He is also the incumbent mayor of the island commune, until 2014.
The Naisseline family is a branch of the Netché, a tribe of Kanaks.
The throne of the grand chef on Maré Island is traditionally held by the chief of Guahma district, which is an hereditary position.
The throne of the grand chef on Lifou Island, which also rules over Ouvéa, is traditionally held by the chief of Lössi district, an hereditary position.
Commonly referred to as the "Māori King Movement". Its elected ariki nui is often called the "Māori King" due to his nationalistic influence over all Māori tribes as a symbol of unity. This title is not recognised by the government of New Zealand.
Te Wherowhero is the lineage of the first king. It belongs to the Waikato iwi, which is part of the Tainui confederation.
The monarch is appointed for life by the chiefs of the various tribes involved in the Kīngitanga movement. Traditionally, selection is limited to direct descendants of the first king: Pōtatau I, who was from the Waikato tribe. However, on principal, inheritance is open to any lineage should the electing chiefs be in agreement.
Palau is divided into 16 traditional polities. The 16-seat Council of Chiefs, which is made up of the traditional chiefs from each constituent state, is an advisory body to the President. The chiefs of Koror and Melekeok, the highest chiefs from Eoueldaob and Babeldaob respectively, are recognised as the two paramount chiefs of the nation.
^ This is not the name of the ruling house or clan. It is instead the ritual name used by the successive chiefs from this lineage.
^ Chiefs are selected by the seniormost women of the ruling clan.
There are four paramount chiefs in Western Samoa, each presiding over a royal lineage (Tama a ‘Āiga) of past kings. Chiefs in Samoa are afforded a considerable degree of power. The national parliament, the Fono, is comprised exclusively of chiefly titleholders (matai). The office of head of state (the O le Ao o le Malo) is traditionally reserved for the paramount chiefs, although this is not required by the Constitution.
Tufuga Efi also holds (since 1 July 1983) the chiefly title of Tui Atua Fa'asavali, and is the incumbent (since 20 June 2007) head of state of Samoa.
The throne of the Mata'afa has been vacant since 1997; little information beyond that is available.
The throne of the Mālietoa has been vacant since 2007. The current claimant, Papali'i Fa'amausili Moli, succeeded to the throne as "Moli II" in a bestowal ceremony on 29 June 2007. However, an interim order in the High Court (dated 27 September 2007) prevents his use of the title under any circumstance. The interim was demanded by senior representatives from the Talavou and Natuitasina branches of the clan, who were allegedly not consulted to nominate the new titleholder. The holder of this title also wears the chiefly title of Susuga.
The lineage associated with this title consists of three branches: Sa Moli, Sa Talavou and Sa Natuitasina (also spelled Gatuitasina). As the succession law dictates, heirs of all three branches are equally entitled to hold the title, and ascension of an heir to the title is subject to nomination and consensus from all three branches. The most recent titleholders have been exclusively from the Moli sept.
Each island or atoll of Tuvalu has a traditional high chief, the ulu-aliki, who is recognised by and plays an active ceremonial role in the national government. Thrones are primarily elective, but candidates are limited to members of a certain number of chiefly clans.
Funafuti's traditional chieftaincy is limited to senior members of two chiefly clans: Te Aliki a Mua, and Te Aliki a Muli. By custom, succession rotates between the two lineages.
The high chief, or Pulefenua, is elected by a council of chiefs (the Fale Kaupule) from amongst senior members of Nanumea's seven chiefly clans, all of which claim descent from the island's first settlers.
The last reigning Tu‘i Agaifo was Petelo Vikena, who reigned from 6 November 2008 until his abdication on 22 January 2010. His successor is yet to be determined.
The king is elected by a council of chiefs from amongst the senior members of the kingdom's four chiefly clans.
The title of the king depends on the family from which he is chosen. He will thus carry the title of Tamolevai, Keletaona, or Tuʻi Sigave. The current king holds the title of Tuʻi Sigave. Several sources report that Visesio Moeliku abdicated his throne in 2009, and that the throne of Sigave is now vacant.
The king is elected by a council of chiefs from amongst the senior members of the kingdom's three chiefly clans: the Tamole, the Keletaona, and the Safoka. The present king is of the Safoka clan.
The title is written in long-form as Tuʻi ʻUvea. Since 1858, the monarch has also traditionally worn the title of Lavelua. Faupala is also known locally as "Kalai Ki Valu".
The king is elected, traditionally for a reign of ten years, by a council of ministers from amongst the senior members of the kingdom's royal clans. These clans correspond to the three districts of the island: Hahake, Hihifo, and Muʻa. The present king is of the Hihifo clan.
Her full name is "Ada Teaupurepure Tetupu".
The two high chiefs on Manihiki also traditionally reign over neighbouring Rakahanga. They represent the populace of both islands in the Are Ariki.
The title is also often written as Whakaheo Ariki.
Arikis of this line belong to either the Numatua or Tiangarotonga tribes.
The throne of Te Faingaitu Ariki (alternatively Whaingaitu) is currently vacant. It is apparently disputed between a number of members of the eligible tribes, but no information is available on the claimants.
Arikis of this line belong to either the Heahiro or Mokopuwai tribes.
Sources are unclear on the actual name of the current Tamuera Ariki (often written Samuela Ariki).
His name is sometimes written "Te Maeva" or simply "Maeva".
The Makea Nui Ariki is one of three high chiefs in the Te Au o Tonga tribe on Rarotonga. The previous died in 1994, and her successor has yet to be agreed upon. Several members of the tribe claim rightful inheritance of the title. Succession is traditionally limited to the Rangi Makea clan; the three other clans of the tribe (Sadaraka, Mere and Upokotokoa) are considered junior branches. Mere Maraea MacQuarrie, the youngest daughter of the last ariki, is the only known claimant from the Rangi Makea clan, and is apparently the contender most likely to be granted the title. Other contenders include Stanley Adam Hunt, Yolande Browne, and Matapo Oti Oti, all of whom claim descent from one or another of the earlier arikis. The first of these, Hunt, was "invested" with the Makea Nui title under the regnal name "Takaia Tutavake"; the ceremony, which took place 16 May 2009, was not recognised by the government.
Her full regnal name is "Tapaeru Teariki Upokotini Marie", although she is most commonly known simply as "Pa Marie".
There are three separate lineages eligible for the Puaikura chieftaincy, all of which descend from Tinomana Enuarurutini (ca. 1820–1854) and one of his three wives. They are (in order of seniority): Te Pori, Oakirangi, and Akaiti. The current ariki belongs to the Akaiti line.
Phiri, Francis Tayanjah (25 January 2010). "The Mang'anja tale of Lundu dynasty". The BNL Times. Lilongwe: The Times Group Publications. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Werner, Louis (January/February 2003). "Agadez: Sultanate of the Sahara". Saudi Aramco World. 54 (1). Houston: Aramco Services Company: 34–41. Retrieved 2010-07-31. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
Template:Fr icon Ministère de la Culture, des Arts et de la Communication (26 May 2006). "Palais du Zarmakoye de Dosso". World Heritage Centre, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
Yor, Joshua Ojwok (1993). "The installation of the Reth of the Shilluk" (PDF). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Retrieved 2010-07-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 29 July 2010). "Determinations on the position of the paramount chiefs". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 29 April 2008). "Determination on Bakwena ba Mopeli paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Soszynski, Henry. "baPedi". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 29 April 2008). "Determination on Bapedi paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 29 April 2008). "Determination on Batlokwa ba Mota paramountcy". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 30 April 2008). "Determination on Matanzima and Dalindyebo paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Soszynski, Henry. "abaThembu". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
^ Soszynski, Henry. "vhaVenda". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims (CTLDC; 29 April 2008). "Determination on amaRharhabe and amaGcaleka paramountcies". Government of South Africa, Department of Provincial and Local Government. Retrieved 2010-08-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Soszynski, Henry. "Xhosa royal family". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Soszynski, Henry. "amaGcaleka". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Soszynski, Henry. "amaRarabe". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Soszynski, Henry. "Buthelezi". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Soszynski, Henry. "kwaZulu". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Soszynski, Henry. "imiDushane kaNdlambe". Genealogical Gleanings. University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Mugabi, Frank (25 July 2010). "Busoga chiefs to choose new Kyabazinga". The New Vision. Kampala: Vision Group. Retrieved 2010-08-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
"Baloi, Philippines". Almanach de Bruxelles. December 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
^ Cabahug-Aguhob, Rutchie (7 August 2007). "Lanao Advisory Council members sworn in". The Mindanao Current. Cagayan de Oro: Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved 2010-07-04. Cite error: The named reference "advcouncil" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
"Tupua Tamasese". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Tuimaleali'ifano". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Mata'afa". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
"Malietoa". Genealogical Gleanings. Henry Soszynski, University of Queensland. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Government of Tuvalu; Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Industries; Economic Research and Policy Division (2005), "Malefatuga Declarartion", Te Kakeega II: National Strategies for Sustainable Development: 2005–2015 (PDF), Funafuti: United Nations, p. 27, retrieved 2010-06-14 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
Faaniu, Simati (1983). Tuvalu: A History. Suva, Fiji: IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Chad
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Malawi
Mauritania
Niger
Senegal
Somalia
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Zambia 
Benin
Botswana 
Namibia
South Africa
Uganda
Panama
Bangladesh
East Timor
India 
Malaysia
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Selangor
Terengganu
Philippines
Indonesia
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi
Ajman
Dubai
Ras al-Khaimah
Umm al-Qaiwain
Cook Islands