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| Fighting soon resumed however, after an unsuccesful assasination attempt against Boleslaw, which he believed had been ordered by Henry (who denied the charge) occured soon after the peace was concluded. Boleslaw took control of Bohemia (having previously acquired Moravia). In the ensuing struggle Boleslaw allied himself with the ]'s noble opposition to Henry, while the emperor sought support among the ], a ] pagan ] tribe. An intermediate peace was concluded in ] in 1013 which preserved the territorial status quo, with Boleslaw holding on to Moravia and Slovakia, while ] was made the ruler of Bohemia (though he was soon deposed by his brother ]. Boleslaw however agreed to support the Emperor's Italian campaign. Open warfare continued when Boleslaw I did not comply with this condition, and instead supported Henry II's Italian adversaries. Henry II was however unable to defeat Boleslaw I, and agreed on a peace in ] (1018) which left Boleslaw I in charge of the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia. The two rulers also strengthened the dynastic bonds between them through Boleslaw's marriage with Oda, first daughter of Margrave Ekkehard. The emperor also promised to aid Boleslaw in his expedition against ] in the summer of 1018 with a contingents of German and Hungarian troops which enabled the Polish ruler to capture ] and annex a part of ]. | Fighting soon resumed however, after an unsuccesful assasination attempt against Boleslaw, which he believed had been ordered by Henry (who denied the charge) occured soon after the peace was concluded. Boleslaw took control of Bohemia (having previously acquired Moravia). In the ensuing struggle Boleslaw allied himself with the ]'s noble opposition to Henry, while the emperor sought support among the ], a ] pagan ] tribe. An intermediate peace was concluded in ] in 1013 which preserved the territorial status quo, with Boleslaw holding on to Moravia and Slovakia, while ] was made the ruler of Bohemia (though he was soon deposed by his brother ]. Boleslaw however agreed to support the Emperor's Italian campaign. Open warfare continued when Boleslaw I did not comply with this condition, and instead supported Henry II's Italian adversaries. Henry II was however unable to defeat Boleslaw I, and agreed on a peace in ] (1018) which left Boleslaw I in charge of the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia. The two rulers also strengthened the dynastic bonds between them through Boleslaw's marriage with Oda, first daughter of Margrave Ekkehard. The emperor also promised to aid Boleslaw in his expedition against ] in the summer of 1018 with a contingents of German and Hungarian troops which enabled the Polish ruler to capture ] and annex a part of ]. | ||
| == |
==Merseburg (1002)== | ||
| *] | |||
| After the death of ] ], ] ] and ] ] competed for succession.<ref name=Bernhardt41>Bernhardt (1993), p. 41</ref> When Eckard I was murdered on 30 April 1002 in ],<ref name=roeckelein113>Röckelein (2006), p. 113</ref> ] ], who had supported Eckard's candidature,<ref name=Bernhardt41/> invaded and occupied the ] and ] (]).<ref name=Knefelkamp123>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 123</ref> Meanwhile, Henry IV had consolidated his rule against rival candidates, and, as Henry II, was crowned German king in June.<ref name=Knefelkamp122>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 122</ref> | |||
| ]<ref>11th century manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS Msc. Bibl. 84)</ref>]] | |||
| On 25 July 1002<ref name=Schneidmueller110>Schneidmüller (2003), p. 110</ref> at a '']'' (imperial meeting) held in ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> the dispute was settled as follows: | |||
| *Henry II gave the Lusatian march and the eastern part of the Meissen march (''Milzenerland'', ]) to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I had to return the truncated Margraviate of Meissen,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I pledged allegiance to Henry II together with the Saxon nobles.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> | |||
| When Boleslaw I left Merseburg, he was ambushed, but due to the aid of ] and ] ], he was able to repulse the attack.<ref name=Berger224>Berger (2002), p. 224</ref> Henry II did neither protect him, nor punish the assailants.<ref name=Berger224/> | |||
| In 1003, Boleslaw I conquered the ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> arrested its ] duke, ],<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56>Herbers & Neuhaus (2005), p. 56</ref> and denied Henry II the oath of allegiance for the duchy.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> Henry II did not accept this conquest,<ref name=Schwarz24>Schwarz (2006), p. 24</ref> and determined to protect the Bohemian duchy from Polish claims.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Boleslaw I had further allied with the noble German opposition to Henry II.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> This alliance included ] and his cousin Ernst as well as Henry II's brother ], all of which fled to Boleslaw's court when their rebellion against Henry II failed.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> While Boleslaw I could draw upon the support of many secular Saxon nobles, Henry II could rely on the Saxon clergy.<ref name=Berger224/> Also in 1003, Henry II allied with the pagan ] against Boleslaw I,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> and in 1004 launched a campaign against the latter.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In the course of this campaign, Henry II evicted Boleslaw I from Bohemia and granted it to the Přemyslid duke ]<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> in 1004, before he sieged and took Bautzen from Boleslaw I's forces and returned to ].<ref name=Berger225>Berger (2002), p. 225</ref> Only a few months later, Henry II mounted another campaign, which was concluded in 1005<ref name=Berger225/> when ] mediated a peace near ].<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> | |||
| The peace was temporary, as neither was Henry II ready to grant Boleslaw I an more elevated status than the one of an ordinary vassal, nor did the latter abandon his desire for such a position or accept Henry II's power as immediate to ], as his self-perception was similar in this respect.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| ==Merseburg (1013)== | |||
| {{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=250|image1=HRR 10Jh.jpg|caption1=] under the ], marches dashed.|image2=Polska 992 - 1025.png|caption2=Greatest extend of ]'s realm. Lusatian march indicated as Luzyze, Upper Lusatia as Milsko, Bautzen as Budziszyn.}} | |||
| Despite the peace of Poznan, warfare between Boleslaw I and Henry II continued between 1007 and 1013.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In 1007, Boleslaw I occupied ] with the fortress of ].<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> A campaign led by Henry II in 1010 was unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> During this campaign, which started in ], Henry II was struck by an illness at ] and returned with some of his bishops, while the remaining armies devastated the surrounding area.<ref name=Berger225/> A Saxon campaign in 1012 was also unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> Henry II had mobilized the Saxon nobility to mount campaigns in his name, since he needed a peace agreement before 1013, when his coronation in ] was scheduled.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| Thus, in 1013, Boleslaw I and Henry II agreed on a peace in ]:<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Henry II again gave the Lusatian march and ] (''Milzenerland'') to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I again pledged allegiance to Henry II,<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I promised to support Henry II's campaign to ],<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Henry II promised to support Boleslaw I's campaign to ] with 500 knights.<ref name=Keller96>Keller (2001), p. 96</ref> | |||
| The treaty was confirmed by the marriage of ], a niece of ], to ], a son of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Keller96/> Boleslaw I's submission to Henry II was symbolized by a ceremony, where the former carried the sword for the latter.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| Boleslaw I however did not aid Henry II in his Italian campaign.<ref name=Knefelkamp125>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125</ref> Instead, he supported Crescentian ] and in Italy intrigued against Henry II, who had denied Gregory his support in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Henry II started his Italian campaign in the fall of 1013, defeated the allies of the Crescentians and had ] crown him ] in Rome on 14 February 1014.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Bohemian duke ] (Udalrich) meanwhile captured Boleslaw I's son ] and turned him over to Henry II, who however released him.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> | |||
| ==Bautzen (1018)== | |||
| In July 1015, Henry II with his ]an allies renewed the war against Boleslaw I<ref name=Schwarz24/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> on the basis of the latter's failure to support him in Italy.<ref name=Schwarz24/> The campaign started in ], from where Henry II's army crossed through ] to ], where two other armies commanded by ] and ] were supposed to join him.<ref name=Berger225/> The plan failed, and Henry II withdrew.<ref name=Berger225/> Subsequent negotiations with Boleslaw I failed.<ref name=Berger225/> In 1017, Henry II marched an army from ] to ] (Głogów), where Boleslaw I awaited him.<ref name=Berger225/> Henry II however first sieged nearby ] (Niemcza, Nimptsch) without success, and due to an illness of part of his army aborted the siege and withdrew to Bohemia.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| During these campaigns, Henry II was confronted with the opposition of part of the ] nobility, including the ], who maintained good relations and were in part relatives of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> In 1017, Henry II therefore adressed Boleslaw I as "public enemy" (''hostis publicus'') and forbade further contacts with him.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> | |||
| On 30 January 1018, peace was made in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Boleslaw I kept the Lusatian march and ] (''Milzenerland'') as an imperial fief,<ref name=Schneidmueller110/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> and both parties exchanged hostages.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Henry II did not attend, and did not renew the campaigns against Boleslaw I thereafter.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> The peace was confirmed by the marriage of ], daughter of Eckard I, to Boleslaw I.<ref name=roeckelein113/> It was Boleslaw I's fourth marriage; Regelind, a daughter from his previous marriage with ], was already married to Oda's brother ].<ref name=roeckelein113/> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| {{Polish peace treaties}} | {{Polish peace treaties}} | ||
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Revision as of 20:59, 8 September 2010
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The Peace of Bautzen or the Peace of Budziszyn (Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-pl) was a treaty concluded on January 30, 1018 between the Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and the Piast ruler of Poland Boleslaw I which ended a series of Polish-German wars over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland or Milsko, the eastern part of the margraviate of Meissen (Misnia)) as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.
Boleslaw had enjoyed the close friendship of the emperor Otto III and after his death supported one of Otto's followers, Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen for the position of Holy Roman Emperor, against the claims of Henry II. After Eckard's death in 1002 Boleslaw took over Eckard's domain of Meissen as well as the march of Lusatia. Once Henry secured his position within Germany an agreement was reached which left Boleslaw with Lusatia, Upper Lusatia and parts of Meissen while Boleslaw in turn recognized Henry as Holy Roman Emperor.
Fighting soon resumed however, after an unsuccesful assasination attempt against Boleslaw, which he believed had been ordered by Henry (who denied the charge) occured soon after the peace was concluded. Boleslaw took control of Bohemia (having previously acquired Moravia). In the ensuing struggle Boleslaw allied himself with the Holy Roman Empire's noble opposition to Henry, while the emperor sought support among the Lutici, a Slavic pagan Polabian tribe. An intermediate peace was concluded in Merseburg in 1013 which preserved the territorial status quo, with Boleslaw holding on to Moravia and Slovakia, while Jaromir was made the ruler of Bohemia (though he was soon deposed by his brother Oldrich. Boleslaw however agreed to support the Emperor's Italian campaign. Open warfare continued when Boleslaw I did not comply with this condition, and instead supported Henry II's Italian adversaries. Henry II was however unable to defeat Boleslaw I, and agreed on a peace in Bautzen (1018) which left Boleslaw I in charge of the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia. The two rulers also strengthened the dynastic bonds between them through Boleslaw's marriage with Oda, first daughter of Margrave Ekkehard. The emperor also promised to aid Boleslaw in his expedition against Ruthenia in the summer of 1018 with a contingents of German and Hungarian troops which enabled the Polish ruler to capture Kiev and annex a part of Red Ruthenia.
Merseburg (1002)
After the death of emperor Otto III, Bavarian duke Henry IV and Meissen margrave Eckard (Ekkehard) I competed for succession. When Eckard I was murdered on 30 April 1002 in ], Polish duke Boleslaw I, who had supported Eckard's candidature, invaded and occupied the Margraviate of Meissen and March Lusatia (Lower Lusatia). Meanwhile, Henry IV had consolidated his rule against rival candidates, and, as Henry II, was crowned German king in June.
On 25 July 1002 at a Hoftag (imperial meeting) held in Merseburg, the dispute was settled as follows:
- Henry II gave the Lusatian march and the eastern part of the Meissen march (Milzenerland, Upper Lusatia) to Boleslaw I as a fief,
- Boleslaw I had to return the truncated Margraviate of Meissen,
- Boleslaw I pledged allegiance to Henry II together with the Saxon nobles.
When Boleslaw I left Merseburg, he was ambushed, but due to the aid of Henry of Schweinfurt and Saxon duke Bernard (Bernhard) I, he was able to repulse the attack. Henry II did neither protect him, nor punish the assailants.
In 1003, Boleslaw I conquered the Duchy of Bohemia, arrested its Přemyslid duke, Boleslaus III, and denied Henry II the oath of allegiance for the duchy. Henry II did not accept this conquest, and determined to protect the Bohemian duchy from Polish claims. Boleslaw I had further allied with the noble German opposition to Henry II. This alliance included Henry of Schweinfurt and his cousin Ernst as well as Henry II's brother Brun (Bruno), bishop of Augsburg, all of which fled to Boleslaw's court when their rebellion against Henry II failed. While Boleslaw I could draw upon the support of many secular Saxon nobles, Henry II could rely on the Saxon clergy. Also in 1003, Henry II allied with the pagan Lutici against Boleslaw I, and in 1004 launched a campaign against the latter. In the course of this campaign, Henry II evicted Boleslaw I from Bohemia and granted it to the Přemyslid duke Jaromir in 1004, before he sieged and took Bautzen from Boleslaw I's forces and returned to Saxony. Only a few months later, Henry II mounted another campaign, which was concluded in 1005 when Tagino, Archbishop of Magdeburg mediated a peace near Poznan.
The peace was temporary, as neither was Henry II ready to grant Boleslaw I an more elevated status than the one of an ordinary vassal, nor did the latter abandon his desire for such a position or accept Henry II's power as immediate to God, as his self-perception was similar in this respect.
Merseburg (1013)
Holy Roman Empire under the Ottonian dynasty, marches dashed.
Greatest extend of Boleslaw I's realm. Lusatian march indicated as Luzyze, Upper Lusatia as Milsko, Bautzen as Budziszyn.
Despite the peace of Poznan, warfare between Boleslaw I and Henry II continued between 1007 and 1013. In 1007, Boleslaw I occupied Lusatia with the fortress of Bautzen. A campaign led by Henry II in 1010 was unsuccessful. During this campaign, which started in Belgern, Henry II was struck by an illness at Jarina castle and returned with some of his bishops, while the remaining armies devastated the surrounding area. A Saxon campaign in 1012 was also unsuccessful. Henry II had mobilized the Saxon nobility to mount campaigns in his name, since he needed a peace agreement before 1013, when his coronation in Rome was scheduled.
Thus, in 1013, Boleslaw I and Henry II agreed on a peace in Merseburg:
- Henry II again gave the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland) to Boleslaw I as a fief,
- Boleslaw I again pledged allegiance to Henry II,
- Boleslaw I promised to support Henry II's campaign to Rome,
- Henry II promised to support Boleslaw I's campaign to Kiev with 500 knights.
The treaty was confirmed by the marriage of Richeza, a niece of Otto III, to Mieszko II, a son of Boleslaw I. Boleslaw I's submission to Henry II was symbolized by a ceremony, where the former carried the sword for the latter.
Boleslaw I however did not aid Henry II in his Italian campaign. Instead, he supported Crescentian antipope Gregory VI and in Italy intrigued against Henry II, who had denied Gregory his support in Pöhlde. Henry II started his Italian campaign in the fall of 1013, defeated the allies of the Crescentians and had pope Benedict VIII crown him Holy Roman Emperor in Rome on 14 February 1014. Bohemian duke Oldrich (Udalrich) meanwhile captured Boleslaw I's son Mieszko II and turned him over to Henry II, who however released him.
Bautzen (1018)
In July 1015, Henry II with his Lutician allies renewed the war against Boleslaw I on the basis of the latter's failure to support him in Italy. The campaign started in Magdeburg, from where Henry II's army crossed through Lusatia to Crossen, where two other armies commanded by Bernard II of Saxony and Olrich (Udalrich) of Bohemia were supposed to join him. The plan failed, and Henry II withdrew. Subsequent negotiations with Boleslaw I failed. In 1017, Henry II marched an army from Leitzkau to Glogau (Głogów), where Boleslaw I awaited him. Henry II however first sieged nearby Nemzi (Niemcza, Nimptsch) without success, and due to an illness of part of his army aborted the siege and withdrew to Bohemia.
During these campaigns, Henry II was confronted with the opposition of part of the Saxon nobility, including the House of Billung, who maintained good relations and were in part relatives of Boleslaw I. In 1017, Henry II therefore adressed Boleslaw I as "public enemy" (hostis publicus) and forbade further contacts with him.
On 30 January 1018, peace was made in Bautzen. Boleslaw I kept the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland) as an imperial fief, and both parties exchanged hostages. Henry II did not attend, and did not renew the campaigns against Boleslaw I thereafter. The peace was confirmed by the marriage of Oda of Meissen, daughter of Eckard I, to Boleslaw I. It was Boleslaw I's fourth marriage; Regelind, a daughter from his previous marriage with Emnilda of Lusatia, was already married to Oda's brother Herman (Hermann) I of Meissen.
References
- ^ Bernhardt (1993), p. 41
- ^ Röckelein (2006), p. 113
- ^ Knefelkamp (2002), p. 123
- Knefelkamp (2002), p. 122
- 11th century manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS Msc. Bibl. 84)
- ^ Schneidmüller (2003), p. 110
- ^ Berger (2002), p. 224
- ^ Herbers & Neuhaus (2005), p. 56
- ^ Schwarz (2006), p. 24
- ^ Berger (2002), p. 225
- ^ Keller (2001), p. 96
- ^ Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125
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