| Revision as of 20:14, 25 October 2010 editRobotQuistnix (talk | contribs)975 editsm robot Modifying: nl:Castro Verde (gemeente)← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:33, 26 October 2010 edit undoTigreTiger (talk | contribs)1,407 edits Disambiguated: Baixo Alentejo → Baixo Alentejo Subregion (2), Baixo Alentejo → Baixo Alentejo ProvinceNext edit → | ||
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| The pre-history of the lower ] dates back to 200,000 B.C. when the territory was crossed by migratory ] peoples from the north of Europe in the ] period. Until their extinction, around 28,000 B.C., Neanderthal man hunted and forged in present-day Portugal. Later, the area was home to several cultures due to the abundance of minerals and its commercial and strategic place along the ]. Settlements of these cultures began with ], from the central ] around the 6th Century B.C., followed by the ]. From the 3rd Century, tribal clans settlements were replaced by organized ], a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included many ''']''' settlements constructed from large boulders or ]. | The pre-history of the lower ] dates back to 200,000 B.C. when the territory was crossed by migratory ] peoples from the north of Europe in the ] period. Until their extinction, around 28,000 B.C., Neanderthal man hunted and forged in present-day Portugal. Later, the area was home to several cultures due to the abundance of minerals and its commercial and strategic place along the ]. Settlements of these cultures began with ], from the central ] around the 6th Century B.C., followed by the ]. From the 3rd Century, tribal clans settlements were replaced by organized ], a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included many ''']''' settlements constructed from large boulders or ]. | ||
| The first evidence of early cultures in the area of Castro Verde was the discovery of the '''']'''', which was found near the village of Neves-Corvo in the civil parish of ]. This archaeological stone contains a ], using Tartessian script and ], identified as being the most ancient ]; related to the ], it is the closest European connection to the ]n culture. The Tartessian culture was the precursors of the ] peoples of the ] period. Growth of settlements during the classic period were likely associated with the strategic importance of the ]. Castro Verde lies along a transport route linking the mines of ] (20 km to the north) with the port city of ] (40 km to the east) situated on the ]. During the Roman occupation, the extensive mining and warehousing of minerals required protective fortifications and mineral warehouses: in the Castro Verde territory there are remains of more than 20 such small structures. Along with mining activities, the area became a vast area of grain production and cattle/sheep-grazing. The richness and abundance of these combined 'base economies' grew to such extent that Castro Verde became a regional center of commerce and thus a crossroad of cultures within the Mediterranean area. | The first evidence of early cultures in the area of Castro Verde was the discovery of the '''']'''', which was found near the village of Neves-Corvo in the civil parish of ]. This archaeological stone contains a ], using Tartessian script and ], identified as being the most ancient ]; related to the ], it is the closest European connection to the ]n culture. The Tartessian culture was the precursors of the ] peoples of the ] period. Growth of settlements during the classic period were likely associated with the strategic importance of the ]. Castro Verde lies along a transport route linking the mines of ] (20 km to the north) with the port city of ] (40 km to the east) situated on the ]. During the Roman occupation, the extensive mining and warehousing of minerals required protective fortifications and mineral warehouses: in the Castro Verde territory there are remains of more than 20 such small structures. Along with mining activities, the area became a vast area of grain production and cattle/sheep-grazing. The richness and abundance of these combined 'base economies' grew to such extent that Castro Verde became a regional center of commerce and thus a crossroad of cultures within the Mediterranean area. | ||
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| ===Religious=== | ===Religious=== | ||
| * '''Basílica Real de Castro Verde''' (English: ''Royal Basilica of Castro Verde'') - The basilica dates back to the reign of King ] (1706–1750), constructed over an older temple, that had already been remodeled during the previous reign of King ] (1568–1578). It consists of a central nave, lateral sacristies and two bell towers<ref>The church received its first bells in 1731, although those in the towers are dated 1780; 1795; 1796 e 1887.</ref>, one with a clock.<ref>In 1784, from the church's accounts, the clock was installed right-lateral tower by Deodactus Lombinom.</ref> Its interior walls are covered in panels of ] representing the ] and its roof is composed of polychromatic wood, with gold-leaf alters in the ]- and Joanino-styles.<ref>King João was responsible for proving many reliquaries made of silver and gold extracted from ] and installed in the four-altars in the church</ref> | * '''Basílica Real de Castro Verde''' (English: ''Royal Basilica of Castro Verde'') - The basilica dates back to the reign of King ] (1706–1750), constructed over an older temple, that had already been remodeled during the previous reign of King ] (1568–1578). It consists of a central nave, lateral sacristies and two bell towers<ref>The church received its first bells in 1731, although those in the towers are dated 1780; 1795; 1796 e 1887.</ref>, one with a clock.<ref>In 1784, from the church's accounts, the clock was installed right-lateral tower by Deodactus Lombinom.</ref> Its interior walls are covered in panels of ] representing the ] and its roof is composed of polychromatic wood, with gold-leaf alters in the ]- and Joanino-styles.<ref>King João was responsible for proving many reliquaries made of silver and gold extracted from ] and installed in the four-altars in the church</ref> | ||
| * '''Church of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios''' (English: ''Our Lady of Medicine'') - also referred to as the Church das Chagas do Salvador (English: ''The Church of Our Lord's Stimgmata''), the church was founded by King D. Afonso Henriques. During the 17th Century, the temple was mostly in ruins, when Phillip II decided to restore the church by collecting funds through a fair (which was first held in 1620); the '''Feira de Castro''' would originally persist until 1834, before it became a secular event of the ] region. Oil paintings by Diogo Magina (1763–67), representing the '''''Milagre de Ourique''''', with an apparition of ] to King Afonso Henriques, in the vicinity of São Pedro das Cabeças (5 kilometers from Castro Verde). The church itself consists of one nave, with many azulejos depicting flowers, birds and windmills were created in ]. | * '''Church of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios''' (English: ''Our Lady of Medicine'') - also referred to as the Church das Chagas do Salvador (English: ''The Church of Our Lord's Stimgmata''), the church was founded by King D. Afonso Henriques. During the 17th Century, the temple was mostly in ruins, when Phillip II decided to restore the church by collecting funds through a fair (which was first held in 1620); the '''Feira de Castro''' would originally persist until 1834, before it became a secular event of the ] region. Oil paintings by Diogo Magina (1763–67), representing the '''''Milagre de Ourique''''', with an apparition of ] to King Afonso Henriques, in the vicinity of São Pedro das Cabeças (5 kilometers from Castro Verde). The church itself consists of one nave, with many azulejos depicting flowers, birds and windmills were created in ]. | ||
| * '''Chapel of São Miguel''' (English: ''Chapel of Saint Michael'') - Constructed between 1715 and 1728, on the orders of King ], over the ruins an older church, the construction was remodeled on similar orders of Queen ] (1760–1779) with a revised interior of azulejos from Lisbon. | * '''Chapel of São Miguel''' (English: ''Chapel of Saint Michael'') - Constructed between 1715 and 1728, on the orders of King ], over the ruins an older church, the construction was remodeled on similar orders of Queen ] (1760–1779) with a revised interior of azulejos from Lisbon. | ||
| * '''Chapel of São Sebastião''' - the chapel is the focus of annual celebrations on the feast day of Saint Sebastian, held every January 20. | * '''Chapel of São Sebastião''' - the chapel is the focus of annual celebrations on the feast day of Saint Sebastian, held every January 20. | ||
Revision as of 03:33, 26 October 2010
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Template:Geobox Castro Verde (Template:IPA-pt) is a town, municipality and municipal seat in the district of Beja (Portuguese Alentejo region), with a total area of 567.2 km² and a total population of 7,702 inhabitants (2006). Castro Verde is situated in the Lower Alentejo) within a territory known locally as the Campo Branco (English: White Plains).
The municipality can be recognized by the local municipal markers along its borders, that denote its reference as A Window on the Plains; municipal markers appear as stylized house profiles, with exaggerated window that allows the visitor see through into the panorama.
History
The pre-history of the lower Lower Alentjo dates back to 200,000 B.C. when the territory was crossed by migratory Neanderthal peoples from the north of Europe in the Lower Paleolithic period. Until their extinction, around 28,000 B.C., Neanderthal man hunted and forged in present-day Portugal. Later, the area was home to several cultures due to the abundance of minerals and its commercial and strategic place along the Mediterranean. Settlements of these cultures began with Celtiberians, from the central Iberian peninsula around the 6th Century B.C., followed by the Celts. From the 3rd Century, tribal clans settlements were replaced by organized oppidum, a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included many castro settlements constructed from large boulders or earthworks.
The first evidence of early cultures in the area of Castro Verde was the discovery of the 'Syllabary of Espança', which was found near the village of Neves-Corvo in the civil parish of Santa Bárbara de Padrões. This archaeological stone contains a Southwest Paleohispanic script, using Tartessian script and language, identified as being the most ancient paleohispanic script; related to the Phoenician alphabet, it is the closest European connection to the Phoenician culture. The Tartessian culture was the precursors of the Turdetani peoples of the Roman period. Growth of settlements during the classic period were likely associated with the strategic importance of the Iberian Pyrite zone. Castro Verde lies along a transport route linking the mines of Aljustrel (20 km to the north) with the port city of Mértola (40 km to the east) situated on the River Guadiana. During the Roman occupation, the extensive mining and warehousing of minerals required protective fortifications and mineral warehouses: in the Castro Verde territory there are remains of more than 20 such small structures. Along with mining activities, the area became a vast area of grain production and cattle/sheep-grazing. The richness and abundance of these combined 'base economies' grew to such extent that Castro Verde became a regional center of commerce and thus a crossroad of cultures within the Mediterranean area.
The name origin of ‘’Castro Verde’’ dates back to this period, and two versions exist for its name. One postulates that the name was derived from the roman ‘’Castra Castrorum’’ and combined the ‘’verde’’ (meaning ‘’green’’) to indicate ‘’new’’. A more consistent interpretation is that the name was derived from ‘’Castrum Veteris’’, meaning the ‘’oldest castro’’, to differentiate it from another ‘’castro’’ that existed on a small plateau (where the Chapel of São Martinho exists) and was abandoned during the Middle Ages. The term ‘’castro’’ derived from the Latin ‘’castrum’’ refers to a small military encampment or fortification.
Roman occupation spanned four centuries and was followed by the migration of the Visigoths (300-700 A.C.) their expulsion by the Moors (in 711), and in turn, their expulsion from the area during the Christian Reconquista. The Battle of Ourique, where Afonso I triumphed over five Moor Kings occurred in São Pedro das Cabeças, approximately five kilometers from the village of Castro Verde, a paved the way for the creation of the Kingdom of Portugal, by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143. As the legend of the Battle persists the battle lasted two days (between July 24–25, 1139) and was so excessively bloody that the waters of Ribeira de Cobres flowed the color of red. But, although King Afonso was able to triumph, the region was never definitely secured by the Portuguese until the regin of King Sancho II, around 1234, when the Castle of Aljustrel was captured. The Royal Basilica of Castro Verde was commissioned by King Sebastian of Portugal in 1573 stands to mark the Christian victory over the Moors. Legend states that D. Afonso Henriques who was declared Prince of Portugal, after the Battle of São Mamede, defeated five Moorish kings (Battle of Ourique), and was then proclaimed King upon the victory. The walls of the central nave of the Royal Basilica are covered in azulejos immortalizing the famous battle.
The region of Castro Verde passed into the possession of the priory of Comenda de Santiago, and its donatários, the Dukes of Aveiro. Castro Verde continued to operate as the central administrative center and municipal seat, while Casével and Entradas win administrative autonomy. While mineral extraction continues to drive the economy, herding assumed a fundamental part of the regions economy. During the 16th and 17th Century, the Campos de Ourique became the destination for many herds from Castela and Serra da Estrela, creating a new economic, social and cultural dimension to the municipality.
Although the human ecology of this territory has been marked by the settlement of many civilizations all based on mining, cereal cultivation and cattle/sheep grazing, it was only in the beginning of the 14th century that territories became organized as distinct economic entities within the new kingdom. During this 'post-reconquista' era, vast pasturelands of the Castro Verde area were granted by King Dinis (Denis of Portugal - the Farmer King) which resulted in the management of thousands of hectares under rotational cultivation to become the 'bread basket' of Portugal and the most important pastureland of the country. Over the centuries, the territory has been continually influenced by a transhumance which has left a unique cultural identity in the form of architecture, arts, music, song, and poetry expressing the daily activities of a people living with the land.
In the middle of the 19th century, the surrounding municipal districts were reorganized and Castro was formalized within its current boundaries: it received its town charter, Foral, in 1510 by King Manuel I of Portugal. The municipality of Castro Verde developed its own particular cultural identity based on millenniums of interchange between cultural groups. From roots in mining and agricultural, the community has transformed into a city, with future plans focused on the integration of Roman and Islamic architecture in modern eco-architecture. Cultural tourism has re-surged to keep alive traditional art, music and poetry indigenous to the territory. The year 2010 marks year-long celebrations to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the town charters of Castro Verde and Casével.
Geography
Physical geography
The Castro Verde area is made up of extensive areas of rolling hills, geomorphological structures referred to as a peneplains, which vary in altitude from 300 to 900 ft (100–300 m.) above sea level. The area has planar relief, with a medium altitude of approximately 200 metros; the lowest point is about 110 meters, in the civil parish of São Marcos da Atabueira, near the Ribeira de Cobres (in northeast frontier with the municipality of Beja). The highest point, at 299 meters, is located at a geodesic marker (Urza) on the Cerro da Bandeira, within the civil parish of Castro Verde. Slopes in this area are between 0-2% grade, although pronounced (15%) along the ravines of Cobres and Maria Delgada, and the vicinity of Ribeira de Oeiras (near the border with Almodôvar). In addition to these rivers, the municipality is crossed by other ribeiras (English: ravines or rivers): Ribeira de Alvacar, Ribeira da Fontinha, Ribeira de Terges, Ribeira da Chada, Ribeira da Sete and Ribeira da Gata.
The soils within the municipality are poor, with a reduced capacity to support agriculture, limiting it use historically. The area has an elevated risk of erosion. The subsoils are made up essentially of granular schists, greywacke, sandstone, and in some areas quartzite and rare volcanic particulates, generally metamorphic with reduced permeability. The municipality of Castro Verde is also crossed by the Iberian Pyrite Belt, composed of Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit (VMS) associated with polymetallic massive flanks of volcanic cones in the form of pyrite, and also chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and cassiterite, which begins in Aljustrel and spreads through the lower Alentejo extending into Southern Spain. At a time when Portugal was separated by the sea from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, a series of events connected to active and hydrothermal volcanism, lead to the formation of a volcanic-sedimentary Iberian Pyrite complex (when the landmass of Portugal collided into the Iberian peninsula). Consequently, Castro Verde lies on one of the most important extractive deposits, responsible for the sustaining the economy of the region. Mining activity, consequently, dates back thousands of years with remains of mining structures from the Roman era identify the importance of this area in the expansion of Roman metallurgy. This southern area of Lusitania, being a Roman province for several centuries, was an abundant source of mineral ore which included gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron.
A large part of the municipality is part of the European Union's Rede Natura 2000 project, denoted as a Special Protection Area (SPA) for endangered species of steppe birds such as the Great Bustard and Lesser Kestrel.
Climate
The Atlantic Ocean has little influence in this area where rain falls mainly in autumn and winter, typical of a Mediterranean climate, Csa under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, sub-humid, with hot dry summers and mild humid winters. The medium annual temperature falls normally between 15.5 and 16°C. During the warmer months (June and September) that maximum temperature can reach or exceed 43°C; during the winter, temperature can fall to 10°C (between December and March). Medium precipitation levels range around 500 mm, primarily between November and March (the rainy season), while July and August are driest.
Climate data for Castro Verde, Beja,  Portugal
| |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13 (55) |
15 (59) |
17 (63) |
19 (66) |
23 (73) |
28 (82) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
29 (84) |
23 (73) |
17 (63) |
14 (57) |
21.8 (71.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5 (41) |
6 (43) |
6 (43) |
8 (46) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
12 (54) |
8 (46) |
6 (43) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 81.3 (3.20) |
81.3 (3.20) |
53.3 (2.10) |
61.0 (2.40) |
35.6 (1.40) |
22.9 (0.90) |
2.5 (0.10) |
2.5 (0.10) |
22.9 (0.90) |
66.0 (2.60) |
76.2 (3.00) |
83.9 (3.30) |
589.4 (23.20) |
| Source: weather.com | |||||||||||||
Human geography
The municipality of Castro Verde is situated within an area commonly known as “Campo Branco”, within the plains of the Alentejo that front the Serra do Caldeirão. It is located in the district of Beja, and limited to the north by the municipalities of Beja and Aljustrel, south by the municipality of Almodôvar, east by the municipality of Mértola and west by the municipality of Ourique. Over the past few decades, the population has generally concentrated in the larger urban communities. In 1970, the population of the municipality was 9004 inhabitants, decreasing to 7472 by 1981. Ten years later, it had grown slowly to 7786 residents, although the recent census (2001) indicated a small decrease (fixed at 7603 inhabitants). The literacy rates are relatively high, although 15.7% are considered illiterate. This is accentuated by 70% of the resident population having attained only a primary school level of education.
More than 50% of these residents live in the civil parish of Castro Verde (4820 residents); the remaining towns account for the rest: Casével, 365 inhabitants; Entradas, 774 inhabitants; Santa Bárbara dos Padrões, 1271 inhabitants; and São Marcos da Atabueira, 373 inhabitants. With an area 567.2 km2, these communities are scattered in various medium to small localities divided into five civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesias):
Economy
Population growth has primarily been the result developments with the mining industry, and in particular the Complexo Mineiro de Neves-Corvo. Its activities, and related services, civil construction and public works have seen reciprocal growth in municipal services and population. There has also been a parallel growth in mining jobs related to this development, since 1979.
There is a hierarchical distribution of the active workforce: 11.12% are employed in the primary sector, 32.7% in secondary industries, while a majority (56.18%) are employed in tertiary services. This distribution is generally maintained in all communities in the municipality, except Santa Bárbara dos Padrões, where the Neves-Corvo Mine is the main employer, and Entradas, where some agriculture and ranching occur.
Transport
Castro Verde is located in a privileged location along a corridor that connects the northern districts to the Algarve, and fundamental access to communication lines:
The airports in Faro (100 km), Lisbon (190 km) and Sevilha (270 km) and the maritime port of Sines (95 km) are conveniently located to access other major centres.
Connections to other locations within the country are made through the road network: to the Litoral Alentejo through Ourique (E.N. 123); to the coastal Algarve (along the A2 and I.C.1); to Lisbon via the A2; to Mértola (on the E.N. 123); to Almodôvar (along the E.N.2); and to Beja and Évora (on the I.P.2).
Within the municipality, public transport connects all localities by at least one service (except on the weekends), and a national Express service connects Castro Verde communities to stations in Beja, Évora, Lisbon and Algarve, in addition to Tomar, Coimbra, Porto, Braga and Elvas.
Architecture
Civic
- Pelourinho (English: Obelisk) - This monument was erected north of the Matriz Church, in front of the town hall on May 9, 1792, and included a jasper medallion. The monument was erected in "...of the glorious apparition of Christ Our Father to our first monarch D. Afonso Henriques", although the bust of D. Maria I was also afixed to the obelisk. During a hurricane, on the evening of the 7–8 December 1803, the monument was damaged at its narrowest point. The obelisk was restored in 1960.
Religious
- Basílica Real de Castro Verde (English: Royal Basilica of Castro Verde) - The basilica dates back to the reign of King João V (1706–1750), constructed over an older temple, that had already been remodeled during the previous reign of King Sebastião (1568–1578). It consists of a central nave, lateral sacristies and two bell towers, one with a clock. Its interior walls are covered in panels of azulejo representing the Battle of Ourique and its roof is composed of polychromatic wood, with gold-leaf alters in the Baroque- and Joanino-styles.
- Church of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (English: Our Lady of Medicine) - also referred to as the Church das Chagas do Salvador (English: The Church of Our Lord's Stimgmata), the church was founded by King D. Afonso Henriques. During the 17th Century, the temple was mostly in ruins, when Phillip II decided to restore the church by collecting funds through a fair (which was first held in 1620); the Feira de Castro would originally persist until 1834, before it became a secular event of the Baixo Alentejo region. Oil paintings by Diogo Magina (1763–67), representing the Milagre de Ourique, with an apparition of Jesus Christ to King Afonso Henriques, in the vicinity of São Pedro das Cabeças (5 kilometers from Castro Verde). The church itself consists of one nave, with many azulejos depicting flowers, birds and windmills were created in Holland.
- Chapel of São Miguel (English: Chapel of Saint Michael) - Constructed between 1715 and 1728, on the orders of King João V, over the ruins an older church, the construction was remodeled on similar orders of Queen Maria I of Portugal (1760–1779) with a revised interior of azulejos from Lisbon.
- Chapel of São Sebastião - the chapel is the focus of annual celebrations on the feast day of Saint Sebastian, held every January 20.
- Chapel of São Pedro das Cabeças - located on the plain that was the Battle of Ourique, where D. Afonso Henriques triumphed over five Moorish Kings. The chapel is located at the high point along the plain, and was ordered constructed by D. Sebastião, to pay homage to the first King of Portugal and his victory.
Notable citizens
- Alfredo Costa (Casével; 24 November 1883 - Lisbon; 1 February 1908), was a publicist, editor, journalist, store clerk and salesman, best remembered for being one of the two assassins responsible for the assassination of King Carlos I of Portugal and the Prince Royal, Luis Filipe, during the events of th 1908 Lisbon Regicide.
See also
References
- Notes
- I.S.S. I.P - CDSS Beja, ed, 2008, p.2
- The other centers pertain to other municipalities: Santa Bárbara de Padrões belongs to the municipality of Padrões and São Marcos da Atabueira pertains to Mértola.
- D. Mellado, et al., 2006
- Nuno Sarmento, 2000
- "Meteorological information for Castro Verde".
- Agro.Ges, 2005, p.7
- ^ I.S.S. I.P - CDSS Beja, ed, 2008, p.4
- I.S.S. I.P - CDSS Beja, ed, 2008, p.3
- The church received its first bells in 1731, although those in the towers are dated 1780; 1795; 1796 e 1887.
- In 1784, from the church's accounts, the clock was installed right-lateral tower by Deodactus Lombinom.
- King João was responsible for proving many reliquaries made of silver and gold extracted from Brazil and installed in the four-altars in the church
- Sources
- Boiça, Joaquim; Mateus, Rui. História e histórias-Castro Verde. Castro Verde, Portugal: Artinvento; Região de Turismo da Planicie Dourada; Câmara Municipal de Castro Verde. ISBN 978-972-97418-9-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Page, Martin (2002). The First Global Village, How Portugal Changed the World. Lisbon, Portugal: Casa das Letras. ISBN 978-972-46-1313-0.
- Sarmento, Nuno (2000). Ecoturismo em Castro Verde: O Projecto da LPN (Liga para a Protecção da Natureza. Lisbon, Portugal: Liga para a Protecção da Natureza.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - I.S.S. I.P - CDSS Beja, ed. (2008). "Indicadores Socias: Castro Verde" (PDF). Beja, Portugal: Sector de Recursos Humanos, Planeamento e Gestão de Informação.
- Paul Norton (16 September 2009). "Fonte do Milagre". Castro Verde, Portugal: Associação de S. Miguel para Medicina Bio-Energética. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Mellado, D. (2006). "Geología y estructura de la Mina de Río Tinto (Faja Pirítica Ibérica, España)" (PDF). Geogaceta. pp. 231–234.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Agro.Ges, ed. (November 2005), Evaluation des Mesures Agro-Environnementales (PDF), Lisbon, Portugal: Agro.GesSociedade de Estudos e Projectos
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)
External links
- Town Hall official website- (Portuguese: Use Google Translate to convert to other languages)
- Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC) - (Map of Pre-Roman Peoples and Languages of Iberia)
| Municipalities of Beja District | |
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