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| {{For|the British musical group|The Ukrainians}} | {{For|the British musical group|The Ukrainians}} | ||
| {{Infobox Ethnic group | {{Infobox Ethnic group | ||
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| '''Ukrainians''' ({{lang-uk|Українці}} ''Ukrayintsi'', {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi|}}) are an ] ] primarily living in ], |
'''Ukrainians''' ({{lang-uk|Українці}} ''Ukrayintsi'', {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi|}}) are an ] ] primarily living in ], also the sixth-largest nation in ].<ref></ref>Today, a large Ukrainian minority have citizenship in the ], U. S., ], ] and ].<ref></ref> | ||
| The oldest recorded ] used for the Ukrainians are ''Rusychi'', ''Rusyny'', and ''Rusy'' (from ''Rus'''). In the 10th to 12th centuries those names applied only to the ] of what is today the national and ethnic territory of ], but later a similar designation was adopted by the proto-Russian inhabitants of the northeastern principalities of ].<ref></ref> | The oldest recorded ] used for the Ukrainians are ''Rusychi'', ''Rusyny'', and ''Rusy'' (from ''Rus'''). In the 10th to 12th centuries those names applied only to the ] of what is today the national and ethnic territory of ], but later a similar designation was adopted by the proto-Russian inhabitants of the northeastern principalities of ].<ref></ref><ref></ref> | ||
| Around 20 million people outside of Ukraine are identified with the Ukrainian ethnicity.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Despite to centuries of foreign rule and distinct periods of ] and ], Ukrainians are not significantly less homogenous than western neighboring ethnic groups. On the other side, many ethnic Ukrainians, in addition to having been descended from medieval ] stock, maintain various other ancestries, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and/or ]. | Around 20 million people outside of Ukraine are identified with the Ukrainian ethnicity.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Despite to centuries of foreign rule and distinct periods of ] and ], Ukrainians are not significantly less homogenous than western neighboring ethnic groups. On the other side, many ethnic Ukrainians, in addition to having been descended from medieval ] stock, maintain various other ancestries, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and/or ]. | ||
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| In the last few decades of the 19th century Ukrainians under ] began a massive emigration to the Asian regions of the empire, and their counterparts under ] rule emigrated to the ].<ref></ref> | In the last few decades of the 19th century Ukrainians under ] began a massive emigration to the Asian regions of the empire, and their counterparts under ] rule emigrated to the ].<ref></ref> | ||
| ==Multicultural diversity== | |||
| Many ethnic Ukrainians have various other ancestries, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and/or ]. Multiculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine with a huge Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one of the reasons for creating confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of ] took the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in ] the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.<ref></ref> | |||
| Isolated attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher ]) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Because territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine, the accepted view in ] today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are its citizens (ie, Ukrainians) regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people (narod) of Ukraine."<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ==Locations== | ==Locations== | ||
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| ===Major sub-ethnicities=== | ===Major sub-ethnicities=== | ||
| ], and ] | |||
| *], some tend to identify as ] | *], some tend to identify as ] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
Revision as of 13:57, 16 December 2010
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| File:Ukrainians Ukraine english version.jpgVladimir I • Yaroslav I • Lev I • B. Khmelnytsky I. Mazepa • M. Hohol • T. Shevchenko • L. Ukrainka I. Franko • S. Tymoshenko • M. Leontovych • M. Hrushevskyi O. Dovzhenko • S. Bubka • A. Shevchenko • Y. Tymoshenko | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 Ukraine 37,541,700 | |
 Russia | 2,942,961 |
 Canada | 1,209,805 |
 USA | 961,113 |
 Brazil | 500,000 |
 Moldova | 375,000 |
 Kazakhstan | 333,000 |
 Italy | 320,070 |
 Argentina | 300,000 |
 Belarus | 248,000 |
 Uzbekistan | 128,100 |
 Czech Republic | 126,613 |
 Portugal | 41,872 |
 Azerbaijan | 30,000 |
 Syria | 27,878 |
 Estonia | 27,722 |
 Poland | 27,172 |
 Lithuania | 22,488 |
 Armenia | 1,600 |
| Languages | |
| Ukrainian, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Eastern Orthodox; notable minority of Greek Catholics, Protestants | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Slavic peoples, especially Rusyns, Belarusians, Russians, | |
Ukrainians (Template:Lang-uk Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, also the sixth-largest nation in Europe.Today, a large Ukrainian minority have citizenship in the Russia, U. S., Brazil, Canada and Kazahstan.
The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusychi, Rusyny, and Rusy (from Rus'). In the 10th to 12th centuries those names applied only to the Slavic inhabitants of what is today the national and ethnic territory of Ukraine, but later a similar designation was adopted by the proto-Russian inhabitants of the northeastern principalities of Kievan Rus'.
Around 20 million people outside of Ukraine are identified with the Ukrainian ethnicity. Despite to centuries of foreign rule and distinct periods of Polonization and Russification, Ukrainians are not significantly less homogenous than western neighboring ethnic groups. On the other side, many ethnic Ukrainians, in addition to having been descended from medieval Ruthenian stock, maintain various other ancestries, such as Russian, Belarussian, Polish, Greek, German, Romanian, and/or Jewish.
The modern names Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187, there is, however, a lack of evidence that it had already an ethnic reference at this early moment (see the etymology of the term). The appellation ‘Ukrainian’ initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovyna until the first quarter of the 20th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Preshov region until the late 1940s. Those Western Ukrainians have used the name Rusyny (Ruthenians) until national revival.
In the last few decades of the 19th century Ukrainians under Russian rule began a massive emigration to the Asian regions of the empire, and their counterparts under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World.
Multicultural diversity
Many ethnic Ukrainians have various other ancestries, such as Russian, Belarussian, Polish, Greek, German, Romanian, and/or Jewish. Multiculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine with a huge Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one of the reasons for creating confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of Ukraine took the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.
Isolated attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Because territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine, the accepted view in Ukraine today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are its citizens (ie, Ukrainians) regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people (narod) of Ukraine."
Locations
Main article: Ukrainian diaspora
Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of ethnic Ukrainians outside of Ukraine live in Russia where about 3 million Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry.
There are also almost an estimated 2.1 million of people of Ukrainian origin in North America (1.2 million in Canada and 890,000 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (500,000), Moldova (375,000), Kazakhstan (about 333,000), Poland (estimates from 300,000 to 400,000), Argentina (300,000), Belarus (estimates from 250,000 to 300,000), Portugal (100,000), Romania (estimates from 60.000 to 90.000) and Slovakia (55,000). There are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia.
Genetics
Ukrainians show the characteristic R1a genes of the patrilineal descent from a single male at a very high frequency of 41.5-54.0%. Such high frequencies of R1a have been found only in Poland, Russia, Slovenia, and on the Indian subcontinent.
Origins
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is a late Neolithic archaeological culture which flourished between ca. 5500 BC and 2750 BC, from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions. In addition, numerous nomadic tribes inhabited the territory of modern Ukraine. They included Iranic-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians, Greeks from the Black Sea colonies, Thracians from modern-day Bulgaria and Romania, Illyrians from modern day Albania and former Yugoslavia, Germanic-speaking Goths and Varangians, Turkic-speaking Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs and Cumans, and the Crimean Armenians in the early second millennium AD. However, Ukrainian origins are predominantly Slavic, while non-Slavic nomads who lived in the steppes of southern Ukraine are thought to have had little influence on the ancestry of modern Ukrainians.
Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. The Antes are normally identified with proto-Ukrainians. The name Antes is of Iranic origin and means people living on the borderland. The state of Antes existed from the end of 4th to early 7th century. In the 4th century. the Antes fought against the Goths. In 375, the Gothic king Vinitar, facing the Antes, at first experienced defeat but later captured the king of Antes, Bozh, whom he executed together with his sons and 70 aristocrats. The Goths did not manage to subdue the Antes, since in the same year the Gothic union fell from the attack of the Huns. From the 6th century the Antes fought Byzantium and in the 6th and 7th centuries colonised the Balkan peninsula. From the end of 6th century they fought against the Avars. The Antes included of several East Slavic tribes who lived on the territory of today's Ukraine, including the Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Dulebes (which later likely became Volhynians and Buzhans), Tiverians, and Ulichs.
The Ukrainian language is an East Slavic language, closely related to Russian and Belarusian.
Slavic tribes inhabited modern-day lands of Ukraine from ancient times, and were dominant by the 5th century AD, founding the city of Kiev—later capital of a powerful state known as Kievan Rus'. Kniaz Volodymyr I of Kiev adopted Christianity as a state religion in 988 and proceeded to baptise the whole Kievan Rus. Polans played the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state.
Among the native Ukrainian population, there are several distinct subethnic groups: the Hutsuls, Volhynians, Lemkos, Boykos, and Rusyns each with peculiar area of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type and folk traditions. There are a number of theories as to the origins each of these groups.
It is argued that the oldest known population of Ukraine – Scythians and Sarmatians were of Iranian stock. They inhabited Ukraine in 7 b.c. — 3 a.d. Rarity of hard g sound (use of guttural gh instead) and absence f in some dialects (often rendered as khv in the countryside) in Ukrainian along with some folk traditions (as greeting with bread and salt, houses with straw-roof, popular through history self-designations Roxolany, Roxolana, Sava or Sevae, and Savromaty among Ukrainians) is attributed to ancient Scythian language and culture.
Several other minor non-Slavic ethnic groups undoubtedly partially contributed to formation of Central Ukrainian ethnic type. These include a row of Turkic tribes, such as Chorni Klobuky, Berendei and Torks, who were settled along the river Ros and Rusava and eventually all being absorbed by Ukrainians. Many Turkic place names in Ukraine as Karabachyn, Torets, Torky, Berdychiv (lit. "of Berendychi", or Berendei) remain in these areas.
In Western Ukraine, ancient Dacian influences can be traced. From the middle of the 1st century (the peak period of Dacian society) until early 3rd century, the left bank of the upper Dniester was populated by the Dacian tribe of Costoboci Transmontani (mentioned in Geographia of Ptolemaeus), who were the carriers of Lipica culture (of Verkhnya Lypytsya, Maydan Holohirskyy, Remezivtsi, Voronyaky etc.) The Dacian roots of Lipica culture is evidenced by findings of ceramic types, burning burials, houses analogous to those of Dacians in Romania. Costoboci were the most northernmost branch of Thracodacians and bordered with the carriers of Przeworsk culture to the north-west (i.e. Przeworsk culture settlement in Pidberiztsi near Lviv), Zarubintsy culture to the north who were all succeeded by Chernyakhov culture. It is with Costoboci was the fight of Romans against the Free Dacians in the 2nd century mentioned in different written sources. In the beginning of 3rd century Dacian archeological elements in Upper Dniester disappear.
Roman chronicles of the 1st century report that in the Carpathians there was a Dacian tribe of Karpi. Karp-At meant mountains of Karpi. From possible Dacian meaning "mountains" may derive the name of people karpi—those who live in the mountains. At any case, the area of inhabitation of Free Dacians covered western Ukraine, and besides Costoboci, to the northern Dacians belonged are the Anarti and Teurisci. Ukrainian mountaineers Hutsuls, inhabiting the areas of old land of Free Dacians are often stated as being of Dacian stock. Archeologists also discovered several Celtic settlements in Zakarpattia Oblast of south-western Ukraine. There were numerous cases of Jewish conversion to Eastern Orthodox or Catholic faith in Ukraine in medieval and early modern eras, whether forced (during the Deluge or Koliyivshchyna) or voluntary. Several Cossack surnames are traced to such converts (see Jewish Cossacks). Though non-Slavic elements did have some impacts on the Ukrainians, as mentioned above, they are predominantly Slavs.
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. In the Ukrainian gene, pool six haplogroups were revealed: E, F (including G and I), J, N3, P, and R1a1. The major haplogroup in the Ukrainian gene pool, Haplogroup R1a is thought to mark the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup F, which is a combination of the lineages differing by the time of appearance. Haplogroup P found represents the genetic contribution of the population originating from the ancient autochthonous population of Europe. Haplogroup J and Haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the Neolithic. The presence of the N3 lineage is likely explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes. A recent study (Rebala et al. 2007) studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. A significant finding of this study is that according to the authors most Slavic populations have similar Y chromosome pools, and this similarity can be traced to an origin in middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine.
Major sub-ethnicities
Carpathian Ruthenia, and Galicia
- Lemkos, some tend to identify as Rusyn
- Boykos
- Hutsuls
- Polishchuks
- Bodnars
- Rusyn, a derivative of Ruthenians
History
Main article: History of UkraineUkraine had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. Up to the 15th century, Ukrainians were part of the Old East Slavic stock which according to some historians also gave rise to the Belarusians and Russians. However, a long history of separation and foreign influences have perceptibly reshaped their ethnolinguistic identity differentiating them from the rest of East Slavs.
The history of independent statehood in Ukraine is started with the Cossacks. The Cossacks of Zaporizhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich. They were formally recognized as a state, the Zaporozhian Host, by treaty with Poland in 1649.
Modern day Ukraine encompasses the seats of six of the original twelve principalities of the ancient Kievan Rus empire which flourished from 882 to 1245 AD. Those principalities were Halych, Volodymyr-Volhynia, Kyiv, Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv, and Novhorod-Siverskyy and comprised the major centres of power of Kyivan Rus in its heyday. The 13th century Mongol invasion devastated Kievan Rus'. Kiev was totally destroyed in 1240. Subsequent to the fall of a united Halych-Volodymr-Volhynia in 1342 these principalities were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and still later of the Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires, Poland and the Soviet Union, finally gaining its independence on August 24, 1991.
Modern Ukrainian national identity continued to develop, especially in opposition to foreign rule in the 19th century. In Imperial Russia the use of the Ukrainian language was discouraged and banned at different times in history; however, as many were illiterate, persecutions had little effect. During the Soviet era, the Ukrainian language was at times suppressed and at others tolerated or even encouraged.
From 1932–1933 millions of Ukrainians starved to death in a famine, known as the Holodomor. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million and 3-3.5 million although much higher numbers are sometimes published in the media and cited in political debates. As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.
Culture
Main article: Culture of UkraineLanguage
Main article: Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinʲsʲka ˈmɔʋa]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the only official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. The language shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovak.
The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian language. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th century).
The language has persisted despite several periods of bans and/or discouragement throughout centuries as it has always nevertheless maintained a sufficient base among the people of Ukraine, its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors.
According to 2001 All-Ukrainian census, 85.2% of all people of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine named Ukrainian as their mother-tongue, and 14.8% named Russian as their mother-tongue. This census doesn't cover Ukrainians living in other countries.
Religions
Main article: Religion in Ukraine
Ukrainians are predominantly Orthodox Christians. In the eastern and southern areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the most common. In central and western Ukraine there is support for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate headed by Patriarch Filaret and also in the western areas of Ukraine and with smaller support throughout the country there is support for the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church headed by Metropolitan Mefodiy. In the Western region known as Galicia the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches has a strong membership. Various Protestant churches have a growing presence among the Ukrainian population. There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism).
Music
Main article: Music of UkraineDance
Main article: Ukrainian dance
Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.
Ukrainian Dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.
Symbols
The national symbols of the Ukrainians are the Flag of Ukraine and the Coat of arms of Ukraine.
The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolor rectangle. The color fields are of same form and equal size. The colors of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat. The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colors were based on the coat-of-arms of the Galicia-Volhynia Principality .
The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers. Others say that the coat represents also the importance of the Holy Trinity, although coincidently prior to Christianity the people of today's Ukraine believed in Triglav, with the similar concept of three.
See also
- List of Ukrainians
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- Lemkos
- Rusyns
- Ruthenians
- Ukrainians in Russia
- Green Ukraine
- Soviet population transfers
References
Footnotes
- "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". All-Ukrainian Census, 2001. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - "All-Russian population census, 2001. National composition of population by region". Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Statistics include non-primary ancestry reports. "Ukrainians" being of partial descent figured in numbers.
- "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data".
- "Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates"
- "Moldova".
- "The results of the national population census in 2009".
- Ucrania.com (in Spanish)
- "Belarus". CIA – The World Factbook. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- "Startseite". Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- "Article". Ucrania.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- População Estrangeira em Portugal – 2006 (pdf), December 13, 2007, retrieved 2009-11-15
- http://estonia.eu/about-estonia/country/population-statistics.html
- http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=61&id=37#ukraincy
- "Population by ethnicity (2001 Census)". Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (Statistics Lithuania), 2005. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm
- http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00082/02700.htm?text=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&stpar3=1.1
- http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404101422.html
- http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/
- Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million
- 20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world.
- 20 million Ukrainians living outside Ukrainian territory
- The sixth-largest nation in Europe.
- History and ethnic relations in Ukraine.
- The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').
- Identification and National Identity of Ukrainians.
- Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million
- 20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world.
- Name first documented in 1187.
- All-Ukrainian National Congress (Vseukrainskyi Natsionalnyi Kongres).
- Universals of the Central Rada.
- A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny.
- Populism, Western Ukrainian.
- See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution.
- Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian.
- Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (eg, by Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s.
- Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine.
- Ucrania.com (in Spanish)
- Semino, A; Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic *** sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" (PDF). Science 290 (5494): 1155–59. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443 .
- F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).
- Гринчук. Формування українського етносу (in Ukrainian)
- В.М. Цигилик. Населення Верхнього Подністров’я перших століть нашої ери (Племена Липицької культури). Київ: Наукова Думка, 1975 (in Ukrainian)
- Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. Russian Journal of Genetics, Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004.
- Rebala K et al. (2007), Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin, Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14
- The Destruction of Kiev
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine Ems Ukaz
- France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
- Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov., 2002), pp. 249–264
- Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, November 23–29, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian
- Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, The Washington Post, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."
- Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
- "Ukrainian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року
- The language composition of the population of Ukraine according to the nationwide census – Ukraine Census 2001, State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
- For more information, see History of Christianity in Ukraine and Religion in Ukraine
- Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- CIA World Factbook – Flag of Ukraine
- FOTW:Ukraine – History of the Flag
Sources
| Part of a series on |
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{{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)Online sources
- "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "When Was the Ukrainian Nation Born", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), April 23 – May 6, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- 'We are more "Russian" then them', the History of Myths and Sensations, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- External Migration – the Main Cause of Ethnically non-Ukrainian Population in Modern Ukraine. Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 26 – February 1, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- Halyna Lozko, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Available online.
External links
- Ukrainians on Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Races of Europe 1942–1943 (English)
- Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919 (English) "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7
- Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914 (German)
- Ethnographic map of Europe 1914 (English)
- Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914 (German)
- Ethnic Territory of the Ukrainian people in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (English)
