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A pretender is an heir or claimant to a throne that either has been abolished or is presently occupied by another. Entries in this list are governed with respect to their relevant succession laws, whether hereditary or elective. Claims made on a person's behalf are included regardless of whether that person himself actually stakes an active claim, providing the person possesses a legitimate link to the line of succession. Pretenders with no legitimate right to inheritance, often distinguished as "false pretenders", are not listed.

African

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
File:Flag of Burundi (1962 to 1966).svg Burundi	Rose Paula Iribagiza	29 April 1972	Ntwero	Daughter of King Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).	Hereditary	1966
Central Africa	Bokassa II	3 November 1996	Bokassa	Heir apparent of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979).	Hereditary	1979
Egypt	Fuad II	18 June 1953	Muhammad Ali	Last reigning King (1952–1953).	Hereditary	1953
Ethiopia	Zera Yacob Amha Selassie	7 February 1997	Solomon	Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie I (1930–1974).	Hereditary	1975
	Girma Yohannes Iyasu	1977		Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916).
Gambia	Elizabeth II	24 April 1970	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1965–1970).	Hereditary	1970
Ghana	Elizabeth II	1 July 1960	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1957–1960).	Hereditary	1960
Kenya	Elizabeth II	12 December 1964	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1963–1964).	Hereditary	1964
Kongo	Yves Ñzînga Mvêmb’a	October 1962	Kilukeni	Descendant of Manikongo Afonso I (1509–1542).	Elective and Hereditary	1914
Libya	Muhammad bin Hasan	18 June 1992	Senussi	Son of Hasan ar-Rida, heir apparent of King Idris I (1916–1969).	Hereditary	1969
Malawi	Elizabeth II	6 July 1966	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1964–1966).	Hereditary	1966
Mauritius	Elizabeth II	12 March 1992	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1968–1992).	Hereditary	1992
Nigeria	Elizabeth II	1 October 1963	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1960–1963).	Hereditary	1963
Rwanda	Kigeli V	28 January 1961	Ndahindurwa	Last reigning King (1959–1961).	Hereditary and Elective	1962
Sierra Leone	Elizabeth II	19 April 1971	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1961–1971).	Hereditary	1971
South Africa	Elizabeth II	31 May 1961	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1952–1961).	Hereditary	1961
South Kasai	Albert I Kalonji Ditunga	16 July 1961	Luba	Last reigning King (1961).		1961
Tanganyika	Elizabeth II	9 December 1962	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1961–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Tunisia	Muhammad X	October 2006	Al Husain	Grandson of Bey Muhammad V an-Nasir (1906–1922).	Hereditary	1956
Uganda	Elizabeth II	9 October 1963	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1962–1963).	Hereditary	1963
Zanzibar	Jamshid bin Abdullah	12 January 1964	Al Bu Sa‘id	Last reigning Sultan (1963–1964).	Hereditary	1964

American

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Araucania	Felipe de Tounens	26 October 1952	De Tounens	Descendant of King Orélie-Antoine I (1860–1862).	Hereditary	1862
Brazil	Luís Gastão	5 July 1981	Orléans-Braganza	Descendant of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).	Hereditary	1889
	Pedro Carlos	27 December 2007
Guyana	Elizabeth II	23 February 1970	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1966–1970).	Hereditary	1970
Mexico	Maximilian von Götzen-Itúrbide	November 1949	Habsburg-Iturbide	Descendant of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).	Hereditary	1867
Miskito	Norton Cuthbert Clarence	1977		Descendant of Chief Robert Henry Clarence (1890–1894).	Hereditary and Elective	1894
Trinidad and Tobago	Elizabeth II	1 August 1976	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1962–1976).	Hereditary	1976

Asian

Western Asia

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Iraq	Ra'ad bin Zeid	18 October 1970	Hāshim	Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958).	Hereditary	1958
Ottoman Empire	Bayezid III	24 September 2009	Osman	Direct descendant of Sultan Abdülmecid I (1839–1861).	Hereditary	1922
Yemen	Ageel bin Muhammad	6 August 1996	Al Qasimi	Eldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr, the last ruling king.	Hereditary	1962

South Yemen

Former states of the British Aden Protectorate were united in the 1960s to form the People's Republic of South Yemen, which became independent on 30 November 1967. South Yemen later merged with its northern counterpart to form the modern state of Yemen in 1990.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Audhali	Salih ibn al-Husayn	17 September 1967	Al Audhali	Last reigning Sultan (1928–1967).	Hereditary	1967
Lower Aulaqi	Nasir ibn Aidrus	29 November 1967	Al Awlaqi	Last reigning Sultan (1947–1967).	Hereditary
Upper Aulaqi	Awad ibn Salih	29 November 1967	Al Awlaqi	Last reigning Sultan (1935–1967).	Hereditary
Beihan	Talal bin Saleh	15 February 2010	Al Habieli	Heir apparent of Emir Saleh bin al-Husayn (1935–1967).	Hereditary
Dhala	Shafaul ibn Ali Shaif	17 August 1967	Al Amiri	Last reigning Emir (1954–1967).	Hereditary
Fadhli	Nasir bin Abdullah	29 November 1967	Al Fadhli	Last reigning Sultan (1964–1967).	Hereditary
Haushabi	Faisal bin Surur	29 November 1967	Al Haushabi	Last reigning Sultan (1955–1967).	Hereditary
Kathiri	Husayn ibn Ali	2 October 1967	Al Kathiri	Last reigning Sultan (1949–1967).	Hereditary
Lahej	Fadhl VI bin Ali	17 August 1967	Al Abdali	Last reigning Sultan (1958–1967).	Hereditary
Mahra	Abdullah ibn Ashur	16 October 1967	Al Mahri	Last reigning Sultan (1966–1967).	Hereditary
Qu'aiti	Ghalib II	17 September 1967	Al Qu'aiti	Last reigning Sultan (1966–1967).	Hereditary
Wahidi Balhaf	Ali ibn Muhammad	17 August 1967	Al Wahidi	Last governing Hakim (1967).	Hereditary
Wahidi Bir Ali	Alawi ibn Salih	29 November 1967		Last reigning Sultan (1955–1967).	Hereditary
Wahidi Haban	Husayn ibn Abdullah	29 November 1967		Last reigning Sultan (until 1967).	Hereditary
Lower Yafa	Mahmud ibn Aidrus	28 August 1967	Al Afifi	Last reigning Sultan (1954–1967).	Hereditary
Upper Yafa	Muhammad ibn Salih	29 November 1967	Harharah	Last reigning Sultan (1948–1967).	Hereditary

India

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
India	Elizabeth II	6 February 1952	Windsor	Heir presumptive of King George VI (1947–1950).	Hereditary	1950
Pakistan	Elizabeth II	23 March 1956	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1947–1956).	Hereditary	1956

Following the Partition of India in 1947, the majority of princely states in the subcontinent asceded to either the Dominion of Pakistan or the Union of India. Official recognition of hereditary royal entitlements and accompanying privy purses was abolished in the Republic of India through a constitutional amendment on 28 December 1971. The same was done in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. In many cases, members of the former ruling families of princely states retain a considerable degree of social prestige and even political influence within their communities. Many leaders continue to be referred to by their claimed titles, including most notably within the Supreme Court.

Nepal

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Nepal	Gyanendra	28 May 2008	Shah	Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).	Hereditary	2008
Bajhang	Binod Bikram	7 October 2008		Last reigning Raja (until 2008).	Hereditary
Bhirkot	Prakash	7 October 2008		Last reigning Raja (2002–2008).	Hereditary
Mustang	Jigme Palbar	7 October 2008	Bista	Last reigning Raja (1964–2008).	Hereditary
Salyan	Gopendra Bahadur	7 October 2008	Shah	Last reigning Raja (until 2008).	Hereditary

Others

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Afghanistan (Emirate)	Mohammed Omar	13 November 2001	N/A	Last reigning Emir (1996–2001).	Elective	2001
Afghanistan (Kingdom)	Ahmad Shah	23 July 2007	Barakzai	Heir apparent of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973).	Hereditary	1973
Burma	Taw Phaya	12 April 1948	Konbaung	Descendant of King Thibaw Min (1878–1885).	Hereditary	1885
Ceylon	Elizabeth II	22 May 1972	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1966–1972).	Hereditary	1972
Champasak	Champhonesak	17 March 1980	Champasakti	Son of Prince Boun Oum (1945–1946), the last reigning prince.	Hereditary	1946
China	Hengzhen	1997	Qīng	Descendant of Emperor Dàoguāng (1820–1850).	Hereditary	1912
Georgia	David Bagration Nugzar Bagration	16 January 2008 13 August 1984	Mukhrani Gruzinsky	Descendant of King Konstantine II (1478–1505) Descendant of King Giorgi XII (1798–1800)	Hereditary	1801
Hsipaw	Sao Oo Kya		Shan	Relative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Iran (Pahlavi)	Rezā Pahlavi II	27 July 1980	Pahlavi	Heir apparent of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979).	Hereditary	1979
Iran (Qajar)	Mohammad Hassan Mirza II	5 May 1988	Qajar	Descendant of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).	Hereditary	1925
File:Royal Flag of the Jaffna Kingdom.svg Jaffna	Remigius Kanagarajah		Aryacakravarti	Descendant of King Cekaracacekaran IX (1617–1619).	Hereditary	1619
Kandy	Mokanbabu Rajah	19 March 2004	Nayak	Descendant of King Rajadhi Rajasinha (1782–1798).	Hereditary	1815
Kengtung	Sao Leng	14 September 1997	Mangrāi	Relative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Korea	Yi Chung Yi Haewŏn Yi Won	16 July 2005	Yi	Descendant of Emperor Gojong (1863–1907).	Hereditary	1910
Laos	Soulivong Savang	19 September 1997	Khun Lo	Descendant of King Savang Vatthana (1959–1975).	Hereditary	1975
Manchukuo	Jin Youzhi	28 February 1994	Qīng	Brother of Emperor Puyi (1934–1945).	Hereditary	1945
Maldives	Muhammad Nooraddeen	27 May 1969	Huraa	Son of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II (1935–1943).	Hereditary	1968
Mongolia	Jebtsundamba Khutuktu IX	July 1999	N/A	Reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu VIII, the last reigning Khan (1911–1924).	Theocratic	1924
Mongpawng	Hso Hom	2 March 1962	Shan	Last reigning Saopha (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Ryūkyū	Mamoru	30 August 1996	Shō	Descendant of King Shō Tai (1848–1879).	Hereditary	1879
Sarawak	Anthony Brooke	9 May 1963	Brooke	Heir apparent of Rajah Vyner (1917–1946).	Hereditary	1946
Sulu	Yahcub Alimuddin V Rodinood Julaspi Kiram	3 January 1967 21 February 1997	Alimuddin Kiram	Descendant of Sultan Alimuddin III (1876–1877) Descendant of Sultan Jamalul Kiram II (1883–1917)	Hereditary	N/A
Tibet	Tenzin Gyatso	17 March 1959	N/A	Last reigning and current recognised Dalai Lama.	Theocratic	1964
Vietnam	Bảo Thắng	28 July 2007	Nguyễn	Son of Emperor Bảo Đại (1926–1945).	Hereditary	1949
Yawnghwe	Hso Khan Pha	26 May 1999	Shan	Son of Saopha Sao Shwe Thaik (1927–1962).	Hereditary	1962

European

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Albania	Leka I	9 April 1961	Zogu	Heir apparent of King Zog I (1928–1939).	Hereditary	1944
Austria-Hungary	Otto I & II	1 April 1922	Habsburg-Lorraine	Heir apparent of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Bulgaria	Simeon II	15 September 1946	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).	Hereditary	1946
Courland	Ernst-Johann	28 February 1982	Biron	Descendant of Duke Ernst Johann von Biron (1737–1740 and 1763–1769).	Hereditary	1795
England (Jacobite)	Francis II	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Descendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).	Hereditary	1707
France (Legitimist)	Louis XX	30 January 1989	Bourbon	Descendant of King Louis XIV (1643–1715).	Hereditary	1830
France (Orléanist and Unionist)	Henry VII	19 June 1999	Orléans	Descendant of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (1830–1848), and of Charles X, King of France (1824–1830).	Hereditary	1848
France (Bonapartist)	Charles Napoléon Jean Christophe	3 May 1997	Bonaparte	Descendant of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)	Hereditary	1870
Greece	Constantine II	1 June 1973	Glücksburg	Last reigning King (1964–1973).	Hereditary	1973
Gwynedd	Evan Vaughan	27 April 1968	Anwyl	Descendant of King Owain I (1137–1170).	Hereditary	1284
Ireland (Jacobite)	Francis II	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Descendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).	Hereditary	1800
Ireland (Sophia)	Elizabeth II	6 February 1952	Windsor	Heir presumptive of King George VI (1936–1949).	Hereditary	1949
Malta	Elizabeth II	13 December 1974	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1964–1974).	Hereditary	1974
Montenegro	Nikola II	24 March 1986	Petrović-Njegoš	Descendant of King Nikola I (1910–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Navarre	Alicia	20 February 1994	Bourbon-Parma	Descendant of King Louis II (1610–1620).	Hereditary	1620
Portugal	Duarte Pio	24 December 1976	Braganza	Descendant of King Miguel I (1828–1834).	Hereditary	1910
Romania	Michael I	30 December 1947	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen	Last reigning King (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).	Hereditary	1947
Russia	Maria Vladimirovna Nicholas Romanov	21 April 1992	Romanov	Descendant of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881) Descendant of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855)	Hereditary	1917
Scotland (Jacobite)	Francis II	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Descendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).	Hereditary	1707
Serbia	Alexander II Nikola	3 November 1970 24 March 1986	Karađorđević Petrović-Njegoš	Descendant of King Peter I (1903–1918), of the Karađorđević line of kings Grandson of Prince Mirko, the heir designate of King Alexander I (1889–1903), of the Obrenović line of kings.	Hereditary	1918
Yugoslavia	Alexander II	3 November 1970	Karađorđević	Heir apparent of King Peter II (1934–1945).	Hereditary	1945

Germany

The German Empire was a federation of myriad smaller monarchies, all of which are now abolished under modern republican Germany. As a result, there are a large number of claimants to various German thrones. Since the dissolution of the empire, however, a number of former royal households have become extinct in the male line, and are therefore not represented in the list below. Mecklenburg-Schwerin went extinct in 2001, Saxe-Altenburg in 1991, and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 1971.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Empire
Germany	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Descendant of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Kingdoms
Bavaria	Franz I	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Descendant of King Ludwig III (1913–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Hanover	Ernst August V	9 December 1987	Hanover	Descendant of King Georg V (1851–1866).	Hereditary	1866
Prussia	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Descendant of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Saxony	Maria Emanuel	9 August 1968	Wettin	Grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Westphalia	Charles Napoléon	3 May 1997	Bonaparte	Descendant of King Jérôme Bonaparte (1807–1813).	Hereditary	1813
Württemberg	Charles II	17 April 1975	Württemberg	Grandnephew of King Wilhelm II (1891–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Grand Duchies
Baden	Maximilian	27 October 1963	Zähringen	Descendant of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).	Hereditary	1918
Hesse and by Rhine	Moritz	30 May 1968	Hesse	Adoptive grandson of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Georg Borwin	26 January 1996	Mecklenburg	Descendant of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).	Hereditary	1918
Oldenburg	Anton-Günther	3 April 1970	Holstein-Gottorp	Grandson of Grand Duke Friedrich August II (1900–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Michael	14 October 1988	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Grandson of Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Duchies
Anhalt	Julius Eduard	9 October 1963	Ascania	Son of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).	Hereditary	1918
Brunswick	Ernst August V	9 December 1987	Hanover	Grandson of Duke Ernst August III (1913–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Nassau	Henri	7 October 2000	Nassau-Weilburg	Descendant of Duke Adolf I (1839–1866).	Hereditary	1866
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha	Andreas	23 January 1998	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Grandson of Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Saxe-Meiningen	Konrad	4 October 1984	Saxe-Meiningen	Descendant of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).	Hereditary	1918
Schleswig-Holstein	Christoph	30 September 1980	Glücksburg	Relative of Duke Frederik VII (1808–1863).	Hereditary	1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern	Karl Friedrich	16 September 2010	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen	Descendant of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).	Hereditary	1850
Lippe	Armin Friedrich Wilhelm	30 December 1949 15 June 1990	Lippe	Son of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918) Relative of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918)	Hereditary	1918
Reuss	Heinrich IV	5 January 1962	Reuß	Relative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Schaumburg-Lippe	Alexander	28 August 2003	Lippe	Grandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Waldeck and Pyrmont	Wittekind	30 November 1967	Waldeck	Grandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Others
Hesse-Kassel	Moritz	25 October 1980	Hesse	Descendant of Landgrave Friedrich II (1760–1785).	Hereditary	1866
Schwarzenberg	Karl VII	25 October 1979	Schwarzenberg	Descendant of Prince Johann I (1782–1789).	Hereditary	1789
Thurn and Taxis	Albert II	14 December 1990	Thurn und Taxis	Descendant of Prince Karl Alexander (1805–1806).	Hereditary	1806

Italy

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Italy	Amedeo Vittorio Emanuele IV	18 March 1983 15 December 1969	Savoy	Descendant of King Vittorio Emmanuele II (1861–1878) Heir apparent of King Umberto II (1946)	Hereditary	1946
Pre-unification
Etruria	Carlos V	18 August 2010	Bourbon-Parma	Descendant of King Ludovico II (1803–1807).	Hereditary	1807
Mantua	Maurizio	18 September 1943	Gonzaga	Descendant of Marquess Federico I (1478–1484).	Hereditary	1708
Modena	Lorenzo	7 February 1996	Habsburg-Lorraine	Relative of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francesco V (1846–1859).	Hereditary	1859
Naples	Joachim	20 July 1944	Murat	Descendant of King Gioacchino I (1808–1815).	Hereditary	1816
Parma	Carlos V	18 August 2010	Bourbon-Parma	Grandson of Duke Roberto I (1854–1859).	Hereditary	1859
Piombino	Niccolò III	8 February 1988	Boncompagni-Ludovisi	Descendant of Prince Antonio I (1778–1805).	Hereditary	1805
Tuscany	Sigismondo	18 June 1993	Habsburg-Lorraine	Descendant of Grand Duke Ferdinando IV (1859).	Hereditary	1859
Two Sicilies	Carlos of Calabria Carlo of Castro	3 February 1964 20 March 2008	Bourbon	Descendant of King Ferdinando II (1830–1859)	Hereditary	1861
Others
Tavolara	Tonino	9 May 1993	Bertoleoni	Son of King Paolo II (1929–1934).	Hereditary	1934

Others

Croatia

Upon independence in 1941, a puppet monarchy of Italy was instituted in Croatia, with Prince Aimone of the House of Savoy appointed king. Aimone accepted the nomination in May 1941, adopting the regnal name "Tomislav II". In July 1943, however, he was forced to abdicate his throne on the orders of the Italian king Vittorio Emanuele III, before ever having been crowned. Aimone formally renounced all claims in October 1943. Since his death on 29 January 1948, his eldest son Amedeo may be argued to be the heir to that throne, although he does not advance the claim. If reigning, he would be known as "Zvonimir II". However, the Habsburg claim is normally considered the primary one in regard to Croatia (see under "Austria-Hungary", above).

Finland

In 1918, following Finland's independence from Russia, the national parliament made an attempt to establish a monarchy under the reign of a German king. Prince Friedrich Karl, of the House of Hesse, was elected as King of Finland in October 1918. He renounced this throne two months later, without ever having taken up the position, and Finland subsequently adopted a republican constitution. For this reason, there is a dispute as to whether the House of Hesse may lay claim to this title, as many maintain that since the king-elect was never installed, the title was never officially bestowed, and thus no claim has any legal basis. The order of succession to the throne was never established, but following the desire to the keep the throne separate from the senior line of the family, the current heir (since 18 November 1999) would be Phillipp, the great grandson of Friedrich Karl.

Ireland

The Chiefs of the Name are the hereditary chieftains of the Irish clans, who are directly descended from the Gaelic royal families which ruled in parts of Ireland before the Norman conquest. Most prominent among these are:

• Desmond Roderic O'Conor (since 10 July 2000) of the Ó Conchobair, descended from the kings of Connacht.
• William Butler Kavanagh (since 29 May 1962) of the Mac Murrough clan, descended from the kings of Leinster.
• Conor Myles John O'Brien (since 20 May 1982) of the Ó Brien clan, descended from the kings of Munster.
• Hugo Ricciardi O'Neill of the Ó Neill clan, descended from the kings of Ulster.

Lithuania

Following the country's independence from Russia in 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to establish a monarchy, and invited Prince Wilhelm, the Duke of Urach, to take the throne as king. Wilhelm accepted the nomination in July 1918, and adopted the regnal name "Mindaugas II". During the pursuant German Revolution, however, the Council withdrew its decision in November 1918, and Wilhelm was never crowned. His grandson, Wilhelm Albert is the current head of the family since 9 February 1991.

Oceanian

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Abemama	Tem Tokataake			Descendant of Tem Binoka (1878–1891).	Hereditary	1911
Cocos Islands	John Cecil Clunies-Ross	1 September 1978	Clunies-Ross	Last reigning King (1944–1978).	Hereditary	1978
Fiji	Elizabeth II	28 September 1987	Windsor	Last reigning Queen (1970–1987).	Hereditary	1987
Hawaiʻi	Abigail Kawānanakoa	20 May 1969	Kawānanakoa	Descendant of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1895).	Hereditary	1895
	Quentin Kawānanakoa	29 July 1997
	Noa Kalokuokamaile	19 September 1988	Laʻanui	Descendant of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).	Hereditary
Tahiti	Léopold Pomare		Pomare	Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1877–1880).	Hereditary	1880
	Joinville Pomare	28 May 2009
	Tauatomo Mairau	17 March 2005

See also

• Abolished monarchy
• List of current sovereign monarchs
• List of current constituent monarchs
• List of living former sovereign monarchs
• List of royal houses
• List of usurpers
• Monarchism

Notes

Africa

1. As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rose Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household. According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.
2. Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.
3. Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.
4. Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title Crown Prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile. He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.
5. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David. Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.
6. According to the 1955 Constitution, the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred, but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the Crown Prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.
7. Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.
8. Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was deposed with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.
9. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of the Gambia from 18 February 1965 until the monarchy was abolished in 1970. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
10. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Ghana from 6 March 1957 until the monarchy was abolished in 1960. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
11. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Kenya from 12 December 1963 until the monarchy was abolished in 1964. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
12. Succession is limited to members of two lineages of the Kilukeni: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu, both descended from Afonso I. It is unclear as to which of the two lines the current pretender belongs.
13. During the civil war period beginning in 1669, the line of succession was disputed between two lines of descendants of Afonso I: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu. Under Pedro IV (1695–1718), who restored unity to the kingdom in 1709, it was established that the Manikongo was to be elected by a council of six, and that succession would rotate between the two lineages. This system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until the kingship was extinguished by the Portuguese in 1914.
14. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Malawi from 6 July 1964 until the monarchy was abolished in 1966. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
15. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Mauritius from 12 March 1968 until the monarchy was abolished in 1992. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
16. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Nigeria from 1 October 1960 until the monarchy was abolished in 1963. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
17. Kigeli V previously reigned as king from 25 July 1959 until he was deposed in 1961.
18. A sept of the Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis.
19. The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders.
20. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Sierra Leone from 27 April 1961 until the monarchy was abolished in 1971. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
21. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of South Africa from 6 February 1952 until the monarchy was abolished in 1961.
22. A self-proclaimed monarchy, never recognised by any other government. The short-lived secessionist state was established and overthrown during the Congolese battle for independence, alongside neighbouring Katanga. Kalonji, who was declared mulopwe (meaning "god-king") on 12 April 1961, allegedly later rejected royalty status on 16 July, but retained the title. He was captured by Congolese forces on 30 December, when the central government regained control of the region. He escaped imprisonment in 1962.
23. Data not available. In the short period during which this monarchy effectively reigned, it is unlikely that any order of succession was established. Kalonji was appointed ruler by his father, who had been elected as mulopwe by an assembly of elders, and ruled for less than a day before abdicating in favour of his son.
24. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Tanganyika from 9 December 1961 until the monarchy was abolished in 1962. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
25. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Uganda from 9 October 1962 until the monarchy was abolished in 1963. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
26. Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.

America

1. A self-proclaimed monarchy, never recognised by any other government. The loosely-governed Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (or "New France") was established in 1860 by the Frenchman Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, in partnership with the native Mapuche chiefs. He was captured and deported by Chilean and Argentinean forces in 1862.
2. The Imperial Family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luís, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.
3. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Guyana from 26 May 1966 until the monarchy was abolished in 1970. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
4. The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the Houses of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Succession in the Habsburg line passed to the Iturbide family through Emperor Maximilian I's formal adoption of Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I.
5. The Hereditary Chief of the Miskito Nation was elected by the Council of State from amongst the closest male blood relatives of the previous ruler.
6. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Trinidad and Tobago from 31 August 1962 until the monarchy was abolished in 1976. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.

Asia

Western Asia

1. Another claimant to the throne (since 1956) is Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein, of the same family, but his claim is not regarded to fulfil the requirements of the former monarchy's laws of succession. Furthermore, his reigning Hāshemite relatives in Jordan have supported Ra'ad's claim, rather than Sharif Ali's.
2. Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.
3. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam, thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924.
4. Retrospectively known as North Yemen. It later united with South Yemen in 1990 to form the modern state of Yemen.
5. The Al Qasimi are a branch of the Al Qawasim tribe.
6. Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.
7. Previously reigned as sultan from 3 September 1928 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
8. Previously reigned as sultan from 1947 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
9. Previously reigned as sultan from 1935 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
10. Cite error: The named reference Quraysh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
11. Previously reigned as emir from 1954 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
12. Previously reigned as sultan from 10 July 1964 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
13. Previously reigned as sultan from 1955 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
14. Also commonly known as Seiyun or Say'un after its capital city.
15. Previously reigned as sultan from 24 April 1949 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
16. Previously reigned as sultan from 8 December 1958 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967. Prior to his formal ascension to the throne, he had served as prince regent since 10 July 1958.
17. Also known as Qishn and Socotra, after its capital city and the island of Socotra.
18. Previously reigned as sultan from 1966 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
19. A clan of the Afrar tribe.
20. Also known as Shihr and Mukalla, after its two capital cities: Ash Shihr and Al Mukalla.
21. Previously reigned as sultan from 10 October 1966 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.
22. Known as Balhaf and Azzan from 1881, signifying Balhaf's merge with Wahidi Azzan. Known simply as Wahidi from 1962, when the sultanates of Wahidi Bir Ali and Wahidi Haban were made subordinate.
23. Prince Ali held the position of hakim (regent) from 20 February 1967 until the sultanate's abolition in August of the same year. He was never crowned sultan.
24. Alawi previously reigned as sultan from 1955 until the monarchy was abolished in 1967. Before his reign ended, he was made subordinate to the Sultan of Balhaf and Azzan on 23 October 1962.
25. Husayn had previously reigned as sultan prior to the monarchy's abolition in 1967. Before his reign ended, he was made subordinate to the Sultan of Balhaf and Azzan on 23 October 1962.
26. Mahmud previously reigned as sultan from 1954 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967. His reign was not initially recognised by the British government, which continued to recognise his still-living father and predecessor as sultan until 1958.
27. ^ A clan of the Yafa tribe. The Yafai are divided into ten sheikhdoms that were spread across the former sultanates of Lower Yafa and Upper Yafa.
28. Previously reigned as sultan from 1948 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.

Nepal

1. Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
2. ^ Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
3. ^ Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
4. Prakash reigned as raja from 13 November 2002 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
5. A Tibetan kingdom known locally as Lo, the name "Mustang" is actually a Nepalese corruption of Manthang, the state's capital. Its ruler was styled Raja of Mustang by the Nepalese, and Lo rGyal-po (King of Lo) in Tibetan.
6. Jigme reigned as raja from 1964 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
7. The surname "Bista" was adopted by the last reigning raja and his family.
8. According to some sources, Gopendra died prior to May 2003.

Others

1. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Pakistan from 6 February 1952 until the monarchy was abolished in 1956.
2. Mohammed Omar was installed as Head of the Supreme Council of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996, a position which he held until the government was overthrown in 2001. The emirate was a theocratic state, with Omar holding the Islamic title Amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful"). He continues to maintain a government-in-exile and an armed insurgency against the republican government in Kabul. He is also believed to head the isolated Islamic Emirate of Waziristan, in neighbouring Pakistan.
3. Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
4. Also known as the Alaungpaya dynasty.
5. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Ceylon from 6 February 1952 until the monarchy was abolished in 1972.
6. The House of Champasakti is a branch of the Khun Lo dynasty of Laos.
7. ^ The Emperors of the Qīng dynasty were descended from the Aisin Gioro clan of Manchus.
8. Hengzhen is the son of the previous pretender, Yuyan, who was appointed heir to the throne of China by the last emperor, Puyi (1908–1912).
9. ^ A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15 Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.
10. Alternatively known as Thibaw, or officially as Dutawadi.
11. Sao Oo Kya was imprisoned by the Burmese military regime in 2005.
12. Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
13. The Nayakar dynasty of Kandy was descended from the Nayaks of Madurai, who were of Telugu origin.
14. Alternatively written as Kyaingtong or Keng Tung.
15. Yi Chung is considered to be the legal genealogical heir of the last reigning emperors when the traditional laws of male primogeniture are applied. He does not, however, actively pursue the claim.
16. Yi Haewŏn is the eldest surviving daughter of the last reigning emperor's brother, Prince Imperial Ui, from whom all three claimants are descended. On 29 September 2006, she was "enthroned" with the symbolic title of Empress of Korea during a private ceremony organised by a small sect of the Imperial Household.
17. Yi Won was chosen as the next head of the Imperial Household, with the title of Hereditary Prince Imperial of Korea, by a majority of its organised members following the death of the last head of the dynasty, Yi Gu, in 2005. Won was adopted as Gu's son after the elder's death; the legality of the adoption is disputed.
18. The position of head of the royal family, and heir to the title Emperor of Korea, has been disputed between three members of the imperial House of Yi since the death of the last heir, Yi Gu. Neither of the Korean governments have given an official opinion on the succession, and no titles of royalty are officially recognised.
19. The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
20. After the monarchy was deposed in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former King, Queen, and Crown Prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late Crown Prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
21. The vassal state of Manchukuo was created in 1932 after its annexation by Japan. The last emperor of China, Puyi, who had been deposed in 1912, was installed as the nominal head of state. After Japan's defeat in World War II, the territory was ceded back to the Chinese republic.
22. Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen was recognised as the 9 Jebtsundamba Khutuktu by the Tibetan government in 1936. He was publicly proclaimed as such by the current Dalai Lama in 1990, and was formally "enthroned" in 1999. His predecessors were the spiritual leaders of the Gelug branch of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. The 8 Jebtsundamba Khutuktu was enthroned as Khan of Mongolia upon the country's independence from China in 1911. After his death in 1924, the installation of any further Khutuktus was forbidden by the republican government.
23. ^ Succession is neither hereditary nor elective, instead being based on theocratic laws.
24. Sao Hso Hom reigned as saopha from 19 July 1947, until the national coup d'état deposed him in 1962.
25. Anthony was Rajah Muda (Crown Prince) of Sarawak from 25 August 1937 until the monarchy was ended in 1946. He renounced any claim to the title in 1951.
26. The state of Sulu was abolished under the Carpenter Agreement of 1915. It was restored as a traditional polity in 1962. The sultan currently recognised by the government is listed under constituent monarchs.
27. ^ A branch of the House of Sulu. The royal family of Sulu is a Tausūg dynasty.
28. The 14 and current Dalai Lama was recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor in 1939. He was officially inaugurated on 17 November 1950, from which time he reigned as both spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet until his flight into exile in March 1959. He continues to maintain a government-in-exile, in opposition to the Chinese administration, and remains the seniormost spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists.

Europe

1. ^ The House of Windsor is a line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which itself is a branch of the House of Wettin. "Windsor" is the official name adopted by the royal family of the United Kingdom since 1917.
2. Leka, only son of King Zog I, was heir presumptive to the throne of Albania from his birth on 5 April 1939 until the monarchy was deposed in 1944. He was formally proclaimed as Crown Prince later, on 5 April 1957. He succeeded as head of the Royal House of Albania upon the death of his father on 9 April 1961, and was formally proclaimed King of the Albanians by the Albanian National Assembly in exile on 15 May 1961.
3. Otto was heir apparent to the united thrones of Austria and Hungary from 21 November 1916 until the empire's dissolution on 1 April 1922. Years later, in a declaration dated 31 May 1961, Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. If reigning, he would be known as "Otto I of Austria" and "Otto II of Hungary".
4. ^ A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
5. The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the united crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, and more.
6. Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as elected Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
7. ^ A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
8. The House of Bourbon is a branch of the House of Capet.
9. ^ A branch of the House of Bourbon.
10. Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
11. Constantine II reigned as King of the Hellenes from 6 March 1964 until the monarchy's abolition in 1973.
12. ^ Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
13. A branch of the Aberffraw.
14. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Malta from 21 September 1964 until the monarchy was abolished in 1974. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
15. The majority of Navarre was annexed by the Spanish in 1522, and the title King of Navarre was henceforth adopted as an additional hereditary title by the kings of Spain. It is one of the many titles held by the present king, Juan Carlos I. The remainder of Navarre went into a personal union with France under Henry III & IV in 1589. It was formally integrated into France in 1620. The title King of Navarre continued to be used by the kings of France until the French Revolution in 1792. Based on this union, the current heir to the early French throne, Louis, Duke of Anjou, is also a claimant to this title.
16. A branch of the House of Aviz.
17. Michael I reigned as King of the Romanians between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
18. A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
19. The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
20. ^ Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar. The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
21. The House of Obrenović, who were overthrown as the Royal Family of Serbia in 1903, hold that the rightful heir to the crown of the King of Serbia is a descendant of Prince Mirko of Montenegro, who was the designated successor of Alexander I, the last of the Obrenović line of kings in Serbia.
22. After the breakup of Yugoslavia the present-day states are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (and Kosovo) and Slovenia.
23. Alexander, only child of King Peter II, was Crown Prince of Yugoslavia from his birth on 17 July 1945 until the monarchy's end in 1943.
24. ^ The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
25. The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
26. The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
27. A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
28. A branch of the House of Nassau, which is descended from the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon
29. The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
30. A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
31. The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss-Greiz, the elder line, and Reuss-Köstritz, the junior. The Greiz lineage ceased in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXVII, and inheritance passed to the junior Köstritz line, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
32. The previous head of the royal family, Heinrich XLV, disappeared in 1945; he was officially declared dead in 1962.
33. For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
34. A branch of the House of Tassis.
35. Vittorio Emanuele, only son of King Umberto II, was heir presumptive to the throne of Italy from his birth on 12 February 1937 until the monarchy was abolished in 1946. He declared himself King of Italy in 1969, claiming that his father, having agreed to submit to a referendum on his position as head of state, had thereby abdicated his throne. The declaration came after his father called for Amedeo, Duke of Aosta to visit him in Cascais, allegedly to name him his heir. Umberto II died on 18 March 1983.
36. Descended from the Houses of Boncompagni and Ludovisi. By matrimonial pact between the two families, the descendants all have the name Boncompagni-Ludovisi.
37. Leopold Franz, the previous head of the household, abdicated his right to the throne in favour of his son Sigismund upon the date of the former's second marriage in 1993. Sigismund succeeded as Grand Master of the Tuscan Orders (the Order of Saint Joseph and Order of Saint Stephen) on 12 April 1994.
38. This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two sects of the family.
39. A branch of the House of Württemberg.

Oceania

1. Although his family no longer holds any inherent political power, Tokataake remains a highly influential member of the community. He has served a number of terms as the member for Abemama in the national parliament, and still holds his title for land rights purposes.
2. A Crown colony of Great Britain from 1857, the Cocos Islands were granted in perpetuity to the Clunies-Ross family by Queen Victoria in 1886. Its resulting self-proclaimed monarchy, however, was not recognised by the British government. It disbanded in 1978, when John Cecil Clunies-Ross relinquished his official authority as governor.
3. John Cecil succeeded as king upon the death of his father, on 14 August 1944. He remained overseas in London until 1946, during which time the islands were overseen by a military administrator. Officially, he served as governor of the territory from 1947. He relinquished his authority in 1978.
4. The British monarch remains recognised as the supreme chief, or Tui Viti, in the nation's traditional tribal political structure. However, this is no longer a constitutional office. See traditional monarchs for more information.
5. Elizabeth II reigned as Queen of Fiji from 10 October 1970 until the monarchy was deposed in 1987. She previously reigned over the country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
6. The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty. The last queen, Liliʻuokalani, not having had any issue of her own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heir apparent. The House of Kawānanakoa is now the only recognised royal family in the United States, and its members are historically recognised as the presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived. Because of an early succession dispute within the family, there are currently two claimants from this household.
7. Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui. The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His right to make a claim on the throne is disputed.
8. The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile, the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui. It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the petty chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced eventually by the Kawānanakoa dynasty.
9. Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently lives in Paris.
10. An adopted member of the family. He was "enthroned" as Pomare XI during a ceremony attended by descendants of local chiefs. The enthronement was rejected by other members of the royal family.
11. An active claimant to the Tahitian throne, Tauatomo has attempted to reassert the status of the monarchy through litigation against the French government. In 2004, he was recognised by a local court as the Prince Royal of Taha’a.

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Further reading

• Buyers, Christopher (2010). "The Royal Ark". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cahoon, Ben (2010). "World Statesmen.org". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McNaughton, Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy. London: Garnstone Press. ISBN 9780812902808. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Raymond, Allan (2009). "Formerly-reigning monarchs and present-day claimants in Europe". Monarchies of Europe, Yahoo! UK Ltd. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Remy, Adelin (1996–2010). "Almanach de Bruxelles". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sainty, Guy Stair; Heydel-Mankoo, Rafal (2010). "Almanach de la Cour". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Societe des Amis de l'Almanach de Saxe Gotha (2010). "Almanach de Saxe Gotha". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Soszynski, Henry (2010). "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Truhart, Peter (2003). Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present. Volume 3: Asia & Pacific Oceania. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 9783598215452. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Cite error: There are <ref group=fn> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=fn}} template (see the help page).

• Use dmy dates from September 2010
• Pretenders