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].]] ].]]


In ] the city was plundered and burned during a war between Poland and the ]. In ], during the ], the hill and its cathedral were occupied by Jan Skalski. From the ] ], Frombork was an important city of the ]ric of ]. As part of the province of ], the town remained in Poland for the next three centuries. In ] the city was plundered and burned during a war between Poland and the ]. In ], during the ], the hill and its cathedral were occupied by Jan Skalski. From the ] ], Frombork was an important city of the ]ric of ] and part of the province of ].


In the ], Frombork's inhabitants were mainly merchants, farmers and fishermen. The most famous resident was the Polish astronomer ], who lived in the town from ]-] and ]-]. Copernicus, who wrote his '']'' at Frombork, died there and was buried in the cathedral, where his tomb may be seen. The city was featured by the Prussian historian ] of ] in his ''Alt- und Neues Preußen'' (''Old and New Prussia'', ]). In the ], Frombork's inhabitants were mainly merchants, farmers and fishermen. The most famous resident was the <!-- no POV statements here! --> astronomer ], who lived in the town from ]-] and ]-]. Copernicus, who wrote his '']'' at Frombork, died there and was buried in the cathedral, where his tomb may be seen. The city was featured by the Prussian historian ] of ] in his ''Alt- und Neues Preußen'' (''Old and New Prussia'', ]).


== Modern History == == Modern History ==
] ]
⚫ After the first ] of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (]), the area became part of the ], and thus in ] of the ], for the next 173 years. The '']'' railway line was opened in ] connecting ] (Elbląg) and ] (Braniewo) via Frauenburg, leading further to the Russian border at ] (Chernyshevskoye).


The city remained part of Prussia and ] after ] when an independent Poland was formed. Towards and after the end of ], the German inhabitants were either ] like most of the German population of ].
⚫ Frombork was annexed by the ] during the ] in ] and became part of the ] in ]. The '']'' railway line was opened in ] connecting Elbing (]) and Braunsberg (]) via Frombork, leading further to the ]n border at Eydtkuhnen (]).
After the war, the town, along with the rest of southern East Prussia, was subjected to Polish administration under territorial changes promulgated by the ]. The city of Frauenburg – henceforth known by its Polish name Frombork – was resettled by Poles, many of them expellees from ].


⚫ In ] Frombork regained its city rights. Having been heavily (70%) damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt by Polish ] in ]-], in time for the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.
The city remained part of Prussia and ] after ] when Poland was ]. After ] Frombork returned to Poland as a result of the ] after 173 years of German rule. The German inhabitants were either evacuated or ] with the rest of ]'s German population. Because of the population loss resulting from the war, Frombork was resettled by Poles, many of them expellees from eastern ].


⚫ == Political Timeline of Frombork/Frauenburg ==
⚫ In ] Frombork regained its city rights. Having been heavily (70%) damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt by Polish ] from ]-], in time for the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.

⚫ == Political Timeline of Frombork ==
*] first mentioned *] first mentioned
*] ], ] granted rights for ''Civitas Warmiensis'' *] ] rights granted for ''Civitas Warmiensis''
*] cathedral built and dedicated to the ] *] cathedral completed and dedicated to the ]
*] ] ends the ], started when several cities rebel against the Teutonic Order and ask Poland for protection. Frombork, along with other cities, joins Poland and becomes part of the ]ric of ] and ] *] ]: now part of the ]ric of ] and ]
*] ] annexes the town during the ] *] ] of Poland: now part of the ]
*] Frauenburg automatically becomes part of the new ] *] ] founded: now automatically a part of it
*] ] returns Frombork to ] <!-- no need for "173 years" in a clear timeline--> *] ]: now under administration of Poland
*] ]: ceded to Poland by Germany


== Monuments == == Monuments ==
Several ]s are on display in Frombork (see ]): Several ]s are on display in Frombork (see ]):
* monument to ], was replaced in the mid-] as the monument erected by ]'s ] was destroyed in World War II * monument to ], was replaced in the mid-] as the monument erected by ]'s ] was destroyed in WW II
* monument honoring ] soldiers, inscribed: "Glory to the Red Army heroes fallen in liberating Frombork" * monument honoring ] soldiers, inscribed: "Glory to the Red Army heroes fallen in liberating Frombork"
* monument to people of ] who drowned in the ] during the ] exodus, made from a ] rock found in the water * monument to people of ] who drowned in the ] during the ] exodus, made from a ] rock found in the water
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*{{pl icon}} *{{pl icon}}
*{{de icon}} *{{de icon}}
*Map of the area in 1629 *
---- ----
] ]

Revision as of 00:14, 24 February 2006

Frombork Cathedral, with the Vistula Lagoon in the background

Frombork (Template:Lang-de) is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship, with a population of 2,602 in 2005. Frombork was meticulously reconstructed after its destruction in World War II and is a popular tourist attraction.

Early History

Frombork's Cathedral Hill

The town was founded as a defensive stronghold on an Old Prussian site. According to local legend, its inhabitants were baptised by Anselm, the first Bishop of Warmia. Supposedly when the stronghold's lord died, his widow Gertruda offered the settlement to the bishop and in her honor it was named Frauenburg (Frau means "wife" in German). A somewhat more historic theory attributes the name to a later German translation of the town's Latin name, Castrum Dominae Nostrae, so-called after its cathedral.

The village was first mentioned in a 1278 document signed by Bishop Gerko Fleming. On July 8, 1310, Bishop Eberhard of Neisse (Nysa) granted the town, then described as Civitas Warmiensis, Lübeck city rights, as used by many member cities of the Hanseatic League.

In 1329-1388, the magnificent Gothic cathedral was built, and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, or "Our Lady" (in Latin, Domina Nostra; in German, Unsere Frau, hence Frauenburg, Fromborg, finally Frombork). Over the centuries, the cathedral has been expanded and rebuilt repeatedly. There are also several other historic churches, dedicated to St. Nicolas, St. George, and St. Anne, all built in the 13th century.

Copernican Era

"Astronomer Copernicus: Conversation with God." Painting by Jan Matejko.

In 1414 the city was plundered and burned during a war between Poland and the Teutonic Order. In 1454, during the Thirteen Years' War, the hill and its cathedral were occupied by Jan Skalski. From the 1466 Second Peace of Toruń, Frombork was an important city of the Bishopric of Warmia and part of the province of Royal Prussia.

In the Middle Ages, Frombork's inhabitants were mainly merchants, farmers and fishermen. The most famous resident was the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who lived in the town from 1512-16 and 1522-43. Copernicus, who wrote his De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium at Frombork, died there and was buried in the cathedral, where his tomb may be seen. The city was featured by the Prussian historian Christoph Hartknoch of Toruń in his Alt- und Neues Preußen (Old and New Prussia, 1679).

Modern History

Frombork Cathedral

After the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772), the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and thus in 1871 of the German Empire, for the next 173 years. The Preußische Ostbahn railway line was opened in 1899 connecting Elbing (Elbląg) and Braunsberg (Braniewo) via Frauenburg, leading further to the Russian border at Eydtkuhnen (Chernyshevskoye).

The city remained part of Prussia and Germany after World War I when an independent Poland was formed. Towards and after the end of World War II, the German inhabitants were either evacuated or expelled like most of the German population of East Prussia. After the war, the town, along with the rest of southern East Prussia, was subjected to Polish administration under territorial changes promulgated by the Potsdam Conference. The city of Frauenburg – henceforth known by its Polish name Frombork – was resettled by Poles, many of them expellees from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.

In 1959 Frombork regained its city rights. Having been heavily (70%) damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt by Polish Boy Scouts in 1966-1973, in time for the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.

Political Timeline of Frombork/Frauenburg

Monuments

Several monuments are on display in Frombork (see external links):

External links

Category: