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This is a toy! |
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{{this|the automobile manufacturer}} |
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This is a toy! |
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{{Coord|44.532447|N|10.864137|E|display=title}} |
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This is a toy! |
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{{Infobox company |
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| company_name = Ferrari S.p.A. |
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| company_logo = ] |
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| caption = The current Ferrari logo |
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| company_type = ] |
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| foundation = 1947 (historical 1929) |
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| founder = ] |
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| location_city = ] |
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| location_country = ] |
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| origins = |
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| key_people = ], <small>(Chairman)</small><br />], <small>(Vice-President)</small><br />Amedeo Felisa, <small>(])</small> |
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| area_served = |
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| industry = ] |
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| products = ]s |
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| revenue = {{profit}} ] 1,921 ] (2008)<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/industry">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/industry/01/q4/2201.html|title=22.01.2009 FIAT GROUP Q4 AND FULL YEAR FINANCIAL REPORT|accessdate=2009-01-22|work=italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/industry}}</ref> |
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| operating_income = |
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| net_income = |
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|num_employees = 2,926 (2007)<ref name="fiatgroup.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/shai/banns/budgets/Documents/BILANCIO_2007_ING.pdf|format=PDF|title=Annual Report 2007|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=fiatgroup.com}}</ref> |
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| parent = ] |
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| subsid = |
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| owner = Fiat S.p.A. 85%<ref>{{cite web|title=Group Structure|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/group/structure/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Fiat|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> |
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| homepage = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Ferrari S.p.A.''' is an Italian ] manufacturer based in ], ]. Founded by ] in 1929, as ''']''', the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles as Ferrari ] in 1947. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in ], especially in ], where it has had great success. |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of Ferrari}} |
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Enzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari (literally "Ferrari Stable", and usually used to mean "Team Ferrari", it is correctly pronounced {{IPA-it|skudeˈriːa|}}) in 1928 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in ]. Ferrari prepared, and successfully raced, various drivers in ] cars until 1938, when he was hired by Alfa Romeo to head their motor racing department. |
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In 1941, ] was confiscated by the ] government of ] as part of the ]' war effort. Enzo Ferrari's division was small enough to be unaffected by this. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for four years, the ''Scuderia'' briefly became ], which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. Also known as ] (Scuderia Enzo Ferrari Auto Corse), Ferrari did in fact produce one race car, the ], in the non-competition period. It was the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 ]), but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the ] in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946, after the war ended, and included a works for road car production. Until ]'s death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his first love, racing. |
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] 212/225]] |
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The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 ], powered by a 1.5 L ]; Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund ].<ref> History of Ferrari In DK Engineering from http://www.dkeng.com/the-company/history-of-ferrari.aspx Retrieved September 14, 2010 </ref> |
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In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the ], the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous ]s ever made. |
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From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari introduced the Enzo, its fastest model at the time, in honor of the company's founder: Enzo Ferari. It was restricted to only the most wealthy automobile enthusiasts, however, as each one cost $1.8 million apiece. |
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On May 17, 2009 in ], ], a 1957 250 ] (TR) was auctioned, by ] and ], for $12.1 million — a world record at that time for the most expensive car ever sold at an auction. That record is now held by a Bugatti Atlantic which sold for over $28 million. |
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<ref>{{cite news|first=Ray|last=Wert|title=$12 Million Ferrari Breaks Auction World Record|url=http://jalopnik.com/5259147/12-million-ferrari-breaks-auction-world-record.html|date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2009-06-03|work=jalopnik.com}}</ref> |
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==Motorsport== |
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''For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see ].'' |
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]]] |
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Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including ] and ] through its ] sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make series. |
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The 1940 ] was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model. |
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===Scuderia Ferrari=== |
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{{Main|Scuderia Ferrari}} |
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''Scuderia'' Ferrari has participated in a number of classes of motorsport, though it is currently only involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. ] gave the team its first F1 victory at the ]. |
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] driver's title in {{F1|2007}}, with ].]] |
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] gave Ferrari its first ] a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. {{As of|2008|alt=As of ]}}, the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]), 209 Grand Prix victories, 4925.27 points, 622 podium finishes, 203 ]s, and 218 fastest laps in 776 Grands Prix contested. |
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Notable Ferrari drivers include José Froilán González, ], ] ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. |
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At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow ] to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end ]ship deals with ]. A five year deal was agreed and although this is not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari. |
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The drivers competing for ] were Felipe Massa and defending champion Kimi Räikkönen. As of 2010 Fernando Alonso has started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and Mclaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat. |
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] (driven by ]) during the team's final year in the ].]] |
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In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years. |
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In 1949, ] drove a ] to Ferrari's first win in ], the ]. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the ] which was created in ], winning the title seven out of its first nine years. |
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When the championship format changed in ], Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to ] and then again in ]. Ferrari would win one final title, the ] before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on ]. |
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During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the ], with the factory team earning their first in {{24hLM|1954}}. Another win would come in {{24hLM|1958}}, followed by five consecutive wins from {{24hLM|1960}} to {{24hLM|1964}}. Luigi Chinetti's ] (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in {{24hLM|1965}}. |
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Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for ]. These include the ] in the 1970s, the ] which won the ] in the 1990s, and currently the ] GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes. |
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===Race cars for other teams=== |
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Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works ] team. |
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In the 1950s and 60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was ]'s team, which raced the ] modified Ferraris before building their own ] cars. |
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The ]'s entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.<ref>Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). ''Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition)''. Haynes, Sparkford, UK. ISBN 1-84425-223-X</ref> |
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Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the ] series, from the 2008-09 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/11102007/4/ferrari-s-a1gp-deal.html |title=Ferrari's A1GP Deal |date=2007-10-11 |accessdate=2008-03-24 |publisher=Yahoo Sport}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car. |
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The ] and ] are used in GT racing series. The ] is a one make racing series for the ]. Ferrari's latest supercar, the 2006 ] is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events. |
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==Road cars== |
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''For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see ].'' |
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] Coupe Touring]] |
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Ferrari's first vehicle was the ] sports/racing model. In 1949, the ], the company's first move into the grand touring market, which continues to make up the bulk of Ferrari sales to the present day. |
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Several early cars featured bodywork customised by a number of ]s such as ], ] and ]. |
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The Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production. |
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For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB. |
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The company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current 612 Scaglietti and California. |
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Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris. |
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===Supercars=== |
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]]] |
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The company's loftiest efforts have been in the ] market. The 1962 ] may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars, which extends to the recent ] and ] models. |
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===Concept cars and specials=== |
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]|200px]] |
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Ferrari has produced a number of ]s, such as the ]. While some of these were quite radical (such as the ]) and never intended for production, others such as the ] have shown styling elements which were later incorporated into production models. |
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The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 ]. |
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A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, some of which have been commissioned by wealthy owners. One of the examples is the ]. |
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The Special Projects program is a collaboration by Ferrari with Italian automobile ]s such as ], ], and ] to build custom cars using selected Ferrari models as a structural base. The first car under this program is the ], commissioned by a Japanese business executive. The second is the ], commissioned by an American enthusiast. |
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===Bio-fuel and hybrid cars=== |
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Ferrari has considered making hybrids. A ] that runs on ] was displayed at the 2008 ]. Ferrari has announced that a hybrid will be in production by 2015. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship ]. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 HP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/03/02/the-ferrari-hy-kers-bows-at-geneva/|title=The Ferrari HY-KERS Bows at Geneva|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> |
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===Naming conventions=== |
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Until the early 1980s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on ]: |
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* ] models used the total displacement (in decilitres) for the first two digits and the number of cylinders as the third. Thus, the ] was a 2.0 L V6 powered vehicle, while the ] used a 3.4 L V8, although, for the ], the last digit refers to 5 valves per cylinder. Upon introduction of the ] Modena, the digits for V8 models (which now carried a name as well as a number) refer only to total engine displacement. The numerical indication aspect of this name has carried on to the current V8 model, the ]. The F430's replacement, however, is the ], which uses the same naming as the 206 and 348. |
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* ] models used the displacement (in cubic centimetres) of one cylinder. Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4390 cc V12. However, some newer V12-engined Ferraris, such as the ], have three-number designations that refer only to total engine displacement. |
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* ] models used the displacement in litres. Therefore, the BB 512 was five litre flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). However, the original Berlinetta Boxer was the ], which was named in a similar manner to the V12 models. |
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* ] F followed by the anniversary in years, such as the ] and ]. The ] skipped this rule, but it will return in the upcoming ]. |
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* Some models, such as the 1980 ] and the 1984 ] did not follow a three-number naming scheme. |
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] Sessanta Edition]] |
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Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used: |
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* '''M''' ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see ] and ]). |
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* '''GTB''' ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed ]s, or ]s. |
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* '''GTS''' ("Gran Turismo Spyder") in older models, are open Spyders (spelt "y"), or ]s (see ]); however, in more recent models, this suffix is used for ] models (see ], and ]; the exception being the ], which is the only targa named differently). The convertible models now use the suffix ] (spelt "i") (see ], and ]). |
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* '''GTO''' ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor. Indeed, those three letters designate a model which has been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being a street-legal model. Only three models bear those three letters; the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288 GTO of 1984 and the 599 GTO of 2010. |
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This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 ] with the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wspr-racing.com/wspr/results/wscc/ms1967.html |title=World Championship 1967 |publisher=Wspr-racing.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a ] model run by NART (who raced Ferrari's in America) ran second, behind a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wspr-racing.com/wspr/results/wscc/ms1973.html#2 |title=World Championship 1973 |publisher=Wspr-racing.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> |
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The various ] models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers—for all intents and purposes they are Ferraris. |
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In the mid 1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the ] and ], but adopted again with the ]). |
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] |
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==Identity== |
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] |
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The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is the ''Cavallino Rampante'' ("prancing horse") black prancing ] on a yellow shield, usually with the letters ''S F'' (for ''Scuderia Ferrari''), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood (see picture above), and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door. |
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On June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the ] track in ] where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count ], an ace of the ] and national hero of ], who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's ] was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a ] yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward. |
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Ferrari has used the ''cavallino rampante'' on official company stationery since 1929. Since the ] of July 9, 1932, the ''cavallino rampante'' has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari. |
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The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the ] of the ] city of ], home of ] and the design bureau of ], both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from ''Stutengarten'', an ancient form of the German word ''Gestüt'', which translates into English as ''stud farm'' and into Italian as ''scuderia''. ] also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of ]. Stuttgart's ''Rössle'' has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's ''cavallino''. |
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] used the ''cavallino rampante'' on his ] motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (although not part of Baracca's squadron, as is sometimes mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies. |
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] |
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The ''cavallino rampante'' is the visual symbol of Ferrari. ] uses the name, but not the logo. However, other companies use similar logos: ], an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does ]. Many pay homage to the Ferrari logo, e.g. the ] album ]. |
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===Colour=== |
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{{Main|Rosso corsa}} |
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Since the 1920s, Italian race cars of ], ] and later Ferrari and ] were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (''Rosso Corsa''). This was the customary ] of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organizations that later would become the ]. It refers to the nationality of the competing team, not that of the car manufacturer or driver. In that scheme, French-entered cars like ] were blue, German like ] and ] white (since 1934 also bare sheet metal ]), and British ] such as the mid-1960s ] and ], for instance. |
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Curiously, Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with ] by competing the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based ] (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car. |
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==Corporate affairs== |
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In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was interested in selling to the Ford Motor Company. Ford spent millions of dollars to audit Ferrari's assets and legal negotiations only to have Ferrari unilaterally cut off talks at a late stage. If the deal went through Ferrari would not be allowed to race at the Indianapolis 500. ], enraged, directed his racing division to negotiate with ], ], and ] to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit. As a result, production of the ] started in 1964 and the car managed to beat Ferrari for 4 years in a row at the ], from 1966 to 1969. |
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In 1969, FIAT purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia and also made a buy back of 29% in Ferrari for $800m in 2006. |
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Ferrari also has an internally managed merchandising line that licenses many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and even laptop computers. |
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Ferrari also runs a museum, the ] in ], which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history. |
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===Technical partnerships=== |
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Ferrari has had a long standing relationship with ]. It is a technical partnership with Ferrari and Ducati to test as well as supply fuel and oils to the Formula One, MotoGP and World Superbike racing teams. For example, the Shell V-Power premium gasoline fuel has been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari. |
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<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.ca/home/content/can-en/products_services/on_the_road/fuels/shell_vpower/ |title=Ferrari and Shell V-Power |date=2009-01-15 |accessdate=2009-01-20 |publisher=Shell Canada}}</ref> |
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Ferrari have had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply ] and ]. |
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===Sales history=== |
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===Sales history=== |
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![[REDACTED]](https://u3vuiephb.global.ssl.fastly.net/File:Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles_logo.svg){kind=link}