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Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by ]s (mostly pine and ]) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and ]s. The soils were mostly ], combined with ] and ]. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of ], ], ] and ]. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of almost 600 hectares (Pavlovsk and Arensky parks) has been created in and around the city.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada3">Darinskii, pp. 45–49</ref> Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by ]s (mostly pine and ]) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and ]s. The soils were mostly ], combined with ] and ]. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of ], ], ] and ]. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of almost 600 hectares (Pavlovsk and Arensky parks) has been created in and around the city.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada3">Darinskii, pp. 45–49</ref>


Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pavlovsk area has relatively low level of pollution.<ref name="Demografiya">{{cite web|url = http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|title = Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)|publisher = Administration of St. Petersburg|accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref> In 1978–1983 the Pavlovsk Park contained more than 360,000 trees of 54 species: 16 species of spruce, pine, ] and fir, two species of ], two species of ], two of ], oaks, elm, ], ], ], ], 88 shrub species, of which the dominant were yellow acacia, ] and ]. In 1978, there were 71 species of birds belonging to 28 families and 9 orders. Mammals include squirrels, hares, ]s, ]s, moles, shrews, hedgehogs, red voles and ]s. In winter, the parks are sometimes visited by fox, wild boar and moose. Amphibians and reptiles are mostly frogs, toads and lizards. There are 87 species of insects belonging to 46 families.<ref>http://www.viktur.ru/excursion/saint-petersburg/pavlovsk-196-285.html#19473</ref><ref name="Atlas Lo2">{{cite book|chapter = Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)|title = Atlas of the Leningrad Region|location = Moscow|Publisher = GUGK USSR CM|year = 1967|pages = 36–37}}</ref> Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pavlovsk area has relatively low level of pollution.<ref name="Demografiya">{{cite web|url = http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|title = Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)|publisher = Administration of St. Petersburg|accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref> In 1978–1983 the Pavlovsk Park contained more than 360,000 trees of 54 species: 16 species of spruce, pine, ] and fir, two species of ], two species of ], two of ], oaks, elm, ], ], ], ], 88 shrub species, of which the dominant were yellow acacia, ] and ]. In 1978, there were 71 species of birds belonging to 28 families and 9 orders. Mammals include squirrels, hares, ]s, ]s, moles, shrews, hedgehogs, red voles and ]s. In winter, the parks are sometimes visited by fox, wild boar and moose. Amphibians and reptiles are mostly frogs, toads and lizards. There are 87 species of insects belonging to 46 families.<ref>. Viktur.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref name="Atlas Lo2">{{cite book|chapter = Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)|title = Atlas of the Leningrad Region|location = Moscow|Publisher = GUGK USSR CM|year = 1967|pages = 36–37}}</ref>


As most rivers of Saint Petersburg, the Slavyanka River is polluted. Water analysis performed by Greenpeace in 2008 reveals contamination levels exceeding the permissible norms by tens or hundreds times, with such chemicals as oil, lead, ], ], ] and others. Most pollution originates from household waste deposited by 16 companies.<ref>В петербургской воде обнаружены запредельные концентрации токсичных веществ // REGIONS.RU 25.06.2008</ref><ref>Колпино: заводская, но чистая окраина. "metro-Санкт-Петербург" № 151(1055) (29 August 2006), p. 3</ref> As most rivers of Saint Petersburg, the Slavyanka River is polluted. Water analysis performed by Greenpeace in 2008 reveals contamination levels exceeding the permissible norms by tens or hundreds times, with such chemicals as oil, lead, ], ], ] and others. Most pollution originates from household waste deposited by 16 companies.<ref>В петербургской воде обнаружены запредельные концентрации токсичных веществ // REGIONS.RU 25.06.2008</ref><ref>Колпино: заводская, но чистая окраина. "metro-Санкт-Петербург" № 151(1055) (29 August 2006), p. 3</ref>
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After Paul's death in 1801 the palace was proclaimed a residence of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. During that time, it was frequently visited by famous poets and novelists including ], ]<ref name=bip/> and ]. ] was a regular reader for Maria Feodorovna and the teacher of Russian language and literature for ], the wife of ] who inherited Pavlovsk after the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1828. Michael Pavlovich spent his childhood in Pavlovsk, and then cared much about the city. Being a military person, he mostly improved well-being of the military corps staged near Pavlovsk and built barracks, riding stables, forge and workshops. But he also improved the roads of Pavlovsk, donated significant amounts to the church and established an orphanage and a school for middle-class children.<ref name=m/> After Paul's death in 1801 the palace was proclaimed a residence of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. During that time, it was frequently visited by famous poets and novelists including ], ]<ref name=bip/> and ]. ] was a regular reader for Maria Feodorovna and the teacher of Russian language and literature for ], the wife of ] who inherited Pavlovsk after the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1828. Michael Pavlovich spent his childhood in Pavlovsk, and then cared much about the city. Being a military person, he mostly improved well-being of the military corps staged near Pavlovsk and built barracks, riding stables, forge and workshops. But he also improved the roads of Pavlovsk, donated significant amounts to the church and established an orphanage and a school for middle-class children.<ref name=m/>


In the 19th century, Pavlovsk became a favorite summer retreat for well-to-do inhabitants of the Russian capital. The life of Pavlovsk's ''dachniki'' was described by ], who frequently visited the town, in his novel ].<ref name=m/> To facilitate transportation, the first ] in Russia, the ], was built around 1836. The first test runs were performed between Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo using carriages horse-drawn over the rails. Regular trains powered by ] began operating between Pavlovsk and St. Petersburg from May 1838. Aiming to promote the railways, the train terminal of Pavlovsk was built in 1836–1838 as an entertaining center. It then regularly hosted evening festivities, and ] (1856), ], ] and ] were among the celebrities who performed there.<ref name=r3>, Промтехдепо</ref><ref name=r4>http://family-history.ru/material/history/spb/spb_33.html</ref><ref name=r5>Golyanov A. L. and Zakrevskaya G. P. , Museum of Russian Railways, St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref> The station was called '] Pavilion', and its fame eventually caused the modified from Vauxhall word "Vokzal" to enter the Russian language, with the meaning "substantial railway station building".<ref>, ] on-line (in Russian)</ref> In the 19th century, Pavlovsk became a favorite summer retreat for well-to-do inhabitants of the Russian capital. The life of Pavlovsk's ''dachniki'' was described by ], who frequently visited the town, in his novel ].<ref name=m/> To facilitate transportation, the first ] in Russia, the ], was built around 1836. The first test runs were performed between Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo using carriages horse-drawn over the rails. Regular trains powered by ] began operating between Pavlovsk and St. Petersburg from May 1838. Aiming to promote the railways, the train terminal of Pavlovsk was built in 1836–1838 as an entertaining center. It then regularly hosted evening festivities, and ] (1856), ], ] and ] were among the celebrities who performed there.<ref name=r3>, Промтехдепо</ref><ref name=r4>{{ru icon}} . Family-history.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref name=r5>Golyanov A. L. and Zakrevskaya G. P. , Museum of Russian Railways, St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref> The station was called '] Pavilion', and its fame eventually caused the modified from Vauxhall word "Vokzal" to enter the Russian language, with the meaning "substantial railway station building".<ref>, ] on-line (in Russian)</ref>


Michael Pavlovich died in 1849 leaving no heir, and thus Pavlovsk became property of a son of Nicholas I, ]. Konstantin Nikolayevich established in 1872 an art gallery and a museum in the palace and opened them for public access. He also promoted construction in 1876 of a laboratory dedicated to meteorology and study of magnetic fields on the outskirts of the park. Pavlovsk became a popular residence and by 1874 had 323 summer cottages. The celebrities living here included ], ] and ]. <ref name=m/> Michael Pavlovich died in 1849 leaving no heir, and thus Pavlovsk became property of a son of Nicholas I, ]. Konstantin Nikolayevich established in 1872 an art gallery and a museum in the palace and opened them for public access. He also promoted construction in 1876 of a laboratory dedicated to meteorology and study of magnetic fields on the outskirts of the park. Pavlovsk became a popular residence and by 1874 had 323 summer cottages. The celebrities living here included ], ] and ]. <ref name=m/>
Line 174: Line 174:
Pavlovsk suffered much from the German occupation during World War II (16 September 1941 – 24 January 1944) – the entire water system of the park and about 70,000 trees were destroyed, the palace was severely damaged by the fire of January 1944, and about 40% of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed (the rest was evacuated to Siberia before arrival of the Germans). The old train station was burned down and rebuilt in the 1950s by A. E. Levinson. The town was liberated as a result of the ].<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada">{{cite book|author = Schwarz W.|title = The suburbs of Leningrad|location = St. Petersburg, Moscow|publisher = Искусство|year = 1967|pages = 123–189}}</ref><ref name=m2>, State Museum of Pavlovsk</ref> Restoration works started in 1944 and were completed by 1973.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/> Nowadays about 1.5 million tourists visit Pavlovsk annually.<ref name=j/> Pavlovsk suffered much from the German occupation during World War II (16 September 1941 – 24 January 1944) – the entire water system of the park and about 70,000 trees were destroyed, the palace was severely damaged by the fire of January 1944, and about 40% of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed (the rest was evacuated to Siberia before arrival of the Germans). The old train station was burned down and rebuilt in the 1950s by A. E. Levinson. The town was liberated as a result of the ].<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada">{{cite book|author = Schwarz W.|title = The suburbs of Leningrad|location = St. Petersburg, Moscow|publisher = Искусство|year = 1967|pages = 123–189}}</ref><ref name=m2>, State Museum of Pavlovsk</ref> Restoration works started in 1944 and were completed by 1973.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/> Nowadays about 1.5 million tourists visit Pavlovsk annually.<ref name=j/>


In 1954, Pavlovsk was transferred under the jurisdiction of St. Petersburg.<ref name=j/> In 1989, it was included into the ] list of ]s as part of the ].<ref>http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540-007</ref> In 2003, historical names were returned to dozens of streets of Pavlovsk which were renamed during the Soviet time.<ref>, (Decree of 6 February 2006 No. 117 on names of the municipal objects) Government of St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref> In 1954, Pavlovsk was transferred under the jurisdiction of St. Petersburg.<ref name=j/> In 1989, it was included into the ] list of ]s as part of the ].<ref>. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> In 2003, historical names were returned to dozens of streets of Pavlovsk which were renamed during the Soviet time.<ref>, (Decree of 6 February 2006 No. 117 on names of the municipal objects) Government of St. Petersburg (in Russian)</ref>


==Coat of arms== ==Coat of arms==

Revision as of 11:23, 11 March 2011

For other uses, see Pavlovsk (disambiguation). Town in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Pavlovsk Павловск
Town
Entrance to the Park with Pavilion "Three Graces"Entrance to the Park with Pavilion "Three Graces"
Flag of PavlovskFlagCoat of arms of PavlovskCoat of arms
Location of Pavlovsk
Pavlovsk is located in RussiaPavlovskPavlovskLocation of PavlovskShow map of RussiaPavlovsk is located in Saint PetersburgPavlovskPavlovskPavlovsk (Saint Petersburg)Show map of Saint Petersburg
Coordinates: 59°41′N 30°26′E / 59.683°N 30.433°E / 59.683; 30.433
CountryRussia
Federal subjectSaint Petersburg
Founded1777
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata)
OKTMO ID40387000

Pavlovsk (Template:Lang-ru) is a Russian town under the jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg. It is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) south from St. Petersburg and about 4 km southeast from Pushkin. The town developed around the Pavlovsk Palace, a major residence of the Russian imperial family. Between 1918 and 1944 its official name was Slutsk, after the revolutionary Vera Slutskaya, and then was changed back to Pavlovsk. Pavlovsk is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.

Geology

The town is located on the Neva Lowland, on the left bank of the river Neva, in the valley of the Slavyanka River. The landscape is quite varied and contains hills, ridges and terraces intermixed with valleys, plains, forests and farmland. Numerous springs give rise to streams and feed ponds. In the Paleozoic era, 300–400 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. Sediments of that time form a layer thicker than 200 meters on top of the Baltic Shield consisting of granite, gneiss and diabase. The modern topography was shaped by the glacier retreat some 12,000 years ago which created the Littorina Sea. About 4,000 years ago the sea receded and formed the valley of the Neva River which has not changed much over the last 2,500 years.

Climate

The climate of Pavlovsk is temperate and wet, it is transitional between oceanic and continental. The length of the day varies from 5 hours and 51 minutes in the winter solstice to 18 hours and 50 minutes in the summer solstice. Summer is short and moderately warm, whereas winter is long and uneven, with frequent thaws. Air temperatures above 0 °C prevail from early April to mid-November. The coldest month is February. Winds mostly blow southward and frequently change air mass above the city. Summer is dominated by westerly and northwesterly winds, and the wind direction changes to westerly and southwesterly in winter. The cloudiest months are November, December and January, and the least cloudy are May, June and July. There are at least 240 sunny days per year. Between 25 May and 16 July white nights are observed when the sun only briefly goes over the horizon and the day lasts nearly 19 hours. The area is mostly fed by surface and ground waters.

Climate data for Pavlovsk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F 47.5 50.4 58.8 77.5 87.6 94.3 95.5 92.3 86.7 69.8 54.1 51.6 95.5
Mean daily maximum °F 27.9 29.5 39.4 48.6 61.0 68.9 72.0 69.1 58.3 47.3 35.2 30.7 48.9
Daily mean °F 20.3 21.2 29.5 39.9 51.6 60.4 63.9 61.5 51.8 42.1 31.8 25.0 41.4
Mean daily minimum °F 17.8 18.1 26.8 34.9 44.8 53.4 57.2 55.4 46.4 38.7 28.2 22.1 37.0
Record low °F −32.6 −31.4 −21.8 −7.2 20.1 32.2 40.8 34.3 26.4 8.8 −8.0 −29.9 −32.6
Average precipitation inches 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.5 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.9 24.9
Record high °C 8.6 10.2 14.9 25.3 30.9 34.6 35.3 33.5 30.4 21.0 12.3 10.9 35.3
Mean daily maximum °C −2.3 −1.4 4.1 9.2 16.1 20.5 22.2 20.6 14.6 8.5 1.8 −0.7 9.4
Daily mean °C −6.5 −6.0 −1.4 4.4 10.9 15.8 17.7 16.4 11.0 5.6 −0.1 −3.9 5.2
Mean daily minimum °C −7.9 −7.7 −2.9 1.6 7.1 11.9 14.0 13.0 8.0 3.7 −2.1 −5.5 2.8
Record low °C −35.9 −35.2 −29.9 −21.8 −6.6 0.1 4.9 1.3 −3.1 −12.9 −22.2 −34.4 −35.9
Average precipitation mm 40 31 35 33 38 64 78 77 67 65 56 49 633
Source:

Soil, vegetation and wildlife

Viskontiev Bridge over the Slavyanka River in Pavlovsk Park
Squirrel in Pavlovsk Park

Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by temperate coniferous forests (mostly pine and fir) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and fens. The soils were mostly podzol, combined with peat and gleysols. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of aspen, birch, alder and willow. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of almost 600 hectares (Pavlovsk and Arensky parks) has been created in and around the city.

Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pavlovsk area has relatively low level of pollution. In 1978–1983 the Pavlovsk Park contained more than 360,000 trees of 54 species: 16 species of spruce, pine, larch and fir, two species of birch, two species of willow, two of basswood, oaks, elm, alder, aspen, European Rowan, Bird Cherry, 88 shrub species, of which the dominant were yellow acacia, meadowsweet and dogwoods. In 1978, there were 71 species of birds belonging to 28 families and 9 orders. Mammals include squirrels, hares, weasels, stoats, moles, shrews, hedgehogs, red voles and muskrats. In winter, the parks are sometimes visited by fox, wild boar and moose. Amphibians and reptiles are mostly frogs, toads and lizards. There are 87 species of insects belonging to 46 families.

As most rivers of Saint Petersburg, the Slavyanka River is polluted. Water analysis performed by Greenpeace in 2008 reveals contamination levels exceeding the permissible norms by tens or hundreds times, with such chemicals as oil, lead, acetone, mercury, chloroform and others. Most pollution originates from household waste deposited by 16 companies.

Population

According to the 2002 census, 14,960 people lived in Pavlovsk of which 44.4% were males and 55.6% females.

Population of Pavlovsk
Year 1780 1794 1897 1959 1970 1979 1989 1991 1998 2002
Population 54 300 4,900 16,600 21,000 25,200 25,500 25,400 24,800 14,960

History

Fortress

Bip fortress in the early 19th century

A wooden fortress was built by Russians on the place of Pavlovsk and was known from at least 13th century as part of an Administrative division of Novgorod Land. The fortress and the entire region were later captured by the Swedes. On 13 August 1702, the Russian army led by Peter the Great and Fyodor Apraksin met Swedes at the Izhora River and pushed them to the fortress. For several days, the Swedish Army was reinforcing their positions but were expelled upon a surprise frontal attack.

Paul I, an avid fan of military, had long dreamed of building a stone fortress on the ruins of the Swedish forts. After he became an Emperor, in 1796, he hired the Italian architect Vincenzo Brenna and raised money for the project. By 1798 Brenna raised a Gothic folly, Bip fortress, which fascinated Paul so much that he listed it on the Army register of real fortresses. After the death of Catherine, Paul and Brenna expanded the Pavlovsk estate with real military barracks, officers' quarters and a hospital.

Imperial residence

See also: Pavlovsk Palace
View of the palace and park in 1808
File:Pablo I de Rusia.jpg
Monument of Paul I in front of the Pavlovsk Palace

Catherine II liked the nature in Pavlovsk area and frequently visited it for hunting trips. In December 1777, she assigned to her son, Paul I, 362 desyatinas (977 acres; 395 ha) of land along the Slavyanka River, together with forests, arable land and two small villages with peasants. This was a present to Paul and his wife Maria Feodorovna on the occasion of the birth of their first son, the future Emperor Alexander I of Russia. This date is considered the founding date of the Pavlovskoye village (the name Pavlovsk derives from Paul's name in Russian, Pavel). Catherine commissioned the Scottish architect Charles Cameron, who had previously done much work for her in the nearby Tsarskoye Selo, to design a palace and a park in Pavlovskoye.

Between 1782 and 1786 Cameron built the original palace core that survives to date, the Temple of Friendship, Private Gardens, Aviary, Apollo Colonnade and the Lime Avenue. He also planned the original landscape including the huge English park with numerous temples, colonnades, bridges, and statues. The Temple of Friendship was the first building in Pavlovsk, followed by the main palace. However, Cameron's Pavlovsk was far from Paul's vision of what an imperial residence should be: it lacked moats, forts and all other military assortments so dear to Paul; "Cameron created a markedly private world for the Grand Duke. The palace could have belonged to anyone... not to the tsar of Russia in waiting." Constrained financially, Paul and Maria closely watched Cameron's progress and regularly curbed his far-reaching, expensive plans. Between 1786 and 1789 Cameron's duties in Pavlovsk passed to Brenna.

Paul personally hired Brenna, then employed by Stanisław Kostka Potocki, in 1782, and used him in 1783–1785 to visualize his architectural fantasies. Brenna left Cameron's palace core intact, extending it with side wings; although he remodeled the interiors, they bear traces of Cameron's style to date. However, Maria's private suite and the militaria displayed in public halls are attributed to Brenna alone.

In 1794, the population of Pavlovskoye counted 300 people, mostly peasants and palace servants. There was a stone church, a free public school for peasants and three hospitals: regular, military and for invalids. Later, an agriculture school and the first in Russia school for the deaf were established in Pavlovskoye. Between 1807 and 1810, the school for the deaf was located in the Bip fortress. Later, a military regimen was stationed and practiced there. Theatrical performances were regularly staged first in the palace and since 1794 in the theater built nearby by Brenna.

Pavel favored as his residence Gatchina to Pavlovskoye, and therefore, since 1788 the latter was managed by his wife who had contributed most to its well-being. Maria Feodorovna enjoyed animal husbandry (she used to milk cows herself) and thus built a large farm at the edge of the park and a wooden pavilion for studies. She was also a skilled artist, a member of Berlin Academy of Arts, and her numerous handicrafts still remain in the palace. A large collection of books was accumulated in the palace by her efforts. In 1796, the village received a status of a town and renamed to Pavlovsk.

After Paul I

Pavlovsk train terminal, 19th century
Ball in Pavlovsk on the occasion of 25th anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Railways

After Paul's death in 1801 the palace was proclaimed a residence of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. During that time, it was frequently visited by famous poets and novelists including Sergey Glinka, Nikolay Karamzin and Ivan Krylov. Vasily Zhukovsky was a regular reader for Maria Feodorovna and the teacher of Russian language and literature for Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia who inherited Pavlovsk after the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1828. Michael Pavlovich spent his childhood in Pavlovsk, and then cared much about the city. Being a military person, he mostly improved well-being of the military corps staged near Pavlovsk and built barracks, riding stables, forge and workshops. But he also improved the roads of Pavlovsk, donated significant amounts to the church and established an orphanage and a school for middle-class children.

In the 19th century, Pavlovsk became a favorite summer retreat for well-to-do inhabitants of the Russian capital. The life of Pavlovsk's dachniki was described by Dostoyevsky, who frequently visited the town, in his novel The Idiot. To facilitate transportation, the first railway in Russia, the Tsarskoe Selo Railways, was built around 1836. The first test runs were performed between Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo using carriages horse-drawn over the rails. Regular trains powered by steam locomotives began operating between Pavlovsk and St. Petersburg from May 1838. Aiming to promote the railways, the train terminal of Pavlovsk was built in 1836–1838 as an entertaining center. It then regularly hosted evening festivities, and Johann Strauss II (1856), Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann and Feodor Chaliapin were among the celebrities who performed there. The station was called 'Vauxhall Pavilion', and its fame eventually caused the modified from Vauxhall word "Vokzal" to enter the Russian language, with the meaning "substantial railway station building".

Michael Pavlovich died in 1849 leaving no heir, and thus Pavlovsk became property of a son of Nicholas I, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia. Konstantin Nikolayevich established in 1872 an art gallery and a museum in the palace and opened them for public access. He also promoted construction in 1876 of a laboratory dedicated to meteorology and study of magnetic fields on the outskirts of the park. Pavlovsk became a popular residence and by 1874 had 323 summer cottages. The celebrities living here included Alexander Brullov, Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg and Vladimir Sollogub.

Birthplace of Russian Scouting

On 30 April 1909 a young officer, Colonel Oleg Pantyukhov, organized the first Russian Scout troop Beaver (Бобр, Bobr) in Pavlovsk. In 1910, General Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement, visited Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo. They had a pleasant conversation, and a scouting badge was issued to Tsarevich Alexei. In 1914, Pantyukhov established a society called Russian Scout (Русский Скаут, Russkiy Skaut). The first Russian Scout campfire was lit in the woods of Pavlovsk Park. After the October Revolution of 1917, and during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920, most of the scoutmasters and many scouts fought in the ranks of the White Army and interventionists against the Red Army; the scout movement was therefore regarded negatively in the Soviet Russia and disbanded after the war.

Soviet time

Railway station of Pavlovsk

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Pavlovsk palace and park were nationalized and converted to a public-access museum. In a general motion to replace Tsar's name, the town was renamed to Slutsk, after revolutionary Vera Slutskaya who died nearby in 1917. Later it was often mentioned in the documents under a double name Slutsk (Pavlovsk), and eventually regained the old name in 1944.

Pavlovsk suffered much from the German occupation during World War II (16 September 1941 – 24 January 1944) – the entire water system of the park and about 70,000 trees were destroyed, the palace was severely damaged by the fire of January 1944, and about 40% of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed (the rest was evacuated to Siberia before arrival of the Germans). The old train station was burned down and rebuilt in the 1950s by A. E. Levinson. The town was liberated as a result of the Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive. Restoration works started in 1944 and were completed by 1973. Nowadays about 1.5 million tourists visit Pavlovsk annually.

In 1954, Pavlovsk was transferred under the jurisdiction of St. Petersburg. In 1989, it was included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as part of the Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. In 2003, historical names were returned to dozens of streets of Pavlovsk which were renamed during the Soviet time.

Coat of arms

The first coat of arms of Pavlovsk was approved by Alexander I in 1801. It features a black double-headed eagle with a white Maltese cross on its chest and the Order of St. Andrew hanging on a chain under it. On top of the cross there is a red shield with a monogram combining Russian italic letters П and М standing for Emperor Paul and Empress Maria. The eagle has gilded beaks and paws. It holds a ceremonial mace and globus cruciger in the paws; it is crowned with two golden crowns with two more crowns near its heads. The whole composition is placed on a golden shield. There was a proposal of an alternative coat during the Soviet times, but it was not approved. The updated coat of arms was adopted on 19 September 2007. It has the same composition but with slightly simplified shapes and colors. The modern flag of Pavlovsk was adopted on the same day. It contains the coat image on a yellow rectangle with the length to width ratio of 3:2.

Layout and architecture of the town

Bip fortress in 2008

The center of the town is Pavlovsk Palace consisting of main body and wings connected with it by galleries. In front of the palace, welcoming the visitors stands bronze monument of Paul. It is an 1872 copy of the original cast by Giovanni Vitali. North to it lies Pavlovsk Park which covers 2/3 of the town area. With the area of about 600 hectares, the park is one of the largest in Russia and Europe. Seven parts are distinguished within the park. There are numerous pavilions, and one part contains a collection of bronze statues. The Bip fortress, a favorite of young Paul I, was burned down during World War II and only its walls remain; the fortress is being restored.

Before 1917 there was no separation between the imperial residence and the town, and both belonged to one owner. Along the southern and western borders of the park run the main street, which is now called Sadovaya Street, and its previous names were Fyodorovskaya (before 1783), Tsarskoselskaya (1783–1919) and Revolyutsii (Soviet time). On the west, this street leads to the train terminal and then to Pushkin. The western border of the town is the railway St. Petersburg – Vitebsk.

Cathedral of St. Nicholas in honor of Paul I

There are several churches near the palace, the oldest being Maria Magdalena Church and Church of Peter and Paul (built in 1799 by Brenna). The former was raised in 1781–1784 by Giacomo Quarenghi and is the first classical stone building in Pavlovsk. More prominent however is the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in honor of Paul I, an active Orthodox church built in 1900–1904 by Alexander von Hohen in the Russian Revival style.

Notable residents

References

  1. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  2. Darinskii, pp. 12–18
  3. ^ Darinskii, pp. 21–29
  4. Atlas of the Leningrad Region. Moscow. 1967. pp. 20–24. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. "Weather & Climate". pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  6. Darinskii, pp. 45–49
  7. "Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)". Administration of St. Petersburg. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  8. Туроператор Виктория. Viktur.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  9. "Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)". Atlas of the Leningrad Region. Moscow. 1967. pp. 36–37. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. В петербургской воде обнаружены запредельные концентрации токсичных веществ // REGIONS.RU 25.06.2008
  11. Колпино: заводская, но чистая окраина. "metro-Санкт-Петербург" № 151(1055) (29 August 2006), p. 3
  12. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. . Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  13. "Pushkin". The People's Encyclopedia of Russian cities and regions "My City". Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  14. ^ НАСЕЛЁННЫЙ ПУНКТ / ПАВЛОВСК, Journal «Адреса»
  15. ^ Johann Gottlieb Georgi (1996). Описание российско-императорского столичного города САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ и достопримечательностей в окрестностях оного, с планом (Description of Russian imperial capital of St. Petersburg and attractions in the vicinity thereof, with a plan). St. Petersburg.: Лига. pp. 496–504.
  16. ^ Павловск (город в Ленинградской обл.), Great Soviet Encyclopedia on-line (in Russian)
  17. ^ Pavlovsk, Encyclopedia Britannica on-line
  18. Hayden 2005, p. 94
  19. Lanceray, pp. 51–52
  20. ^ Крепость "Бип" (Павловская крепость), НП"Петербургский Строительный Клуб"
  21. Kuchumov , A. M. (1970). Павловск. Путеводитель по дворцу-музею и парку (Pavlovsk. Palace and Park Guidebook). St. Petersburg: Лениздат.
  22. Hayden, p. 120
  23. Shvidkovsky, p. 281
  24. Shvidkovsky, 284
  25. Hayden, p. 120
  26. Lanceray, p. 85
  27. Lanceray, pp. 47–49
  28. ^ Музей / История Павловска (Museum/History of Pavlovsk), State Museum of Pavlovsk
  29. Schwartz V (1967). Пригороды Ленинграда (Suburbs of Leningrad). St. Petersburg – Moscow: Искусство.
  30. Царскосельская железная дорога (Tsarskoselskaya Railways), Промтехдепо
  31. Template:Ru icon Царскосельская железная дорога. История Санкт-Петербурга. Family-history.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  32. Golyanov A. L. and Zakrevskaya G. P. Акционерное общество "Царскосельская железная дорога", Museum of Russian Railways, St. Petersburg (in Russian)
  33. Вокзал, Great Soviet Encyclopedia on-line (in Russian)
  34. Biography of Pantuhin on side pravoverie.ru Template:Ru icon
  35. Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted- The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 75–103. ISBN 2880520037.
  36. Schwarz W. (1967). The suburbs of Leningrad. St. Petersburg, Moscow: Искусство. pp. 123–189.
  37. УТРАЧЕННЫЕ КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ. Павловский дворец (Lost Exhibits. Pavlovsk Palace), State Museum of Pavlovsk
  38. Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  39. ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 6 февраля 2006 г. N 117 О РЕЕСТРЕ НАЗВАНИЙ ОБЪЕКТОВ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ, (Decree of 6 February 2006 No. 117 on names of the municipal objects) Government of St. Petersburg (in Russian)
  40. г.Павловск (Санкт-Петербург), Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry
  41. Герб города Павловск (Coat of arms of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru
  42. Флаг города Павловск (Flag of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru
  43. Санкт-Петербург: Энциклопедия. — СПб.: Бизнес-Пресса, 2006.
  44. Топонимическая энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга. — СПб.: Информационно-издательское агентство ЛИК, 2002.

Bibliography

External links

Russian imperial palaces and residences
Imperial residences
Grand ducal residences
Outside the Russian Federation
In Crimea
Historical
Cities and towns under the jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
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