| Revision as of 16:01, 14 March 2011 view sourceCarmichael (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers7,981 editsm Reverted edits by 64.113.191.31 (talk) to last revision by Carmichael95 (HG)← Previous edit | Revision as of 20:48, 15 March 2011 view source Sanjaymeeortiwitz (talk | contribs)1 edit ←Replaced content with 'JESSE JACKSON IS THE EMPEROR OF BLACK PEOPLE!'Tag: shoutingNext edit → | ||
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| JESSE JACKSON IS THE EMPEROR OF BLACK PEOPLE! | |||
| {{For|Illinois's 2nd district Congressman|Jesse Jackson, Jr.}} | |||
| {{Infobox officeholder| name=Jesse Jackson | |||
| | nationality=American | |||
| | image name=Jesse Jackson at Max Palevsky Cinema crop.jpg | |||
| |imagesize=225px | |||
| |caption=Jackson at the ] in 2009. | |||
| | office=]<br />for the ] | |||
| | party=] | |||
| | term_start=January 3, 1991 | |||
| | term_end=January 3, 1997 | |||
| | alongside = ] | |||
| | preceded= none | |||
| | succeeded= ] | |||
| | date of birth= {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1941|10|08}} | |||
| | place of birth=] | |||
| | date of death= | |||
| | place of death= | |||
| | birthname=Jesse Louis Burns | |||
| | occupation = American ] ]<br/> ] | |||
| | spouse= Jacqueline Lavinia Brown (m. 1962) | |||
| | children = Santita Jackson, ], Jonathan Jackson, Yusef DuBois Jackson, Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Ashley Laverne Jackson (with Karin Stanford) | |||
| | alma_mater = ]<br/>] | |||
| | religion=]}} | |||
| '''Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr.''' (born October 8, 1941) is an American ] ] and ] ]. He was a candidate for the ] ] in 1984 and 1988 and served as ] for the ] from 1991 to 1997. He was the founder of both entities that merged to form ]. Representative ] is his eldest son. In an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in February 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|author=Font size Print E-mail Share Page 1 of 2 By Sean Alfano |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/15/national/main1321719.shtml |title=CBSNews.com |publisher=CBSNews.com |date=2006-02-15 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| Jackson was born '''Jesse Louis Burns''' in ], to Helen Burns, a 16-year-old single mother. His biological father, Noah Louis Robinson, a former professional boxer and a prominent figure in the community, was married to another woman when Jesse was born. He was not involved in his son's life. In 1943, two years after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson, who would adopt Jesse 14 years later. Jesse went on to take the surname of his stepfather. | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| Jackson attended Sterling High School, a segregated high school in Greenville, where he was a student-athlete. Upon graduating in 1959, he rejected a contract from a professional baseball team so that he could attend the racially integrated ] on a football scholarship.<ref name="MSN">{{Cite encyclopedia |year= |title=Jesse Jackson |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557067/Jesse_Jackson.html |encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |location= |publisher=MSN}} 2009-10-31.</ref> One year later, Jackson transferred to ] located in ], ]. There are differing accounts for the reasons behind this transfer. Jackson claims that the change was based on the school's racial biases which included his being unable to play as a quarterback despite being a star quarterback at his high school. ESPN.com suggests that claims of racial discrimination on the football team may be exaggerated because Illinois's starting quarterback that year was an African American, although it does not mention factors besides the quarterback's race which may have contributed to this perception (such as team dynamics or interpersonal interactions with other players on the team).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/gen/s/2002/0226/1340982.html |title=ESPN.com: GEN - Edwards: The man who would be King in the Sports Arena |publisher=Espn.go.com |date=2002-02-28 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> Jackson also mentions being demoted by his speech professor as an alternate in a public-speaking competition team despite the support of his teammates who elected him a place on the team for his superior abilities.<ref name="MSN"/> Jackson left Illinois at the end of his second semester after being placed on academic probation. | |||
| Following his graduation from A&T, Jackson attended the ] with the intent of becoming a minister, but dropped out in 1966 to focus full time on the civil rights movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/jackson_j.htm |title=Gale - Free Resources - Black History - Biographies - Jesse Jackson |publisher=Gale.cengage.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> He was ordained in 1968, without a theological degree; awarded an honorary theological doctorate from Chicago in 1990; and received his Master of Divinity Degree based on his previous credits earned, plus his life experience and subsequent work, in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_2_98/ai_62926264 |title="Rev. Jesse Jackson Sr. Receives Master's Degree From Chicago Theological Seminary" |publisher=Findarticles.com |date=2000-06-19 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ==Family== | |||
| Jackson married Jacqueline Lavinia Brown (born 1944) on, December 31, 1962,<ref name=nndb>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/365/000024293/ |title=Jesse Jackson |publisher=NNDB |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref><ref name=times-1987-11-29>{{Cite news | |||
| | title=Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream | |||
| | last=Purnick | |||
| | first=Joyce | |||
| | coauthors=Oreskes, Michael | |||
| | work=] | |||
| | date=1987-11-29 | |||
| | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/29/magazine/jesse-jackson-aims-for-the-mainstream.html | |||
| }}</ref> and they had five children: Santita (1963), ] (1965), ] (1966), Yusef DuBois (1970), and Jacqueline Lavinia (1975).<ref>{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> | |||
| In 2001, it was revealed Jackson had an affair with a staffer, ], that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Ashley, in May 1999. According to CNN, in August 1999, The Rainbow Push Coalition had paid Stanford $15,000 in moving expenses and $21,000 in payment for contracting work. A promised advance of an additional $40,000 against future contracting work was rescinded once the affair became public.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/02/01/jackson.money/index.html | work=CNN | title=Operation PUSH documents financial ties with Jackson lover | date=February 1, 2001 | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> This incident prompted Jackson to withdraw from ] for a short time.<ref name = "salon-jackson">{{cite web|url=http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2001/01/19/jackson/index.html |title=Salon.com Politics | Jackson retreats |publisher=Archive.salon.com |date=2001-01-19 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> Separate from the 1999 Rainbow Coalition payments, Jackson pays $4,000 a month in child support.<ref name="jackson.mistress">{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/08/16/jackson.mistress/|title=Mother wants Jesse Jackson to 'be a father' to illegitimate child|date=2001-08-16|publisher=CNN.com|accessdate=2008-07-25}}</ref> | |||
| ==Civil rights activism== | |||
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| | caption1 = Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, (]) at its annual convention. July 1973. Photograph by ]. | |||
| | image2 = Jesse Jackson participating in a rally, January 15, 1975.jpg | |||
| | width2 = 275 | |||
| | caption2 = Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.}} | |||
| In 1965, he participated in the ] organized by ], Dr. ], and other civil rights leaders in Alabama. When Jackson returned from Selma, he threw himself into SCLC's effort to establish a beachhead of the ] (SCLC) in Chicago. | |||
| In 1966, King and Bevel selected Jackson to be head of the SCLC’s ] in Chicago, and SCLC promoted him to be the national director in 1967. Following the example of ] of Philadelphia, a key goal of the new group was to foster “selective buying” (boycotts) as a means to pressure white businesses to hire blacks and purchase goods and services from black contractors. One of Sullivan's precursors was Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a wealthy South Side doctor and entrepreneur and key financial contributor to Operation Breadbasket. Before he moved to Chicago from Mississippi in 1956, Howard, as the head of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, had successfully organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for blacks.<ref>David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009)</ref> | |||
| When King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in ], the day after his famous "I’ve been to the mountaintop" speech at the ], Jackson was in the parking lot one floor below. Jackson's appearance on NBC's ''Today Show,'' wearing the same blood-stained turtleneck that he had worn the day before, drew criticism from several King aides; some King associates also dispute Jackson's description of his personal involvement and also of the sequence of events surrounding the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Joyce Purnick and Michael Oreskes; Joyce Purnick and Michael Oreskes are political reporters for The New York Times. This story was reported by Ms. Purnick and Mr. Oreskes and written by Ms. Purnick. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DC113CF93AA15752C1A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=5 |title=Joyce Purnick and Michael Oreske, Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream, New York Times, November 29, 1987 |publisher=New York Times |date=1987-11-29 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson has been known for commanding public attention since he first started working for King in 1966. His primary goal for this attention has been to give blacks a sense of self-worth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954291,00.html|title=Pride and Prejudice|accessdate=2008-05-01|date=1984-05-07|publisher=]|work=]|author=Thomas, Evan}}</ref> | |||
| Beginning in 1968, Jackson increasingly clashed with ], King's successor as chairman of SCLC. In December, 1971, they had a complete falling out. Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy.” Jackson resigned, called together his allies, and ] was born during the same month. The new group was organized in the home of Dr. ] who also became a member of the board of directors and chair of the finance committee. | |||
| ] national headquarters in ], Chicago]] | |||
| In 1984, Jackson organized the ], which later merged, in 1996, with Operation PUSH. The newly formed Rainbow PUSH organization brought his role as an important and effective organizer to the mainstream. ] also left the SCLC in protest to follow Jackson and formed the ].<ref name=DS>], David Shankbone, '']'', December 3, 2007.</ref> | |||
| In March 2006, an African-American woman accused three white members of the ] men's lacrosse team of raping her. During ], Jackson stated that his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition would pay for the rest of her college tuition regardless of the outcome of the case. The case against the three men was later thrown out and the players were declared innocent by the North Carolina Attorney General.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beard|first=Aaron|title=Prosecutors Drop Charges in Duke Case|agency=Associated Press|date=2007-04-11|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2007/04/11/national/a113721D83.DTL|accessdate=2007-04-11 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070526075138/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2007/04/11/national/a113721D83.DTL <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-05-26}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson took a key role in the scandal caused by comedic actor ]' racially charged comments in November 2006. Richards called Jackson a few days after ] to apologize; Jackson accepted Richards' apology<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/TV/11/22/sharpton.richard/index.html | work=CNN | title=Sharpton: Comedian's apology not enough - CNN.com | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> and met with him publicly as a means of resolving the situation. Jackson also joined black leaders in a call for the elimination of the "]" throughout the entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/TV/11/27/michaelrichards.ap/index.html | work=CNN}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> | |||
| On November 18, 1999 seven Decatur students were expelled for two years after participating in a brawl at a high school football game. The incident was caught on home video and became a national media event when CNN ran pictures of the fight. After the students were expelled, Jesse Jackson decided it was time to speak out. Jackson argued that the expulsions were unfair and racial biased. He called on the school board to reverse their decision.<ref>http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/race/111099race-ra.html</ref> | |||
| ==International activism== | |||
| During the 1980s, he achieved wide fame as an African American leader and as a politician, as well as becoming a well-known spokesman for civil rights issues. His influence extended to international matters in the 1980s and 1990s. | |||
| In 1983, Jackson traveled to ] to secure the release of a captured American pilot, Navy Lt. ] who was being held by the Syrian government. Goodman had been shot down over Lebanon while on a mission to bomb Syrian positions in that country. After a dramatic personal appeal that Jackson made to ] ], Goodman was released. Initially, the Reagan administration was skeptical about Jackson's trip to Syria. However, after Jackson secured Goodman's release, ] ] welcomed both Jackson and Goodman to the White House on January 4, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id407.htm |title=Jesse Jackson's Mission to Damascus |publisher=Eightiesclub.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> This helped to boost Jackson's popularity as an American patriot and served as a springboard for his 1984 presidential run. In June 1984, Jackson negotiated the release of twenty-two Americans being held in ] after an invitation by Cuban president ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Depalma |first=Anthony |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/fidel_castro/?s=oldest&offset=15&inline=nyt-per |title=''New York Times'' |publisher=Topics.nytimes.com |date=2010-07-13 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| On the eve of the 1991 Persian ], Jackson made a trip to Iraq, to plead to ] for the release of foreign nationals held there as the "human shield", securing the release of several British and twenty American individuals.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jesse Jackson reunites with hostage he rescued 19 years ago |first= Don |last= Terry |url= http://www.frostillustrated.com/full.php?current_edition=2009-04-15&sid=5486 |agency= ] |newspaper= Frost Illustrated |publisher= Frost Inc. |location= |issn= |oclc= |bibcode= |doi= |id= |date= April 15, 2009 |accessdate= 2010-09-24 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |ref= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|title= The Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson |episodelink= |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/jesse/ |series= Frontline |serieslink= Frontline (U.S. TV series) |credits= |network= PBS |station= WGBH |city= Boston |airdate= April 30, 1996 |season= |number= 1415 |minutes= |transcripturl= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/jesse/jessescript.html |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Wilson |first1= Joseph |authorlink1= Joseph C. Wilson |title= The politics of truth : inside the lies that put the White House on trial and betrayed my wife's CIA identity : a diplomat's memoir |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=nS9puh1zDKkC |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 2010-09-24 |type= |edition= |series= |year= 2005 |origyear= 2004 |publisher= ] |location= |isbn= 9780786715510 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= 146–7 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= harv |bibcode= }}</ref> | |||
| He traveled to ] in 1997 to meet with ] ] as United States President ]'s special envoy for democracy to promote free and fair elections. In April 1999, during the ], Jackson traveled to ] to negotiate the release of three U.S. POWs captured on the ] border while patrolling with a UN peacekeeping unit. He met with the then-Yugoslav president ], who later agreed to release the three men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/jesse/chronology.html |title=PBS ''Frontline'' chronology |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| His international efforts continued into the 2000s. On February 15, 2003, Jackson spoke in front of over an estimated one million people in ] at the culmination of the ] against the imminent ] of ] by the U.S. and the United Kingdom. In November 2004, Jackson visited senior politicians and community activists in ] in an effort to encourage better cross-community relations and rebuild the peace process and restore the governmental institutions of the ]. In August 2005, Jackson traveled to ] to meet ] ], following controversial remarks by televangelist ] in which he implied that Chávez should be assassinated. Jackson condemned Robertson's remarks as immoral. After meeting with Chávez and addressing the Venezuelan Parliament, Jackson said that there was no evidence that Venezuela posed a threat to the U.S. Jackson also met representatives from the Afro Venezuela and indigenous communities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilpert |first=Gregory |url=http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=1735 |title=Jesse Jackson Says Venezuela No Threat, Praises Venezuelan Government Concerns |publisher=venezuelanalysis.com |date=2005-08-28 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| In 2005, he was enlisted as part of the United Kingdom's "Operation Black Vote", a campaign run by Simon Woolley to encourage more of Britain's ethnic minorities to vote in political elections ahead of the May 2005 General Election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obv.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=802&Itemid=124 |title=Operation Black Vote - Jesse Jackson tour kick starts! |publisher=Obv.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson inherited the title of the ] from ]. In August 2009, he was crowned Prince Côte Nana by Amon N'Douffou V, King of ], who rules more than a million ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/style/2009/08/jesse-jackson-now-african-royalty.html|title=Jesse Jackson Is Now African Royalty, Inherits Crown from Michael Jackson|accessdate=2009-08-23|date=2009-08-14}}</ref> | |||
| ==Political activism== | |||
| ===1984 presidential campaign=== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main|Jesse Jackson presidential campaign, 1984}} | |||
| On November 3, 1983, he announced his campaign for presidency.<ref>Jackson and White, p. 33.</ref> In 1984, Jackson became the second African American (after ]) to mount a nationwide campaign for ], running as a ]. | |||
| In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place behind Senator ] and former ] ], who eventually won the nomination. Jackson garnered 3,282,431 primary votes, or 18.2 percent of the total, in 1984,<ref>. '']'', November 29, 1987</ref> and won five primaries and caucuses, including Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia, and one of two separate contests in Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/houpub/00068/hpub-00068.html |title="1984 Texas Jackson-for-President Campaign Collection: An Inventory of Records at the Houston Metropolitan Research Center, Houston Public Library" |publisher=Lib.utexas.edu |date=1984-04-21 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| As he had gained 21% of the popular vote but only 8% of delegates, he afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "] parade of personalities". He also mocked Mondale, saying that ] was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul–Minneapolis" area.<ref>, '']'', July 2, 1984</ref> | |||
| ====Remarks about Jews==== | |||
| While talking with the Washington Post reporter Milton Coleman in January 1984, Jackson referred to New York City as "Hymietown".<ref name=hymietown>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/jackson.htm|title=Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remark – 1984|publisher=Washington Post|author=Larry J. Sabato's Feeding Frenzy | date=July 21, 1998 | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> ] is a ] term for ]s. Jackson first denied having the conversation and said Jews were conspiring against him.<ref name=hymietown /> Later, he acknowledged Coleman's account, indicated that he considered the conversation with the reporter private, and said he had been wrong to use the term.<ref name=hymietown /> Jackson apologized during a speech before national Jewish leaders in a ] ], but continuing suspicions have led to an enduring split between Jackson and many in the Jewish community.<ref name=hymietown /> | |||
| Among Jackson's other remarks were that ] was less attentive to poverty in the U.S. because "four out of five are ] and their priorities are on Europe and Asia"; that he was "sick and tired of hearing about ]"; and that there are "very few Jewish reporters that have the capacity to be objective about ] affairs". In 1979, Jackson said on a trip to the Middle East that Israeli Prime Minister ] was a "terrorist," and ] was a "]."<ref name="'70s 273">{{Cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0465041957|page= 273|pages= |url= }}</ref> Jackson has since apologized for at least some of these remarks, but they badly damaged his campaign, as "Jackson was seen by many conservatives in the ] as hostile to ] and far too close to ] governments."<ref name=LibyaSalon>Elliott, Justin (2010-12-16) , '']''</ref> | |||
| Years later, Jackson was invited to speak in support of ] Senator and ] candidate ] at the ].<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=]|title=Don't ask, don't tell|url =http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/08/16/jackson/index.html| date=2000-08-17}}</ref> | |||
| ===1988 presidential campaign=== | |||
| {{Main|Jesse Jackson presidential campaign, 1988}} | |||
| Four years later, in 1988, Jackson once again offered himself as a candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. This time, his successes in the past made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized. Although most people did not seem to believe he had a serious chance at winning, Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, prompting ] of the ] to call 1988 "the Year of Jackson".<ref>{{Cite news| | |||
| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DC173CF93AA15757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Jackson is seen as winning a solid place in history | author=R.W. Apple, Jr. | publisher=The New York Times|date=1988-04-29| accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref> | |||
| ] and ] during a ] meeting in ] (1988)]] | |||
| He captured 6.9 million votes and won 11 contests; seven primaries (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico and Virginia) and four caucuses (Delaware, Michigan, South Carolina and Vermont).<ref>"Keep Hope Alive". Jesse Jackson, pages 234-235.</ref> Jackson also scored March victories in Alaska's caucuses and Texas's local conventions, despite losing the Texas primary.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DD123FF933A15750C0A96E948260 | work=The New York Times | title=Jackson and Dukakis Lead in Texas Voting | date=March 20, 1988 | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC1039F931A25750C0A96E948260 | work=The New York Times | title=Jackson Edges Out Dukakis In Alaska | first=Hal | last=Spencer | date=March 12, 1988 | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> Briefly, after he won 55% of the vote in the ] Democratic caucus, he was considered the frontrunner for the nomination, as he surpassed all the other candidates in total number of pledged ]s. | |||
| In early 1988, Jackson organized a rally at the former ] assembly plant in ], approximately two weeks after new owner ] announced it would close the plant by the end of the year. In his speech, Jackson spoke out against Chrysler's decision, stating "We have to put the focus on Kenosha, Wisconsin, as the place, here and now, where we draw the line to end economic violence!" and compared the workers' fight to that of the civil rights movement in ]. As a result, the UAW Local 72 union voted to endorse his candidacy, even against the rules of the ].<ref>Dudley (1994)</ref> However, Jackson's campaign suffered a significant setback less than two weeks later when he was defeated handily in the ] primary by ]. Jackson's showing among white voters in Wisconsin was significantly higher than in his 1984 run, but was also noticeably lower than pre-primary polling had indicated it would be. The discrepancy has been cited as an example of the so-called "]."{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} | |||
| Jackson's campaign had also been interrupted by allegations regarding his half-brother Noah Robinson, Jr.'s criminal activity.<ref>Robinson had a long running feud with a criminal named Leroy "Hambone" Barber who had been convicted of armed robbery against Robinson. While Barber was imprisoned Robinson had written letters to him stating that he would enact a violent revenge upon him upon his release from prison. (These letters would come back to haunt Robinson at a future date). Noah Robinson had made good on his violent promise by contacting imprisoned gang leader and longtime friend Jeff Fort and wiring him $10,000 to assemble a hit team to hunt down Leroy Barber and have him murdered. Through a ] asset in Jeff Fort's El Rukn gang, the ] was able to conclude that Robinson had ordered the murder, and he was convicted of ] and sentenced to ].</ref> Jackson had to answer frequent questions about his brother, who was often referred to as "the ] of the Jackson campaign".<ref>"Shakedown" by Kenneth Timmerman</ref> | |||
| On the heels of Jackson's narrow loss to Dukakis the day before in Colorado, Dukakis' comfortable win in Wisconsin terminated Jackson's momentum. The victory established Dukakis as the clear Democratic frontrunner, and he went on to claim the party's nomination, but lost the general election in November.<ref>Dionne, E. J. Jr. (1988, April 6). "", '']''</ref> | |||
| ===Campaign platform=== | |||
| In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very ]/] platform. Declaring that he wanted to create a "Rainbow Coalition" of various ] groups, including ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]ers, the ] and ], and ], as well as ] ] who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included: | |||
| *creating a ]-style program to rebuild America's ] and provide jobs to all Americans, | |||
| *reprioritizing the ] to focus less on ] for drug users (which he views as racially biased) and more on harsher punishments for ] ]s and others who are part of the "supply" end of "]" | |||
| *reversing ]-inspired ] for the richest ten percent of Americans and using the money to finance ] programs | |||
| *cutting the ] of the ] by as much as fifteen percent over the course of his administration | |||
| *declaring ]-era South Africa to be a ] | |||
| *instituting an immediate ] and beginning ] negotiations with the ] | |||
| *supporting family farmers by reviving many of ] ]–era farm programs | |||
| *creating a single-payer system of ] | |||
| *ratifying the ] | |||
| *increasing federal funding for lower-level ] and providing free ] to all | |||
| *applying stricter enforcement of the ] and | |||
| *supporting the formation of a ]. | |||
| With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988. | |||
| ===Stand on abortion=== | |||
| Although Jackson was one of the most liberal members of the Democratic Party, his position on abortion were originally more in line with ] views. In 1975, Jackson endorsed a plan for a constitutional amendment banning abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DwgqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JSkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5386,102334|title=Christians Join Bishop's Ban on Abortion|date=1975-12-01|publisher=UPI via The Milwaukee Journal|page=4}}</ref> Jackson once endorsed the ], which bars the funding of abortions through the federal ] program. He wrote an article published in a 1977 ] News report: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| "There are those who argue that the right to privacy is of higher order than the right to life...that was the premise of slavery. You could not protest the existence or treatment of slaves on the plantation because that was private and therefore outside your right to be concerned. | |||
| What happens to the mind of a person, and the moral fabric of a nation, that accepts the aborting of the life of a baby without a pang of conscience? What kind of a person and what kind of a society will we have twenty years hence if life can be taken so casually? It is that question, the question of our attitude, our value system, and our mind-set with regard to the nature and worth of life itself that is the central question confronting mankind. Failure to answer that question affirmatively may leave us with a hell right here on earth." | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| However, since then, Jackson has adopted a ] view, believing that abortion is a right and that the government should not prevent a woman from having an abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/~rauch/nvp/consistent/mccarthy_jackson.html |title=Reprint of a Washington Post article from 1988 |publisher=Swissnet.ai.mit.edu |date=1988-05-21 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| ===Later political activities=== | |||
| He ran for office as "]" for the District of Columbia when the position was created in 1991,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3D61E3DF935A35754C0A966958260 | title= Jackson to Run For Lobby Post In Washington |author=Robin Toner| publisher=The New York Times | date=1990-07-06 |accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref> and served as such through 1997, when he did not run for re-election. This unpaid position was primarily a post to lobby for statehood for the District of Columbia.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9143EF934A15750C0A967958260 | title=Behind-the-scenes role for a 'shadow senator' | author=Richard L. Berke |publisher=]|work=] | date=1991-03-27|accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref> | |||
| In the mid-1990s, he was approached about being the ] but declined the opportunity in favor of helping his son, ], run for the ].<ref name=Berke>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E4DA1E31F935A35750C0A96E958260|title= TESTING OF A PRESIDENT: THE COUNSELOR; Once a Nemesis, Jackson Has Become the President's Spiritual Adviser|accessdate=2008-04-25|date=1998-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berke, Richard L.}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson was initially critical of the "]" or more moderate policies of Bill Clinton, so much so that Clinton was "petrified about a primary challenge from" Jackson in the ].<ref>] (2010-10-06) , '']''</ref> However, he became a key ally in gaining African American support for Clinton and eventually became a close advisor and friend of the Clinton family.<ref name=Berke/> Clinton awarded Jackson the ], the nation's highest honor bestowed on civilians. His son, ], also emerged as a political figure, becoming a member of the ] from ]. | |||
| In 2002, scholar ] listed Jesse Jackson on his list of ].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref> In 2003, Jackson surprised many observers by declining to endorse the campaigns of either ] or former Senator ], the two African American candidates, in the race for the Democratic Party's 2004 presidential nomination. Instead, Jackson remained largely silent about his preference in the race until late in the primary season, when he allowed Democratic Representative ] of ], another presidential candidate, to speak at a Rainbow/PUSH forum on March 31, 2004. Although he did not explicitly voice an endorsement of Rep. Kucinich, Jackson described Kucinich as "assuming the burden of saying 'you make the most sense, but you can't win.'" He also writes for '']''. | |||
| Jackson was a target of the ]. | |||
| ===2004 presidential election=== | |||
| Jackson gathered information and support to investigate the ], particularly the voting results in Ohio and its recount. He called for a congressional debate on the matter, asking for a fair count and national voting standards, saying that the elections in the United States are each run with different standards by different states with partisan tricks, racial bias, and widespread incompetence and are an open scandal. | |||
| Jackson said that he held some hope that the election could be overturned, although he admitted that that was very doubtful. | |||
| Jackson compared the voting irregularities of ] to that of the ], saying that if Ohio were ], the U.S. presidential election would not have been certified by the international community. Jackson called ] ] inappropriately partisan and said that Blackwell may have been pressured by President ] and Vice-President ] to deliver Ohio to the ]. | |||
| Based on information obtained in hearings held by Rep. ] (D-MI) and discovered during a flawed recount of the Ohio presidential vote called for by ] candidate ] and ] candidate ], Jackson suggested that the Ohio voting machines were "rigged" and that some African-Americans were forced to stand in line for six hours in the rain before voting. When asked for evidence, Jackson replied, "Based on distrusting the system, lack of paper trails, the anomaly of the exit polls." | |||
| On January 6, 2005, the U.S. House Judiciary Committee Democratic staff released a 100 page report on the Ohio election. This challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 74-1 by the United States Senate and 267-31 in the ]. Many high-ranking Democrats chose to distance themselves from this debate, including ], despite Jesse Jackson personally asking Kerry for help. The call for election reform legislation and voting rights protection nonetheless continued. | |||
| ===Terri Schiavo case=== | |||
| In early 2005, Jackson visited the parents in the ]; he supported their unsuccessful bid to keep her alive.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/03/29/schiavo/index.html | work=CNN | title=Terri Schiavo's mom pleads: 'Give my child back' | date=March 30, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ===Firearms protest and arrest=== | |||
| On June 23, 2007 Jackson was arrested in connection with a protest at a gun store in Riverdale, a poor suburb of Chicago, Illinois. Jackson and others were protesting due to allegations that the gun store had been selling firearms to local gang members and was contributing to the decay of the community. According to police reports, Jackson refused to stop blocking the front entrance of the store and let customers pass. He was charged with one count of criminal trespass to property.<ref>{{cite web|last=Graves |first=Emma |url=http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/06/24/2066/ |title=Rev. Jesse Jackson Arrested During Anti-Gun Protest |publisher=CommonDreams.org |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| ===2008 presidential election=== | |||
| In March 2007, Jackson declared his support for then-Senator ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=By DEANNA BELLANDI Associated Press Writer |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17869051/ |title=Jesse Jackson backs Obama for 2008 - Barack Obama News - MSNBC.com |publisher=MSNBC |date=2007-03-30 |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> Jackson later criticized Obama in 2007 for "acting like he's white," in response to the ] beating case.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/09/19/jackson.jena6/| title=Jesse Jackson: Obama needs to bring more attention to Jena 6 | work=CNN.com | date=September 19, 2007 | accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref> | |||
| On July 6, 2008, during an interview with ], a microphone picked up Jackson whispering to fellow guest Dr. Reed Tuckson:<ref>, Michael Calderone, ''Politico'', July 10, 2008</ref> "See, Barack's been, ahh, talking down to black people on this faith-based... I want to cut his nuts off."<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/09/jesse.jackson.comment/index.html | title=Jackson apologizes for 'crude' Obama remarks | work=CNN.com | date=July 9, 2008 | accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> Jackson was expressing his disappointment in Obama's ] speech chastisement of black fathers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/magazine/10politics-t.html?|title=Is Obama the End of Black Politics? |accessdate=2008-11-21|date=2008-08-06|publisher=]|work=]|author=Bai, Matt}}</ref> Only a portion of Jackson's comments were released on video. A spokesman for Fox News stated that Jackson had "referred to blacks with the N-word" in his comments about Obama; Fox News did not release the entire video or a complete transcript of his comments.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/16/jackson.nword.ap/index.html?iref=mpstoryview | work=CNN}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Subsequent to his Fox News interview, Jackson apologized and reiterated his support for Obama.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | |||
| On November 4, 2008, Jackson was present at the Obama victory rally in Chicago's ], waiting for Obama to appear. In the several moments before Obama spoke, Jackson was seen in tears.<ref>{{cite web|last=Television |first=World |url=http://worldtelevisionstudios.blogspot.com/2008/11/jesse-jackson-breaks-down-in-tears.html |title=World Television Studios |publisher=Worldtelevisionstudios.blogspot.com |date=2008-11-05 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> | |||
| ==Electoral history== | |||
| {{col-begin}}{{col-break}} | |||
| ''']'''<br> | |||
| '''Presidential convention, 1980'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=383394 |title=NY US President - RTL Convention Race - Aug 23, 1980 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| *]: 79,609 (67.33%) | |||
| *]: 34,293 (29.00%) | |||
| *No candidate: 2,729 (2.31%) | |||
| *Jesse Jackson: 1,606 (1.36%) | |||
| ''']'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55208 |title=US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 20, 1984 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> {{nb5}} | |||
| *]: 6,952,912 (38.32%) | |||
| *]: 6,504,842 (35.85%) | |||
| *Jesse Jackson: 3,282,431 (18.09%) | |||
| *]: 617,909 (3.41%) | |||
| *]: 334,801 (1.85%) | |||
| *Unpledged: 146,212 (0.81%) | |||
| *]: 123,649 (0.68%) | |||
| *]: 52,759 (0.29%) | |||
| *]: 51,437 (0.28%) | |||
| *]: 33,684 (0.19%) | |||
| ''']'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58503 |title=US President - D Convention Race - Jul 16, 1984 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| *]: 2,191 (56.41%) | |||
| *]: 1,201 (30.92%) | |||
| *Jesse Jackson: 466 (12.00%) | |||
| *]: 18 (0.46%) | |||
| *]: 4 (0.10%) | |||
| *]: 2 (0.05%) | |||
| *]: 1 (0.03%) | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| ''']'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55210</ref> {{nb5}} | |||
| *]: 9,898,750 (42.47%) | |||
| *Jesse Jackson: 6,788,991 (29.13%) | |||
| *]: 3,185,806 (13.67%) | |||
| *]: 1,399,041 (6.00%) | |||
| *]: 1,082,960 (4.65%) | |||
| *]: 415,716 (1.78%) | |||
| *Unpledged: 250,307 (1.07%) | |||
| *]: 77,780 (0.33%) | |||
| *]: 70,938 (0.30%) | |||
| *]: 45,289 (0.19%) | |||
| *]: 30,879 (0.13%) | |||
| *Douglas E. Applegate: 25,068 (0.11%) | |||
| ''']'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58504 |title=US President - D Convention Race - Jul 18, 1988 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| *]: 2,877 (70.09%) | |||
| *Jesse Jackson: 1,219 (29.70%) | |||
| *]: 3 (0.07%) | |||
| *]: 2 (0.05%) | |||
| *]: 2 (0.05%) | |||
| *]: 1 (0.02%) | |||
| *]: 1 (0.02%) | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| '''], 1990'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=132437 |title=DC Shadow Senator Race - Nov 06, 1990 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> | |||
| Two candidates who won the highest number of vote take two shadow seats. | |||
| *Jesse Jackson (D): 105,633 (46.80%) | |||
| *] (D): 58,451 (25.89%) | |||
| *Harry T. Alexander (I): 13,983 (6.19%) | |||
| *Milton Francis (R): 13,538 (6.00%) | |||
| *Joan Gillison (R): 12,845 (5.69%) | |||
| *Keith M. Wilkerson (D.C. Statehood): 4,545 (2.01%) | |||
| *Anthony W. Peacock (D.C. Statehood): 4,285 (1.90%) | |||
| *] (I): 3,621 (1.60%) | |||
| *David L. Whitehead (I): 3,341 (1.48%) | |||
| *Sam Manuel (Socialist Workers): 2,765 (1.23%) | |||
| *Lee Black (I): 2,728 (1.21%) | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| ==In popular culture== | |||
| *In the 1970s, Jesse Jackson recited his poem "]" on '']'', as the child audience repeated his verses.<ref>{{cite web|author=“” |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTB1h18bHlY |title=Sesame Street - I Am Somebody(better copy) |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> | |||
| *Jackson performed the marriage ceremony for ] and ] in ] on May 11, 1970. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *"]" - a well-known Jesse Jackson poem | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| *{{Citation |last=Dudley |first=K. |year=1994 |title=The End of the Line |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226169081 }}. | |||
| *{{Citation |last=Jackson |first=Jesse L., Jr. |others=with Frank E. Watkins |title=A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights |isbn=156649186X |publisher=Welcome Rain Publishers |location=New York |year=2001 }}. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|Jesse Jackson}} | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| {{wikisource author}} | |||
| *{{IMDb name|0413666}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * - video interview by '']'' | |||
| {{Navboxes | |||
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| {{USSenDC}} | |||
| {{United States presidential election, 1984}} | |||
| {{United States presidential election, 1988}} | |||
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| }} | |||
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. --> | |||
| | NAME =Jackson, Jesse | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH =October 8, 1941 | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH =Greenville, South Carolina | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = | |||
| }} | |||
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Revision as of 20:48, 15 March 2011
JESSE JACKSON IS THE EMPEROR OF BLACK PEOPLE!