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Politics of Palestine
Officeholders whose status is disputed are shown in italics
National symbols Flag National anthem Coat of arms
Administrative divisions Palestinian enclaves Governorates Palestinian refugee camps
Government State of Palestine government (Ramallah) President: Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister: Mohammad Mustafa Hamas government (Gaza)
Legislative Council Palestinian National Council Palestinian Legislative Council Current members Speaker Aziz Dweik
Elections Elections Electoral regions Political parties PLO political parties Next presidential election Next legislative election Local elections 2017 Palestinian local elections
Political parties Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) factions Palestinian National Liberation Movement (Fatah) Al-Mustaqbal electoral list Marwan Barghouti (Fatah) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) Palestinian People's Party (PPP) Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) Arab Liberation Front (ALF) Palestinian Democratic Union (FIDA) Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF) Palestinian Arab Front (PAF) As-Sa'iqa Other parties Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) List of leaders Palestinian Islamic Jihad Third Way Leader: Salam Fayyad Palestinian Electoral Lists Democratic Alliance List Al-Mustaqbal
LeadersMap shows birthplaces or family origins Yassin b.1936 Haniyeh's parents Rantisi b.1947 MashalSinwar Habash b.1926 Abbas b.1935 HawatmehNakhalah
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Minister: Riyad al-Maliki Diplomatic missions of / in Palestine Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process Israeli–Palestinian peace process International recognition
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The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) has conducted foreign relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1964. In 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations.

On 15 November 1988, the PLO declared the State of Palestine, which was quite widely recognised by foreign governments, although often statements made were of an equivocal nature. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states. Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.

The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established in 1994 by the PLO as a result of the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PNA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories, and through the PLO that represents it abroad.

Both the PNA and the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations, and participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO, is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.

Bilateral relations

Representation of the PNA abroad is performed by the PLO, through a network of missions and embassies. Most states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the PLO representation in their country to the status of embassy. A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges, and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".

Representation of foreign countries to the PNA is performed by missions or offices in Ramallah and Gaza. States that recognise the State of Palestine also accredit to the PLO (acting as its government-in-exile) non-resident ambassadors residing in third countries.

Background

Francis Boyle, legal advisor to the PLO, assisted the organisation in drafting the 1988 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Palestine. At that time, the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition.

Shortly after its 1988 declaration, the State of Palestine was recognised by many other developing states in Africa and Asia, by most former communist states, and by most members of the Arab League (AL) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Both of these organisations later published statements of recognition of, support for, and solidarity with Palestine, which was accepted as a member state in both forums.

At the end of 1989, the New York Times reported that 89 United Nations member states had recognised the newly proclaimed state. According to one author, however, by 1988, more than 100 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 states had recognised the new Palestinian state. Since then, a number of other states have publicly extended recognition. Boyle reported in 1990 that the number was over 114 states. In 2005, Anat Kurz reported that 117 United Nations member states had formally recognised Palestine as a sovereign state. In February 2009, Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki was able to submit to the ICC written statements from 67 of these countries. He was also able to show the existence of bilateral agreements with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.

In September 2010, Boyle reported that about 130 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. By the end of December, following successive statements of recognition from Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Ecuador, a number of news services reported the number as over 130. In the same month, however, after the statements of recognition from Brazil and Argentina, John Quigley reported the number as 105, and with the subsequent declaration by Bolivia, lawyer John V. Whitbeck claimed it to be 106 states.

As of 15 March 2011, Uruguay is the most recent nation to formally recognise the State of Palestine.

Chronological table of recognition and relations

At least 157 states, in addition to the European Union, currently have some form of diplomatic relations with the PLO and PNA, or recognise the State of Palestine:

• 117 to 121 states recognise the State of Palestine;
  • of these, 101 to 102 have established diplomatic relations with the PLO;
• 39 to 35 states, as well as the European Union, which don't recognise the State of Palestine, conduct official relations with the PLO and the PNA.

#	Name	State of Palestine recognition since	Relations with PLO, PNA, or State of Palestine since	Mission of PLO or State of Palestine	Mission to PNA, PLO, or State of Palestine	Notes
Recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988, or establishing diplomatic relations with it:
1	Algeria	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Algiers)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	AL, OIC
2	Bahrain	1988-11-15	1974-06-15	Embassy (Manama)		AL, OIC
3	Iraq	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Baghdad)	Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)	AL, OIC
4	Kuwait	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Kuwait)		AL, OIC
5	Libya	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Tripoli)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	AL, OIC
6	Malaysia	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Kuala Lumpur)		OIC
7	Mauritania	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Nouakchott)		AL, OIC
8	Morocco	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Rabat)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Gaza)	AL, OIC
9	Somalia	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)		AL, OIC
10	Tunisia	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Tunis)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Gaza)	AL, OIC
11	Turkey	1988-11-15	1975	Embassy (Ankara)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
12	Yemen	1988-11-15	yes	Embassy (Sana'a)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	AL, OIC
13	Afghanistan	1988-11-16	yes		Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)	OIC
14	Bangladesh	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Dhaka)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	OIC
15	Cuba	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Havanna)	Embassy, non-resident (Tunis)
16	Indonesia	1988-11-16	1989-10-19	Embassy (Jakarta)	Embassy, non-resident (Amman)	OIC
17	Jordan	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Amman)	Office (Ramallah, Gaza)	AL, OIC
18	Madagascar	1988-11-16
19	Malta	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Valletta)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
20	Nicaragua	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Managua)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
21	Pakistan	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Islamabad)	Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)	OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
22	Qatar	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Doha)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Gaza)	AL, OIC
23	Saudi Arabia	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Riyadh)		AL, OIC
24	United Arab Emirates	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Abu Dhabi)		AL, OIC; Palestine – United Arab Emirates relations
25	Serbia	1988-11-16	1989	Embassy (Belgrade)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	Serbia-Palestine relations
26	Zambia	1988-11-16	yes	Embassy (Lusaka)
27	Albania	1988-11-17	yes	Embassy (Tirana)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	OIC
28	Brunei	1988-11-17	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)		OIC
29	Djibouti	1988-11-17	yes	Embassy (Djibouti)		AL, OIC
30	Mauritius	1988-11-17	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)
31	Sudan	1988-11-17	yes	Embassy (Khartoum)		AL, OIC
32	Cyprus	1988-11-18	yes	General delegation (Nicosia)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
33	Czech Republic	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy (Prague)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
34	Slovakia	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy (Bratislava)	Embassy, non-resident (Damascus) Office, non-resident (Tel Aviv)	EU
35	Egypt	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy (Cairo)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Ramallah, Gaza)	AL, OIC; Egypt-Palestine relations
36	India	1988-11-18	1974	Embassy (New Delhi)	Office (Ramallah)	AL observer; India–Palestine relations
37	Nigeria	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy (Abuja)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	OIC
38	Seychelles	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)
39	Sri Lanka	1988-11-18	yes	Embassy (Colombo)	Office (Ramallah)
40	Belarus	1988-11-19	yes	Embassy (Minsk)	Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)
41	Guinea	1988-11-19	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)		OIC
42	Namibia	1988-11-19	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)
43	Ukraine	1988-11-19	yes	Embassy (Kiev)
44	Russia	1988-11-19	1974	Embassy (Moscow)	Office (Ramallah)	OIC observer; Palestine–Russia relations
45	Vietnam	1988-11-19	1968	Embassy (Hanoi)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	Vietnam-Palestine relations
46	China, People's Republic of	1988-11-20	yes	Embassy (Beijing)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Ramallah)	Palestine – People's Republic of China relations
47	Burkina Faso	1988-11-21	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)		OIC
48	Comoros	1988-11-21	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)		AL, OIC
49	Guinea-Bissau	1988-11-21	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)		OIC
50	Mali	1988-11-21	yes	Embassy (Bamako)		OIC
51	Cambodia	1988-11-21	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)
52	Mongolia	1988-11-22	1979-04-25		Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
53	Senegal	1988-11-22	yes	Embassy (Dakar)		OIC
54	Hungary	1988-11-23	yes	Embassy (Budapest)	Office (Ramallah) Honorary Consulate (Bethlehem)	EU
55	Cape Verde	1988-11-24
56	Korea, North	1988-11-24	yes	Embassy (Pyongyang)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	North Korea-Palestine relations
57	Niger	1988-11-24	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)		OIC
58	Romania	1988-11-24	yes	Embassy (Bucharest)	Office (Ramallah)	EU; Romania–Palestine relations
59	Tanzania	1988-11-24	yes	Embassy (Dar es Salaam)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
60	Bulgaria	1988-11-25	yes	Embassy (Sofia)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
61	Maldives	1988-11-28	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Colombo)	Embassy, non-resident (London)	OIC
62	Ghana	1988-11-29	yes	Embassy (Accra)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
63	Togo	1988-11-29				OIC
64	Zimbabwe	1988-11-29	yes	Embassy (Harare)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)
65	Chad	1988-12-01	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)		OIC
66	Laos	1988-12-02	1989-05-15	Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)
67	Sierra Leone	1988-12-03				OIC
68	Uganda	1988-12-03	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Harare)		OIC
69	Congo, Republic of the	1988-12-05	yes	Embassy (Brazaville)
70	Angola	1988-12-06	yes	Embassy (Luanda)
71	Mozambique	1988-12-08	yes	Embassy (Maputo)		OIC
72	São Tomé and Príncipe	1988-12-10
73	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1988-12-10
74	Gabon	1988-12-12	yes	Embassy (Libreville)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	OIC
75	Oman	1988-12-13	yes	Embassy (Muscat)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Gaza)	AL, OIC
76	Poland	1988-12-14	yes	Embassy (Warsaw)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
77	Botswana	1988-12-19
78	Nepal	1988-12-19
79	Burundi	1988-12-22
80	Central African Republic	1988-12-23				OIC observer
81	Bhutan	1988-12-25
82	Rwanda	1989-01-02
83	Ethiopia	1989-02-04	yes	Embassy (Addis Ababa)
84	Iran	1989-02-04	yes	Embassy (Tehran)	Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)	OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
85	Vanuatu	1989-08-21	1989-10-19	Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)
86	Benin	1989 or before	yes		Embassy, non-resident (Jeddah)	OIC
87	Equatorial Guinea	1989 or before
88	Gambia	1989 or before	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)		OIC
89	Kenya	1989 or before	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Harare)
90	Lebanon	1989 or before	yes	Representation (Beirut)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	AL, OIC
91	Philippines	1989	1989-09	Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)	Embassy, non-resident (Amman)
92	Kazakhstan	1992 or before	1992-04-06	Embassy (Astana)	Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv)	OIC
93	Azerbaijan	1992 or before	1992-04-15	Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)		OIC
94	Georgia	1992 or before	1992-04-25
95	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1992-05-27	1992-10-30	Embassy (Sarajevo)	Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)	OIC observer
96	Papua New Guinea	2004-10-04	2004-10-04	Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)	—
97	Uzbekistan	1994 or before	1994-09-25	Embassy (Tashkent)		OIC
98	South Africa	1995 or before	1995-02-15	Embassy (Pretoria)	Office (Ramallah, Gaza)	South Africa-Palestine relations
99	Kyrgyzstan	1995 or before	1995-11	Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)		OIC
100	East Timor	2004-03-01	2004-03-01	Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)	—
101	Paraguay	2005-03-25	2005-03-25	Embassy, non-resident (Brasília)
102	Montenegro	2006-07-24	2006-08-01	Embassy, non-resident (Belgrade)
103	Costa Rica	2008-02-05	2008-02-05	Embassy, non-resident (New York)
104	Côte d'Ivoire	2008 or before	yes	Embassy (Abidjan)		OIC
105	Tajikistan	2009 or before	1994 or before	Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)		OIC
106	Venezuela	2009-04-27	yes	Mission (Caracas)	Embassy, non-resident Office (Ramallah)	AL observer; Venezuela–Palestine relations
107	Dominican Republic	2009-07-14	2009-07-15	Embassy, non-resident (New York)
108	Cameroon	2010 or before	yes			OIC
109	Brazil	2010-12-01	yes	Special delegation (Brasília)	Office (Ramallah)	AL observer; Brazil–Palestine relations
110	Argentina	2010-12-04	yes	Ambassador mission (Buenos Aires)	Office (Ramallah)
111	Bolivia	2010-12-22
112	Ecuador	2010-12-24	2008 or before	Delegation, non-resident (Lima)	—
113	Chile	2011-01-07	1990-03	Embassy (Santiago)	Office (Ramallah)
114	Guyana	2011-01-13	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Havana)		OIC
115	Peru	2011-01-24	2008 or before	Special delegation (Lima)	—
116	Suriname	2011-02-01				OIC
117	Uruguay	2011-03-15	2010-04-20	—
Conflicting or inconclusive sources regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine declared in 1988:
118	Syria	1989 or before	2006 or before	Mission (Damascus)	Embassy, non-resident (Amman)	AL, OIC
119	Swaziland	1991 or before
120	Turkmenistan	2003 or before				OIC
121	Lesotho	2010 or before
Not recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988, but conducting official relations with the PLO and PNA:
122	Austria	—	1979-12-05	Representation (Vienna)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
123	Finland	—	1982	General delegation (Helsinki)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
124	Colombia	—	1988-10-03	Special mission (Bogota)	Delegation, non-resident (Cairo)
125	Israel	—	1993-08-20	Department, non-resident (Gaza)	Department, non-resident (Tel Aviv)
126	Moldova	—	1994-06-07
127	Holy See	—	1994-10-25	Representation, non-resident (London)	Apostolic nunciature, non-resident (Tunis) Apostolic delegation (Jerusalem)	Holy See–Palestine relations
—	European Union	—	1994 or before	General delegation (Brussels)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
128	Estonia	—	2004 or before	General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)	—	EU
129	Eritrea	—	yes	Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)		AL observer
130	Australia	—	yes	General delegation (Canberra)	Office (Ramallah)
131	Belgium	—	yes	General delegation (Brussels)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
132	Belize	—	yes	Special delegation, non-resident (Mexico City)	—
133	Canada	—	yes	General delegation (Ottawa)	Office (Ramallah)
134	Croatia	—	yes	—	—
135	Denmark	—	yes	General delegation (Copenhagen)	Office (Ramallah)	EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
136	France	—	yes	Ambassador mission (Paris)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
137	Germany	—	yes	General delegation (Berlin)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
138	Greece	—	yes	Representation (Athens)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
139	Iceland	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Oslo)
140	Ireland	—	yes	Ambassador mission (Dublin)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
141	Italy	—	yes	General delegation (Rome)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
142	Japan	—	yes	General delegation (Tokyo)	Office (Ramallah)
143	Latvia	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)	—	EU
144	Lithuania	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)	—	EU
145	Luxembourg	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Brussels)	—	EU
146	Mexico	—	yes	Special delegation (Mexico City)	Office (Ramallah)
147	Netherlands	—	yes	General delegation (The Hague)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
148	New Zealand	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Canberra)	—
149	Norway	—	yes	General delegation (Oslo)	Office (Ramallah)
150	Portugal	—	yes	General delegation (Lisbon)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
151	Slovenia	—	yes	General delegation, non-resident (Rome)	Office (Ramallah)	EU
152	Korea, South	—	yes	—	Office (Ramallah)
153	Spain	—	yes	General delegation (Madrid)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
154	Sweden	—	yes	General delegation (Stockholm)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU
155	Switzerland	—	yes	General delegation (Bern)	Office (Ramallah)
156	United Kingdom	—	yes	General delegation (London)	Office (Gaza) Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	EU; Palestine – United Kingdom relations
157	United States	—	yes	General delegation (Washington, D.C.)	Consulate-General (Jerusalem)	Palestine – United States relations

The PLO and the PNA have no official relations with the following states and entities, which additionally do not recognise the State of Palestine:

• Andorra, Armenia, Liechtenstein, Republic of Macedonia, Monaco, San Marino
• Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand (OIC observer)
• Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu
• Liberia, Malawi
• Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago
• Sovereign Military Order of Malta
• Abkhazia, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (OIC observer), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Somaliland, South Ossetia, Republic of China (Taiwan), Transnistria

Relations with international organisations

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources, in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PNA, the PLO as representative of the Palestinian state, or by the PLO as a non-state entity.

Additionally the Palestinian National Authority participates in trade liberalisation:

• has customs union with Israel
• has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, and Turkey
• is covered by the free trade agreement between the United States and Israel
• participates in the Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity
• is in negotiations for free trade agreement with Mercosur

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly accepted as party to the international agreements on roads, railways, and maritime transport in the Arab Mashreq.

Arab League

In 1964, the first summit of the League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity. Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem. The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October. The PLO was granted full membership in 1976. Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.

Organisation of the Islamic Conference

The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1969; it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer. Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988. It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.

United Nations representation

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.

The Palestine Liberation Organization gained observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. In the UNGA's regional groupings, the PLO gained full membership in the Group of Asian states on 2 April 1986. Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967". In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues. By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers." This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.

Applications

Geneva Conventions

In 1989, the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the State of Palestine, submitted a letter of accession to the Geneva Conventions. However, Switzerland, as the depositary state, determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.

"Due to the incertainty within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols."

Nevertheless the Palestine Red Crescent Society is currently member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which requires its participants to adhere to the Geneva Conventions.

World Health Organization

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO), but applied for full membership status for the State of Palestine in 1989. The United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet. John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

In 1989 a "Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" was submitted by Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen. Currently, Palestine participates as an observer at UNESCO through its National Organizing Committee.

Participation in international sports federations

Aftermath of Hamas' victory

After the victory of the Change and Reform list (led by Hamas) in the 2006 elections, many governments, including the United States, as well as the European Union, cut ties with the organs of the PLC, but not those connected to the PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas. The boycott led to the withholding of foreign aid, upon which much of the Palestinian economy is dependent, promised to the PNA. The European Union set up a mechanism to transfer some aid to PNA employees, many of whom had gone unpaid for months, that bypassed the government. After Abbas' sacking of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya as a response by Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the boycott was lifted.

Notes

1. The members of the institutions of the State of Palestine meet inside its claimed territory without having control over any part of it.
2. Prior to Yemeni unification, both Democratic Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic had recognised the State of Palestine on 15 November 1988.
3. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia recognized SoP on 16 November 1988. Although the UN did not recognise the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro, itself to be succeeded by Serbia following the separation of Montenegro in 2006) as SFRY successor the FRY claims to be such and pledges to adhere to all ratifications, signatures and recognitions conducted by the SFRY.
4. ^ Former Czechoslovakia recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988, and following the its dissolution, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties.
5. Namibia was established by the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), which recognised the State of Palestine on 19 November 1988, at which time it was a UN observer entity.
6. Only one government emerged from the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, but both Democratic Kampuchea and People's Republic of Kampuchea recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988 and 21 November 1988 respectively.
7. On 28 January 2011, Paraguay's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a written reaffirmation of its government's recognition of the State of Palestine. The statement noted that the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two governments in 2005 had implied mutual recognition.
8. ^ In December 2009, Curtis Doebbler claimed that the State of Palestine had been already recognised by all members of both the Arab League and the OIC. Certainly the OIC had delivered explicit statements of recognition upon numerous occasions prior, the latest reaffirmation being in 2003. However, whether these decisions represented unanimous recognition by all member states is unclear. Additionally, in early 2011, following the succession of statements from other South American governments, Suriname and Guyana (members of the OIC since 1996 and 1998, respectively) issued their own statements of recognition of the State of Palestine.
9. In Annex II of the State of Palestine's UNESCO application, Austria was accidentally listed as having extended recognition. However, the submitting states (Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen) later requested that Austria be removed from the list. On 5 December 1979, Mr. Ghazi Hussain was appointed the representative of the PLO in Austria.
10. Eight of its 27 member states recognise the State of Palestine, while the remaining 19 members maintain official relations with the PLO and PNA.
11. The German Democratic Republic recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988, but it later unified with the Federal Republic of Germany and the current government does not recognise it.
12. ^ The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
13. Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and Arab Monetary Fund.
14. Representation for "Occupied Palestinian Territory" equivalent to that of a state; assigned the code "ps"
15. ^ For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.
16. Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey, USA, Canada and Mexico.
17. Palestine was accorded membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977. Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA.
18. The ICJ noted that Palestine gave a unilateral undertaking, by declaration of 7 June 1982, in the name of the 'State of Palestine' to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention – and that Switzerland, as depositary State, considered that unilateral undertaking valid.
19. The Palestinian Football Association is also member of Asian Football Confederation and Union of Arab Football Associations.

References

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2. Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press, p. 722: "Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognized the Palestinian state."
3. Crawford, James (1999), "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil, G.S.; Talmon, S. (ed.), The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie, New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, Oxford University Press, pp. 95–100, 110–115{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) "...Declaration was quite widely recognized by states, although often in equivocal terms."
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9. ^ Talmon, 1998, p. 158, footnote #236: "It is of interest to note that most States that have recognized the 'State of Palestine' after its proclamation on 15 Nov. 1988 have elevated the PLO office in their country to the status of embassy."
10. ^ Government of Ireland. "Press statement on upgrade of relations" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "The Irish government has upgraded the status of the General Delegation of Palestine in Ireland to the Mission of Palestine, headed by an Ambassador."
11. Brownlie, Ian; Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan; Jennings, Robert (1999). The reality of international law: essays in honour of Ian Brownlie (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198268376. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help): "The PLO, which has been recognized to possess an independent international personality as representative of the Palestinian people, has been delegated the power to act on behalf of the PA in the international arena with regard to specific substantive areas."
12. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Executive Board (12 May 1989). "Hundred and thirty-first Session: Item 9.4 of the provisional agenda, Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" (PDF). United Nations. pp. 18, Annex II. Retrieved 2010-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "A government-in-exile, having no effective control in the territory and not having had previous control, ..."
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14. European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation (November 2001). "PLO Executive Committee". medea.be. Retrieved 2011-02-10. "The Executive Committee of the PLO, in practice the "government in exile" of the State of Palestine"
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20. Jones, Ken (January 2011). "Top Ten Governments Currently In Exile". Unlimitedtopten.com. Retrieved 2011-02-10. "The state of Palestine was proclaimed in 1988, but in exile. A declaration of a "State of Palestine" was approved on November 15, 1988, by the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). The declaration was ignored, and eventually rejected, by the State of Israel. Israel controls the territories since 1967 Six-Day War when it captured them from Egypt and Jordan. Currently, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) envision the establishment of a State of Palestine to include all the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, living in peace with Israel under a democratically elected and transparent government. The PNA, however, does not claim sovereignty over any territory and therefore is not the government of the "State of Palestine" proclaimed in 1988."
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30. ^ Organisation of the Islamic Conference (28–30 May 2003). "Resolutions on Palestine Affairs". The Thirtieth Session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (Session of Unity and Dignity). United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
31. Lewis, Paul (6 December 1989). "Arabs at U.N. Relax Stand on P.L.O." The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
32. ^ Quigley, John (2009). "The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court: The Statehood Issue" (PDF). Rutgers Law Record. 35. Newark: Rutgers School of Law. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
33. Fowler and Bunck, 1995, p. 59: "By 1988 more than one hundred countries had formally recognized the 'state' of Palestine, which also received official acknowledgement by the United Nations General Assembly."
34. Medzini, Ronen (21 December 2010). "Israel fights recognition of Palestinian state". Ynetnews. Israel News; Yedioth Internet. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
35. Boyle, Francis A. (1990) "Creation of the State of Palestine"; European Journal of International Law (301): "Over 114 states have already recognized the newly proclaimed state of Palestine, which is more than the 93 that maintain some form of diplomatic relations with Israel."
36. Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq. Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority’s Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (14 December 2009), para 43.a.
37. Kurz, Anat N. (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press ISBN 1-84519-032-7, ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3 p. 123: "117 UN member states recognized the declared State of Palestine ..."
38. Palestinian ministers press for Israel "war crimes" probe, AFP, 13 February 2009: "Malki said documents were provided that show Palestine was recognised as a state by 67 countries and had bilateral agreements with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe."
39. Palestine, Palestinians and International Law, Francis A. Boyle, Clarity Press, September 1, 2009, ISBN 093286337X, p19: "As I had predicted to the PLO, the creation of Palestinian State was an instantaneous success. Palestine would eventually achieve de jure diplomatic recognition from about 130 states. The only regional hold-out was Europe and this was because of massive political pressure applied by the United States Government."
40. Boyle, Francis A. (30 September 2010). "The Impending Collapse of Israel in Palestine". MWC News. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
41. Boyle, Francis A (2 June 2010). "Israel is Committing Genocide in Gaza". Australia.to. Rogers Digital Media Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
42. "Ecuador latest Latin country to recognize Palestine". RFI. 25 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
43. Mercier, Gilbert (26 December 2010). "Ecuador Joins Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay And Bolivia To Recognize Palestine". News Junkie Post. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
44. Staff writers (25 December 2010). "PA hopes for Palestinian state next year". Press TV. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
45. Quigley, John B. (30 December 2010). "Recognize Palestine now". McClatchy-Tribune. Youngstown News. Retrieved 2010-12-31. "With recognitions in recent weeks by Brazil and Argentina, some 105 states now formally recognize Palestine at the diplomatic level."
46. Whitbeck, John V. (28 December 2010). "Palestine: recognising the state". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2010-12-29. "Coming soon after the similar recognitions by Brazil and Argentina, Bolivia's recognition brought to 106 the number of UN member states recognizing the State of Palestine, whose independence was proclaimed on November 15, 1988."
47. ^ Template:Es icon Government of Uruguay (20 April 2010). "Comunicado conjunto de Uruguay y el Gobierno de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
48. ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Executive Board (12 May 1989). "Hundred and thirty-first Session: Item 9.4 of the provisional agenda, Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" (PDF). United Nations. pp. 18, Annex II. Retrieved 2010-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The list also includes a number of states which no longer exist.
49. Government of Algeria (28 December 2010). "Algerie-Palestine-Diplomatie" (in French). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-02-01. "Ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de l'Etat de Palestine".
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53. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (10 December 2010). "Palestine Embassies, Missions, Delegations Abroad". United Nations. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
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56. Government of Turkey. "Turkey´s Political Relations with the Palestinian National Authority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-29. "Turkey established official relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1975 and was one of the first countries that recognized the Palestinian State established in exile on 15 November 1988."
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78. Embassy of the State of Palestine in Bratislava. "Homepage". Palestine Liberation Organization. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
79. Government of Slovakia. "Presentation of Credentials" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Ambassador of the State of Palestine to Slovakia"
80. "The Embassy of the Slovak Republic in Tel Aviv is accredited for the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority". Mzv.sk. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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83. Government of India. "Foreign Embassies in India". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-02-01. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
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97. Government of Vietnam. "Vietnam-Palestine Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30. "Embassy of State of Palestine".
98. ^ Template:Fr icon Government of Burkina Faso. "Missions diplomatiques et consulaires au Burkina Faso". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12=31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) "Palestine - Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire avec Résidence à Bamako".
99. Government of Cambodia. "Foreign Missions Accredited to Cambodia: Asia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Embassy of the State of Palestine to Cambodia (non-resident)".
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103. Government of Hungary. "Hungarian Embassies & Consulates in Asia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30. "Palestinian National Authority - Representative Office ... Ambassador ... Accredited in: the territory of the Palestinian National Authority".
104. Government of Hungary. "Hungarian Embassies & Consulates in Asia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30. "Palestinian National Authority - Supervisory representation: Ramallah ... Honorary consul".
105. Government of Romania. "State of Palestine Embassy in Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
106. Internet Service Romania. "Embassy of the State of Palestine in Romania". Retrieved 2009-08-17.
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110. Bulgaria Diplomatic List, page 135: "Посолство на Държавата Палестина"
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112. http://www.haveeru.com.mv/english/details/31785/Parliament_endorses_6_ambassadors
113. "Diplomatic Missions in Ghana". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 2009-07-18. "Embassy of the State of Palestine".
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116. Government of Poland. "Przedstawicielstwa dyplomatyczne akredytowane w Polsce" (in Polish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-30. "Ambasada Palestyny".
117. Government of Poland. "Przedstawiciel RP przy Palestyńskiej Władzy Narodowej" (in Polish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
118. Government of Vanuatu (21 August 1989). Letter to ambassador Ali Kazak (Ref: 8/3/3/nv-mf, 10/417/2). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed 2011-05-30.
119. ^ The Middle East and North Africa, 1995. Europa Publications. 1995. p. 113. ISBN 9780946653997.: "By July 1991 the following states had recognized the independent State of Palestine, and more than 70 states had accorded Palestinian representatives full diplomatic status. Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Korea (Dem. People's Rep.), Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome e Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, USSR, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe."
120. ^ General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. "Profiles". Palestinian National Authority. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "The Head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and New Zealand and Ambassador to East Timor, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu."
121. Government of Benin. "Les Ambassades du Bénin à l'extérieur". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01. "Juridictions : ...Palestine..."
122. Peters, Joel (1992). Israel and Africa: the problematic friendship. I.B.Tauris. p. 141. ISBN 9781870915106.
123. Template:Fr icon Government of Lebanon. "Diplomatic Missions Accredited In Lebanon" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
124. Department of Budget and Management. "Embassies and Diplomatic Missions" (PDF). Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2010-11-15.: "Consulate General of the State of Palestine".
125. Budianto, Lilian (8 December 2010). "Palestine issue still low on ASEAN agenda". The Jakarta Post. PT Bina Media Tenggara. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
126. ^ Embassies & consulates in the Philippines. Best of the Philippines. 1995. ISBN 978971915160. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help), p219: "The State of Palestine is recognized by over one hundred states including the Republic of the Philippines. In September 1989, diplomatic relations were established between the two governments leading to the opening of the Embassy of the State of Palestine in Manila, May 1990."
127. ^ Government of Kazakhstan. "Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the State of Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Relations established on 6 April 1992. Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993.
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132. ^ Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa - Palestine - 27.05.1992, 30.10.1992".
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134. ^ Government of Papua New Guina (4 October 2004). PNG establishes formal diplomatic relations with Palestine. Press release. Office of the Prime Minister. Accessed 2011-05-30.
135. Government of Uzbekistan. "List of States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Diplomatic relations established with the State of Palestine 25 September 1994.
136. sherif, sharof, sharofiddin, sharof2000. "Diplomatic corps in Tashkent". Mfa.uz. Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
137. ^ Government of South Africa. "Palestine (The State of)". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "The establishment of full diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine was announced on 15 February 1995. ... South African Representation in Palestine - The South African Representative to the Palestinian National Authority ... State of Palestine Representation in South Africa - Embassy of the State of Palestine".
138. Government of South Africa. "Foreign Representatives in South Africa". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "Palestine (State of) - (Embassy of the State of) ... National Day: 29 November".
139. Government of South Africa. "South African Heads of Mission Abroad". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "Representative to the State of Palestine".
140. Government of South Africa. "South African Representation Abroad". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "Al Masyoun, Ramallah ... Omar Mukhtar Street, Gaza".
141. Template:Ky icon Government of Kyrgyzstan. "Embassy of the State of Palestine to Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
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143. ^ Template:Es icon Government of Paraguay, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (28 January 2011). "Reconocimiento del Estado de Palestina" (Press release) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "... estableció relaciones diplomáticas con Palestina el 25 de marzo de 2005 mediante el intercambio de Notas Reversales, acto que implicó su reconocimiento. ... Por esta declaración la República del Paraguay reitera expresamente el reconocimiento de ese Estado como libre e independiente con las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967."
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147. "Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state: "We would like to express our disappointment over this regretful decision of the government of Costa Rica to establish full diplomatic relations with the 'state of Palestine," Mekel said". Windowintopalestine.blogspot.com. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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159. Staff writers (15 October 2010). "Dominican President to host talks on Middle East conflict". Dominican Today. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
160. Government of Cameroon (3 June 10). "Congratulations to President Paul BIYA from Palestinian Leader". Presidency of Cameroon. Retrieved 2011-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help): "On behalf of the Palestinian People ... President of the State of Palestine Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization President of the Palestinian National Authority."
161. ^ Palestinian National Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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168. Palestinian National Authority. "Mision de Palestina" (in Spanish and Arabic). Retrieved 2010-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
169. Government of Argentina. "Representaciones Argentinas en el Exterior - Autoridad Palestina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-01-30.: "Autoridad Nacional Palestina ... Jefe de Oficina".
170. Agence France Presse (22 December 2010). "Bolivia to recognize sovereign Palestine". Google News. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
171. Template:Es icon Ecuador Reconoce al Estado Palestino Foreign Ministry of Ecuador
172. ^ Palestinian National Authority non-resident representative to Ecuador
173. Template:Es icon Government of Chile (7 January 2011). "Declaración del Gobierno de Chile sobre el reconocimiento del Estado de Palestina". Ministry of Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
174. ^ Template:Es icon Embassy of Palestine in Chile. "Embajada de Palestina en Chile".
175. Template:Es icon Government of Chile (2009-11-24). "Canciller se reunió con embajadora palestina". Ministry of Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
176. Government of Chile. "Misión de Chile ante la Autoridad Nacional Palestina" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
177. ^ Government of Guyana (13 January 2011). "Statement by the Government of Guyana in Recognition of the State of Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-14.: "The Government of Guyana has today decided to formally recognize the State of Palestine as a free, independent, and sovereign state, based on its 1967 borders."
178. The Associated Press (13 January 2011). "Guyana recognizes a Palestinian state". The Washington Post. WP Company LLC. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
179. Government of Guyana. "Non-Resident Ambassadors & High Commissioners to Guyana". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
180. Template:Es icon Government of Peru (24 January 2011). "Perú reconoce al Estado Palestino". Ministry of Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
181. Template:Es icon Government of Peru (November 2010). "Lista del Cuerpo Diplomatico, Organismos Internacionales y Cuerpo Consular" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
182. Staff writers (2 February 2011). "Suriname latest S. American state to recognize 'Palestine'". JPost Newsletter. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
183. Staff writers (2 February 2011). "Суринам стал предпоследним государством Южной Америки, признавшим "независимую Палестину"" (in Russian). NEWSru.co.il. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
184. http://www.mrree.gub.uy/gxpsites/hgxpp001?7,1,778,O,S,0,PAG;CONC;45;5;D;7663;1;PAG;,
185. http://www.telesurtv.net/secciones/noticias/90311-NN/uruguay-reconoce-a-palestina-como-estado-libre-e-independiente/
186. China Daily (13 November 2010). "Uruguay announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Palestinian State". China Daily. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
187. MercoPress (18 September 2010). "Uruguay could recognize Palestine next year; confirms solid ties with Iran". MercoPress. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
188. Malaysia News (15 November 2010). "Uruguay to begin bilateral relations with Palestinian state". Malaysia News. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
189. Doebbler, Curtis (2 December 2009). "Palestine's Right to Statehood and What it Means". Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH). Retrieved 2010-11-18.: "The 21 other states of the Arab League, for example, already recognise Palestine as a state. So too do the 56 other member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)."
190. ^ Government of Syria. "Syrian Embassies". Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
191. WebGaza.net. "Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine Abroad". WebGaza.net. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
192. Government of the United States. "Lesotho". Department of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Lesotho also recognizes Palestine as a state".
193. United Nations; Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the United Nations. "Statement by ... Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Lesotho" (PDF). International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 2010-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
194. "Die Anerkennung der PLO durch Österreich" (PDF) (in German). 1980-09-01. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
195. "BMAA" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 2010-12-05.
196. "Österreichische Stellen im Amtsbereich" (in German). Retrieved 2011-05-07.
197. ^ Palestine Liberation Organisation. "About Palestine General Delegation". Retrieved 2010-11-20. Palestine General Delegation in Helsinki responsible for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
198. ^ Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Autoridad Nacional Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas el 3 de octubre de 1988. La Misión Especial de Palestina en Colombia fue establecida en 1996. La Embajada de Colombia en El Cairo es concurrente ante la Autoridad Palestina, y la Sección Consular de la Embajada en Tel Aviv atiende asuntos de carácter consular."
199. Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Embajada de Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Jefe de la Misión Especial de Palestina, Bogotá, D. C."
200. Palestine Liberation Organisation. "About us". Negotiations Affairs Department. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
201. Template:Ro icon Government of Moldova. "Bilateral cooperation: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
202. Holy See. "Bilateral relations of the Holy See". Secretariat of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
203. ^ Vatican Information Service (11 November 2004). "Holy See Joins in Pain of Palestinian People for Arafat Death". Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "The Palestine Liberation Organization will, therefore, open an office of representation at the Holy See, with its own director. The apostolic nuncio in Tunisia will be responsible for contacts with the leaders of the Palestine Liberation Organization."
204. Holy See, Press Office (31 May 2007). "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See". Holy See. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Organization for the Liberation of Palestine (OLP), Office with a Director".
205. Palestinian General Delegation to the UK, Office of Representation of the PLO to the Holy See. "Homepage". Palestine Liberation Organization. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
206. "Apostolic Delegation of Jerusalem and Palestine". Gcatholic.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
207. Vatican Information Service (9 December 2010). "Resumption Of Talks Between The Holy See And The PLO". Retrieved 2011-01-29.
208. European Commission. "The Role of the Office of the European Union Representative". Office of the European Union Representative: West Bank and Gaza Strip, UNRWA. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
209. ^ Government of Estonia. "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Estonia recognises the Palestine Liberation Authority [sic] as the representative of the Palestinian people on the international level."
210. Government of Belgium. "Consulate General of Belgium in Jerusalem". Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
211. Government of Belgium. "Palestinian territories". Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Belgian representation, ... Location of the attaché: Jerusalem".
212. Government of Belize. "Non-Resident Embassies & Consulates: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
213. Government of Denmark. "Danish representative Office of Denmark in Ramallah". Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
214. Government of France. "Ambassades et consulats étrangers en France: Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
215. Xinhua News Agency (26 July 2010). "France upgrades diplomatic status of Palestinian delegation". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 2011-01-28.:"... change the name of the Palestinian delegation to "Mission of Palestine," and the title of the delegation head to "Ambassador, head of Palestinian Mission."
216. Consulate General of France in Jerusalem. "Histoire" (in French). Government of the French Republic. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "L'autonomie du Consulat général a également pour conséquence de lui donner un rôle inhabituel de représentation politique auprès des autorités palestiniennes. Avant même l'établissement de l’Autorité Palestinienne en 1994, le Consulat général menait, dans les Territoires occupés, une politique de coopération".
217. Template:De icon "Vertretungen Palästinensische Gebiete". Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 2010-12-05.:"Palästinensische Generaldelegation"
218. Template:De icon "Verzeichnis der Vertretungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Ausland" (PDF). Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete: Vertretungsbüro der Bundesrepublik Deutschland".
219. Template:Fr icon Government of the Hellenic Republic (5 November 2010). "Préséance des Chefs de Mission Accredités en Gréce". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
220. Government of the Hellenic Republic. "Greek Missions Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
221. Government of Iceland. "Diplomatic list" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
222. Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Ireland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
223. Jones, Ryan (26 January 2011). "Europe starts process of recognizing Palestine". Israel Today. Israel Today Magazine. {{cite news}}: Text "accessdate-2011-01-28" ignored (help)
224. Government of Italy. "Organismi Internazionali e Missioni Speciali in Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Delegazione Generale Palestinese".
225. Government of Italy. "Consulate General of Italy in Jerusalem" (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Consulate General of Italy (West Jerusalem) ... Consulate General of Italy (East Jerusalem)".
226. Government of Italy. "Bilateral relations with the Countries of the Near East: Palestinian National Authority" (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
227. Government of Japan. "Other Representative Office: Palestinian Authority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.: "Ambassador, Representative of the Permanent General Mission of Palestine".
228. Representative Office of Japan to the Palestinian National Authority. "Homepage". Government of Japan. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
229. Template:Es icon Government of Mexico. "Delegación Especial de Palestina". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
230. "Norway Calls for Palestinian State, Gives Diplomatic Mission Embassy Rank". Bloomberg. 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
231. Palestinian Delegation in Norway. "Welcome". Palestine Liberation Organization. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
232. Representative Office of Norway to the Palestinian Authority. "Representative Office". Government of Norway. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
233. ^ Government of Slovenia. "Representations abroad: Palestinian territories". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
234. Chungnam Park; Government of South Korea. "Greetings". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 2010-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
235. Government of Spain. "Lista del Cuerpo Diplomatico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affais and of Cooperation. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Delegacion General de Palestina".
236. Government of Spain. "Recomendaciones de viaje: Territorios Palestinos". Ministry of Foreign Affais and of Cooperation. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Representación de España - Consulado General en Jerusalen".
237. Government of Sweden. "The Stockholm Diplomatic List Including International Organisations and other Representations" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) - General Delegation of Palestine".
238. Consulate General of Sweden in Jerusalem. "About the Consulate General". Government of Sweden. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "The Consulate General also follows and reports about the Israeli-Palestinian peace process through contacts with the Palestinian Authority."
239. Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Switzerland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
240. Government of Switzerland. "Diplomatic Corps" (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. p. 353. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Délégation générale de Palestine"
241. Government of Switzerland. "Swiss representation: Palestinian Authority". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Representative Office of Switzerland".
242. Government of the United Kingdom. "Palestinian General Delegation". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
243. Palestinian Embassy in the United Kingdom. "Welcome message". Palestine Liberation Organization. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
244. Government of the United Kingdom. "Occupied Palestine Territories, Gaza, British Information and Services Office". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
245. Government of the United Kingdom. "Jerusalem, British Consulate-General". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
246. British Consulate-General in Jerusalem. "UK in Jerusalem, About us". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "Other locations - Find more information about other offices for the British Consulate in Palestinian Territories - Gaza"
247. British Consulate-General in Jerusalem. "UK in Jerusalem, Other locations". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "The British Information & Services Office (BISO) in Gaza, is affiliated with the British Consulate General in Jerusalem."
248. PLO General Delegation to the United States
249. Mozgovaya, Natasha (22 July 2010). "U.S. upgrades status of Palestinian mission in Washington". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
250. U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem. "About the Consulate". Government of the United States. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "The mission was designated a Consulate General in 1928. It now represents the United States in Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip as an independent mission, with the Consul General serving as chief of mission."
251. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (2010). "ESCWA At a Glance". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
252. ^ UN Economic and Social Council (22 July 1977). "E/RES/2089 (LXIII). Annual report of the Economic Commission for Western Asia". Retrieved 2011-03-15.
253. "ISO members". Iso.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
254. Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 country codes (2010). "English country names and code elements". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
255. International Organization for Standardization (2010). "Palestine Standards Institution". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
256. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Palestinian Authority Agencies and Organizations". Retrieved 2011-02-20.
257. Al-Bab (June 2002). "Palestinian Organisations". Arab Gateway. Retrieved 2011-01-29.: "PLO also contains the ...; Palestinian Red Crescent Soc (established Jord 65, part of PLO from 1969)".
258. Secretariat, Asian Parliamentary Assembly. "Asian Parliamentary Assembly member parliaments". Asian Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
259. Inter-Parliamentary Union. "Members of the Union". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
260. Government of Egypt. "Members, Observers and Guests". Non-Aligned Movement. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
261. The Group of 77 (2010). "Member States of the Group of 77". Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
262. International Trade Union Confederation (2010). "ITUC affiliates". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
263. Airports Council International. "Airports Council International membership". Retrieved 2011-03-20.:"Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority, Yasser Arafat International Airport ..., Gaza, Palestinian Authority".
264. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-09.: "On 2 April 1986, the Asian Group of the U.N. decided to accept the PLO as a full member."
265. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002). "Government structures". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-05.: "At present, the PLO is a full member of the Asian Group of the United Nations".
266. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/250: Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations (1998): "Palestine enjoys full membership in the Group of Asian States".
267. Palestine/PLO (being a GA observer only) is not included in the list of "Members of the General Assembly, arranged in current regional groups". Further, a recent document of UN-HABITAT, which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "United Nations Regional Groups" (see: "UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements" (2007), pp. 329-330), along with a more recent document of UN-AIDS - which classifies countries by explicit lists according to the "Regional Groups that are used by the UN General Assembly, ECOSOC, and its subsidiary bodies" (see: UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook (2010), pp. 28-29), do not include Palestine/PLO in any Regional Group, but instead write: "the General Assembly conferred upon Palestine, in its capacity as observer, additional rights and privileges of participation. These included the right to participation in the general debate of the General Assembly, but did not include the rights to vote or put forward candidates" (see: UN-HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements, p. 335, 2nd footnote; UNAIDS, The Governance Handbook, p. 29, 4th footnote).
268. World Health Organization (19 May 2000). "Fourth report of Committee B (Draft)" (PDF). Fifty-Third World Health Assembly. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
269. World Tourism Organization. "Observers pursuant to General Assembly resolution". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
270. Energy Charter Secretariat. "Energy Charter". Retrieved 2011-03-02.:"The Palestinian National Authority became an Observer on 28 November 2008".
271. International Telecommunication Union (20 October 2010). "Palestine ITU status". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
272. ^ World Anti-Doping Agency. "Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2009-07-28.: "Palestine (UNESCO observer status) is not a Member State of UNESCO, but has a NOC".
273. World Intellectual Property Organization (23 March 2010). "List of Observers". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
274. Council of the European Union. "Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part". Retrieved 2011-03-19.
275. EFTA Secretariat. "Interim Agreement between the EFTA States and the PLO for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority". Retrieved 2011-03-19.
276. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. "Interim Free Trade Agreement between Turkey the Palestine Liberaltion Organization for the Benefit of the Palestinian Authority". Retrieved 2011-03-19.
277. United Nations (2010). "Historical Information". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
278. United Nations (2010). "Agreement on International Roads in the Arab Mashreq". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
279. United Nations (2010). "Agreement on International Railways in the Arab Mashreq". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
280. United Nations (2010). "Memorandum of Understanding on Maritime Transport Cooperation in the Arab Mashreq". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
281. El-Abed, Oroub (2009). Unprotected: Palestinian in Egypt since 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies, International Development Research Centre. p. xix. ISBN 9781552504437.
282. Dasgupta, Punyapriya (1988). Cheated by the world: the Palestinian experience. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited. p. 161. ISBN 0861318277.
283. Shemesh, Moshe (2008). Arab politics, Palestinian nationalism and the Six Day War. Sussex Academic Press. p. xvi. ISBN 9781845191887.
284. Sela, Avraham. "Arab Summit Conferences." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 158-160
285. ^ Arab League list of members
286. Organisation of the Islamic Conference. "Member States". Retrieved 2011-01-28.
287. Organisation of the Islamic Conference (25 September 1969). "First Islamic Summit Conference". Retrieved 2011-05-30.
288. "OIC Member States". Permanent Mission of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to the United Nations Offices in Geneva and Vienna. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
289. Taylor & Francis group and Lucy Dean, 2003, p. 1328.
290. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations – New York. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
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292. ^ Mango, Anthony; Osmańczyk, Edmund (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 1741. ISBN 9780415939249.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
293. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 250. A/RES/52/250 July 1998. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
294. Silverburg, Stanford R. (2002). Palestine and international law: essays on politics and economics. McFarland. p. 292. ISBN 9780786411917.
295. "Note of Information" (Press release). Government of Switzerland. 13 September 1989.
296. International Court of Justice (9 July 2004), Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Advisory Opinion (PDF) (in French and English), paragraph 91.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
297. Quigley, 1990, p. 231.
298. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. "Palestinian Football Association". FIFA.com. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
299. See for example, Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–446 (21 December 2006). United States Code, Cornell University Law School. 120 Stat. 3318. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
300. Goldenberg, Suzanne (4 March 2008). "U.S. plotted to overthrow Hamas after election victory". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-11-21.

Bibliography

• Fowler, Michael; Bunck, Julie Marie (1995). Law, power, and the sovereign state: the evolution and application of the concept of sovereignty. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271014717, 9780271014715. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Takkenberg, Alex (1998). The status of Palestinian refugees in international law (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198265905, 9780198265900. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Talmon, Stefan (1998). Recognition of governments in international law: with particular reference to governments in exile (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198265735, 9780198265733. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Quigley, John (1990). Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice. Duke University Press.

External links

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