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| '''Michael Robert Milken''' (born ], ] in ]) is a prominent ] financier and philanthropist who almost single-handedly created the present-day market for High-yield or ] during the 1970s. After he was sent to ] on finance-related charges, he became the epitome of ] "greed" during the 1980s, and was nicknamed "The Junk Bond King." | '''Michael Robert Milken''' (born ], ] in ]) is a prominent ] ] financier and philanthropist who almost single-handedly created the present-day market for High-yield or ] during the 1970s. After he was sent to ] on finance-related charges, he became the epitome of ] "greed" during the 1980s, and was nicknamed "The Junk Bond King." | ||
| After serving his sentence, Milken launched a ] campaign to highlight his role as a great innovator and financier, particularly with regard to popularizing higher-risk alternative investments, while smoothing over his criminal record. He has also devoted much time and money to ], leading some observers to accuse him of trying to buy back his good name, though his supporters point out that his philanthropy goes back to the 1970s, long before any controversy. | After serving his sentence, Milken launched a ] campaign to highlight his role as a great innovator and financier, particularly with regard to popularizing higher-risk alternative investments, while smoothing over his criminal record. He has also devoted much time and money to ], leading some observers to accuse him of trying to buy back his good name, though his supporters point out that his philanthropy goes back to the 1970s, long before any controversy. | ||
Revision as of 03:11, 21 March 2006
Michael Robert Milken (born July 4, 1946 in Encino, California) is a prominent Jewish American financier and philanthropist who almost single-handedly created the present-day market for High-yield or junk bonds during the 1970s. After he was sent to prison on finance-related charges, he became the epitome of Wall Street "greed" during the 1980s, and was nicknamed "The Junk Bond King."
After serving his sentence, Milken launched a public relations campaign to highlight his role as a great innovator and financier, particularly with regard to popularizing higher-risk alternative investments, while smoothing over his criminal record. He has also devoted much time and money to charity, leading some observers to accuse him of trying to buy back his good name, though his supporters point out that his philanthropy goes back to the 1970s, long before any controversy.
A summa cum laude graduate of the University of California at Berkeley, where he was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Milken received his master's degree in business administration from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School.
Work on Wall Street
In January 1969 he went to work for Drexel Harriman Ripley as assistant to the chairman.
When Drexel merged with Burnham and Company in 1973, Milken headed the non-investment-grade bond department, an operation that earned a remarkable 100% return on investment. By 1976, Milken's income was estimated at $5 million a year. In 1978, Milken returned to his home state of California.
During the 1980s he became known as a controversial financial innovator whose work at investment bank Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc. greatly expanded the use of high yield debt (junk bonds) in corporate finance and mergers and acquisitions, which fueled the 1980s leveraged buyout boom.
Through his business acumen, the network of contacts and clients, and the trust he had earned from "buy side" investors (buyers of primary market debt issues) as well as Milken's issuance of the highly confident letter, he had the ability to raise tremendous amounts of money.
He was a big contributor to the success of Drexel, that largely due to Milken went from $1.2 million in fees to over $4 billion in 1986, making it the most profitable firm on Wall Street at the time.
In June 1989, Milken resigned from Drexel to form his own company, International Capital Access Group. This new venture was supposed to help workers and companies in building businesses.
While he is best known for his successful financing through high yield bonds, he also employed equity-based securities, hybrids and scores of other financial instruments in more than a dozen asset classes to help clients grow.
Legal charges
In 1989, Rudy Giuliani, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, charged him under the RICO act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud, and he was indicted by a federal grand jury.
After a plea bargain, Milken pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations. He paid a $200 million fine and another $400 million in settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits. He was banned for life from the securities industry.
Judge Kimba Wood, at Milken's sentencing, told him:
- You were willing to commit only crimes that were unlikely to be detected...When a man of your power in the financial world ... repeatedly conspires to violate, and violates, securities and tax business in order to achieve more power and wealth for himself...a significant prison term is required.
Wood recommended a 10-year prison sentence, of which, in her opinion, Milken should have served at least 36 to 40 months.
However, Milken served only about 22 months (from March 1991 until January 1993) before being released. Upon his release, it is estimated he still had about $700 million of his personal fortune intact. He has since entered numerous other business ventures.
In 1998, without admitting any guilt, he returned $47 million in fees to settle another SEC lawsuit relating to the 1991 order barring him from the securities industry, which he allegedly overstepped when he advised MCI/News Corporation in a 1995 deal for which he received $27 million and when he advised Revlon chairman Ronald Perelman on a Revlon/New World Communications deal in 1996, for which he received $15 million.
In the same year Time Warner acquired Turner Broadcasting, for which Milken received $50 million in advisory fees. That deal was not brought up in court.
Guilty pleas
- Milken planned or thought to engage in a series of unlawful security transactions.
- Charge involving tax fraud. The charge relates to Ivan Boesky’s false 13-d statement.
- Milken suggested that Ivan Boesky buy MCA stock to hide that Golden Nugget was selling and to assure him no loss in a sale to Drexel.
- Helped a client reduce his income tax liability by selling him two investments and then buying them back at a lower price.
- Failed to disclose in written form an agreed-upon adjustment in transaction prices between Drexel and a client.
After prison term
Upon his release, Milken resumed his philanthropic activities, keeping the focus on education and medical research. He had been diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer in the same month he was released from prison, January 1993.
Assessments of Milken's accomplishments
Judgments of Milken's accomplishments - namely whether they were good for the U.S. economy or if they were ethical - tend to depend on the ideology of the observer and usually fall within two groups.
Milken's supporters tend to be libertarian, including economist Milton Friedman.
Generally speaking, this group argues (as Friedman did in his 1971 article, Does Business Have Social Responsibility?), that no special moral obligations apply to businessmen and, since Milken's actions, by and large, were legal at the time, he did nothing wrong.
Generally speaking, they argue:
- Junk bonds were a brilliant innovation, and even today occupy a large part of most investment portfolios.
- There was a large market for junk bonds after savings and loan banks were deregulated.
- Milken was made into a scapegoat for the Savings and Loans scandal.
- Ambitious government officials such as Rudy Giuliani practically forced him to plead guilty, although some supporters continue to maintain he was completely innocent.
On the other hand, individuals who believe businessmen should adhere to higher moral standards, such as financier Warren Buffett or former Salomon Brothers bond salesman Michael Lewis, condemn many of Milken's actions. While they acknowledge his useful financial innovations, they generally argue that:
- Junk bonds are a high-risk investment; risk averse investors should only allocate a portion of a well-diversified portfolio to them.
- Milken artificially tampered with the economic laws of supply and demand. When the demand for junk bonds exceeded the supply, he created more "fallen angels" by promoting corporate raids that reduced the credit ratings of otherwise-sound companies into junk status.
- He improperly induced insurance companies to purchase his junk bonds in vast quantities, and when the artificially-inflated junk bond market collapsed, this left policyholders (including employees of many companies who had replaced their pension systems with annuities purchased from the corrupted insurance companies) holding worthless paper.
- He compensated himself out of proportion to his work.
- His junk bonds helped finance "corporate raids" that often allowed smaller companies, executives and financiers to acquire older and more established companies. Depending on ideology, this was seen as a good thing or a bad thing - while such practices (arguably) improved "efficiency" at these companies, they also caused unemployment.
Charitable and Public Relations Work
Milken has used his personal fortune and high-level contacts to become an influential voice in economics, education and medical research.
Business leaders including Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch are today counted amongst his supporters. Directors of his nonprofit foundations include former Intel Corp. Chairman Andrew Grove and retired U.S. Army General Norman Schwarzkopf.
In 1982, he co-founded the Milken Family Foundation to support medical research and education. In 1991 he founded the Milken Institute. In 1993, he founded the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the world's largest philanthropic source of funds for prostate cancer research.
In 2003, he launched the Washington, D.C. based think tank FasterCures, which seeks greater efficiency in researching all serious diseases.
The Milken Family Foundation founded the Milken National Educator Awards in 1985. It has awarded approximately $54 million to honor more than 2,100 K-12 teachers and principals.
Each educator receives an unrestricted $25,000 prize and participates in an annual professional development conference.
He is a major donor to (]) Milken Community High School.
References
- Stewart, James B. Den of Thieves. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0-671-63802-5. NOTE: Stewart won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for his coverage of the 1987 stock market crash, as well as his reporting on insider trading scandals.
- Fischel, Daniel R. Payback : the conspiracy to destroy Michael Milken and his financial revolution. New York, NY : HarperBusiness, 1995. ISBN 0-887-30757-4. Note: Fischel was at one time Michael Milken's attorney. He is also an economist affiliated with the University of Chicago.
- Robert Sobel Dangerous Dreamers: The Financial Innovators from Charles Merrill to Michael Milken (1993). ISBN: 0471577340. Note: Robert Sobel is a noted business historian.