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The Energy Catalyzer (sometimes shortened to E-Cat) is an apparatus built by inventor Andrea Rossi, with support from his scientific consultant, physicist and emeritus professor Sergio Focardi. The 2009 patent application claims "a method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions," with production of copper. Although the patent cites previous works on cold fusion, one statement by Rossi asserted that it is not cold fusion, but rather LENR, Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction. Claims of a similar system, but yielding considerably less power, had previously been advanced by Focardi et al. According to Focardi, "the hydrogen is heated at a given temperature with a simple resistor. When the ignition temperature is reached, the energy production process starts: the hydrogen atoms penetrate into the nickel and transform it into copper.”

The device has been demonstrated to an invited audience several times, and has been commented on positively by Bologna physics professor Giuseppe Levi, and by the Swedish technology magazine Ny Teknik, together with the online publication New Energy Times. However, Ny Teknik and the New Energy Times, together with other sources, have since published less favourable reports - with Ny Teknik pointing out apparent flaws in the science involved in testing, and the New Energy Times going as far as to assert that Rossi's claims may be fraudulent. According to Rossi, commercial application of the device will begin in October of 2011.

Demonstrations and investigations

The device has not yet been independently verified. Several demonstrations were given to invited guests. In January and February two demonstrations were given in presence of Levi. In March two swedish scientists witnessed a demonstration. In April some representatives from the press were invited. And two demonstrations followed in September and October. None of these demonstrations provided undisputable scientific evidence so far.

Bologna, January 2011 demonstration

Held in Bologna, January 14, 2011, the demonstration was monitored by independent scientific representatives of the University of Bologna, including a researcher in physics, Giuseppe Levi. Levi concluded that the power and energy produced was "impressive," and that the Energy Catalyzer might be working as a new type of energy source. Ny Teknik, a Swedish technology magazine, reported that editorial staff were polled on their reaction to this report. "The result: two-thirds do not believe in it." Of this demonstration, Discovery Channel analyst Benjamin Radford wrote that "If this all sounds fishy to you, it should," and that "In many ways cold fusion is similar to perpetual motion machines. The principles defy the laws of physics, but that doesn’t stop people from periodically claiming to have invented or discovered one."

Nonetheless, Levi in an interview with Ny Teknik, stated “What has impressed me, and what sets this work apart from everything I’ve ever seen, is that we have 10 kW of measured energy output, and this output is completely repeatable. But what I want to do now is an experiment with continuous operation for at least one or more days. Since there are very specific limits on how much energy you can generate from a given amount of mass, I can thus rule out a chemical reaction as the energy source.”

Bologna, February 2011 test

Another test, lasting 18 hours, was performed in Bologna, from February 10–11, 2011, by Levi and Rossi, but was not conducted in public.

According to Levi, the process was 'ignited' by 1,250 watts for five to ten minutes, and power was then reduced to 80 watts (for the control electronics). Cooling was supplied by tap water and flow volume was monitored. As reported by Ny Teknik, "Initially, the temperature of the inflowing water was seven degrees Celsius and for a while the outlet temperature was 40 degrees Celsius. A flow rate of about one liter per second, equates to a peak power of 130 kilowatts. The power output was later stabilized at 15 to 20 kilowatts." Levi calculated consumption of hydrogen at 0.4 grams. “In my opinion, all chemical sources are now excluded,” he told Ny Teknik.

Bologna, March 2011 tests

On March 29, 2011 two Swedish physicists, Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics and a lecturer at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology and former chairman of the Swedish Skeptics Society and Sven Kullander, Professor Emeritus at Uppsala University and also chairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ Energy Committee, participated as observers in a test of a smaller version of the Energy Catalyzer. The test ran for six hours, power output was estimated at 4.4 kW, and total energy produced at about 25 kWh. Essen and Kullander reported, "Any chemical process should be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50 cubic centimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production." In a later conversation, a few months after the test, Essén stated "I want to wait for more facts. The facts I know add up to make this interesting and worth pursuing, but I am still very uncertain about this."

They were given samples of nickel powder, some unused and some that Rossi reported as used for 2.5 months; analysis showed the unused powder was pure nickel while the used powder contained 10 percent copper and 11 percent iron, although iron production is not mentioned anywhere in the patent. In their test report, Essen and Kullander cautioned, "Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel container and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling water system we can only make very general comments."

Bologna, April 2011 tests

On April 19 and April 28 two more demonstrations were held. The first of them was also covered by the Italian 24-hour all-news State-owned television channel Rai News. This time a Ny Teknik author attended and tested for some previously noted possibilities of fraud. He therefore calibrated the ammeter, measured the water flow by weighing and calibrated the temperature-sensor probe to confirm that all water is converted to steam. The measurements showed a net power of between 2.3 and 2.6 kilowatts. The input power was 300 watts.

Bologna, September 2011 test

On September 7, reporter Mats Lewan from Ny Teknik witnessed a further demonstration in which the Energy Catalyzer was first operated for 90 minutes with input power of around 2.6 kW after which it ran for 35 minutes with almost no input power (25W was still used). The total output energy during the whole demonstration was reported to exceed the electrical input energy. The Energy Catalyzer was a larger size than versions used in previous demonstrations. As reported this larger version will be used in the scheduled 1MW plant.

Bologna, October 2011 test

On October 6th 2011 an E-cat ran for over three hours in self-sustaing mode, i.e. without input of electricity. The power output was estimated to be between two and three kilowatts. Roland Pettersson, retired Associate Professor from the University of Uppsala, who witnessed it said "I'm convinced that this works, but there is still room for more measurements".

Evaluation of the device

While the Italian patent, like the U.S. and international patent applications, describes the structure and general operation of the device, the detailed operation of the device is a trade secret, and unrelated-party evaluations to date have treated the device as an opaque "black box". Expert observers measured input and output energy over varying time frames at public demonstrations. Widom and Larsen proposed a theory as an explanation of the reported elemental transmutation and excess energy release.

Rossi and Focardi's joint work was rejected by peer-reviewed scientific journal, and appeared in Rossi's self-published blog, Journal of Nuclear Physics. Closely related work by Focardi was published in 1998 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Il Nuovo Cimento A.

With their report on the April demonstrations, Ny Teknik provided some analysis: According to Rossi, the heat is generated from an unknown reaction, which is, according to Essen and Kullander, probably nuclear. The concept of cold fusion, or low-energy nuclear reaction, has been mentioned, referring to a hypothesized reaction between hydrogen and nickel, producing copper. "Many physicists are skeptical," because fusion of nuclei requires very high temperatures, "according to current knowledge," and because "fusion should produce very high levels of gamma radiation."

Rossi states that the device probably works not due to "cold fusion", but due to weak interactions between nuclei, without actual fusion happening.

As Ny Teknik reports, Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year." He cites the unlikelihood of a chemical reaction being strong enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the lack of gamma rays, the lack of explanation for the origin of the extra energy, the lack of the expected radioactivity after fusing a proton with Ni, the unexplained occurrence of 11% iron in the spent fuel, the 10% copper in the spent fuel strangely having the same isotopic ratios as natural copper, and the lack of any unstable copper isotope in the spent fuel as if the reactor only produced stable isotopes. He later added in New Energy Times that the steam velocity in a videotaped test appears to be way too low for the reported energy production, and that some liquid water might be exiting the system via the drainage tube.

More cautious, Kjell Aleklett, physics professor at Uppsala University in Sweden, summarized in his blog: "What shall we do as scientists? Shall we say madness as many do today, or should we try to understand what is happening? I myself have nothing against to reveal a scam, or join in and verify something that no one could imagine. Both extremes belong to that which makes life as a researcher incredibly interesting." According to Aleklett, in a sample of spent fuel provided by the inventor, the percentage of copper was too high for any known reaction of nickel, and the copper had the same isotopic ratio as natural copper.

On April 23, 2011, EV World published an audio interview with Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point". He continued: "... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea. And so they say that this is weak interaction, this is not fusion. So I think we're almost over the We don’t understand it problem. I think we're almost over the This doesn't produce anything useful problem. And so I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. And if it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics and of solving climate and energy." Bushnell also said that they (Langley) were investigating and applying the Widom-Larsen theory to an experiment. NASA researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center have offered to validate Rossi's device, if Rossi pays for the tests.

According to PhysOrg, the performed tests had several flaws that make them lose credibility and Rossi has refused to perform several tests that could clarify dark points.

Attempts at theoretical explanation

Yeong E. Kim, physics professor at Purdue University, and a fellow of the American Physical Society, has previously developed a theory of Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion to explain low-energy nuclear reactions. He has released a preprint of a paper, entitled Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System, in which he applies this theory, in generalized form, to the Energy Catalyzer. He states that, provided the Energy Catalyzer is operated at temperatures larger than the Curie temperature of nickel of 358 Celsius and with hydrogen pressures up to 22 bar, the weak magnetic field at the nickel surface may allow two neighbouring protons to couple their spins to form a correlated state (singlet state) with anti-parallel spin. This would result in two types of bosons, namely nickel nuclei on the one hand and composite bosons of paired protons on the other hand. Provided their speed is sufficiently low, they would have long, overlapping de Broglie wavelengths, giving rise to a Bose–Einstein condensate in which the Coulomb barrier could be overcome. This would allow various nuclear transmutations, producing isotopes of nickel and copper, and low-energy gamma-rays. However, Kim emphasizes that experiments in which the input and output reaction channels are established independently will be necessary in order to confirm the theoretical mechanisms and make predictions which could be used for further empirical evaluation. Kim states in this preprint that he plans to include a basic description of these theoretical concepts in his invited talk at a forthcoming nuclear physics conference, the Fifth Asia-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems.

Patents

An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable preliminary report on patentability at the World Intellectual Property Organization from the European Patent Office, noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations" and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility" as well as incompatibilities with current scientific theories. The patent application was published on October 15, 2009.

However, on 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the Italian Patent and Trademark Office, which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy. International, European, and U.S. patent applications are still pending.

Commercial plans

Defkalion

In February 2011, Rossi announced an agreement with the newly formed Greek company Defkalion Green Technologies as his first client. According to Rossi, the agreement called for delivery of a one megawatt heating plant, consisting of 300 reactors of 4 kW connected in series and parallel. The plant which would supply heating for Defkalion's own purposes only, was intended to be inaugurated in October 2011. Rossi stated that he would not be paid by Defkalion until the installation was delivered and working. Defkalion’s spokesman Symeon Tsalikoglou confirmed the agreement, which gave exclusive rights for Defkalion to manufacture and sell the Energy Catalyzer throughout Greece.

In August 2011 Rossi announced that he had cancelled his contract with Defkalion, stating that none of E-Cat's technology had been transferred to them. Rossi said that "the issue is just financial, not personal, nor technological, nor scientific", and that he wouldn't comment further because he was preparing a lawsuit against Defkalion. A board member of Defkalion likewise indicated that the reasons for the cancellation were entirely financial. Rossi later confirmed this, specifying that Defkalion was unable to fulfil its contractual obligations in due time, and stated that the 1MW unit which was planned for Greece would now be installed in the USA.

AmpEnergo

In May 2011, According to Ny Teknik, Rossi reached an agreement, for an undisclosed sum, with AmpEnergo, a US company, to receive royalties on sales of licenses and products built on the Energy Catalyzer in the Americas. Three of the founders of AmpEnergo knew Rossi since 1996, through Leonardo Technologies, Inc., which Rossi co-founded, selling his interest in the late 1990s, and which has been working on U.S. government contracts. One of the founders was Robert Gentile, former Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy. The design used for the 1 MW plant, supposedly to be inaugurated in October 2011 in the USA, consists of 52 reactors of 27 kW in a standard shipping container.

Media coverage

The topic has been covered in Italian newspapers on Italian radio, television and news magazines, in the USA and in some other countries.

References

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External links

• Newest cold-fusion machine does the impossible … or does it?, Teheran Times, April 28, 2011
• Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion, physorg.com, January 20, 2011
• Cold Fusion: “You have to embrace this”, Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik, February 23, 2011
• Swedish Skeptics Confirm "Nuclear Process" in Tiny 4.7 kW Reactor Renewable Energy World, May 3, 2011
• Ny Teknik: 'E-cat': Here is the Greek energy box
• University of Cambridge: Andrea Rossi's 'E-cat' nuclear reactor: a video FAQ

• Nuclear physics
• Fringe physics
• Discovery and invention controversies