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Beef is meat obtained from a bovine. The better cuts are often obtained from steers as heifers are often kept for breeding. Older animals are used for beef when they are past their reproductive prime. The meat from older cows and bulls is usually tougher and therefore is often used for ground beef. Cattle raised for beef are often allowed to roam free on grasslands or may be confined at some stage in pens in large feeding operations called feedlots. Beef is one of the more common meats used in European and North American cuisine. Beef is an important part of Tex-Mex cuisine. Beef production is also important in Argentina. Beef can be cut into steak, pot roasts, short ribs, and ground into hamburger. Several Asian and European nationalities include the blood in their cuisine -- the British use it to make blood pudding, and Filipinos use it to make a stew called dinuguan. Other beef variety meats include the tongue, which is usually sliced for sandwiches; tripe from the stomach; various glands, referred to as sweetbreads; and the tender testicles of the bull commonly known as beef balls, "calf fries", or "rocky mountain oysters."

Beef is taboo in a number of religions, most notably Hinduism. Also, consumption of beef while not strictly taboo is also frowned upon by many Buddhists in East Asia.

Beef Grades

In the United States, the USDA operates a voluntary beef grading program. The grades are based on two main criteria, the degree of marbling, or fat, in the beef and the age of the carcass. The younger and more marbled receive the better grades. The better grades are more tender and juicy and are typically used by restaurants and hotels and often, except for Prime, sold in supermarkets. The lower grades are used for processing or may be sold as ungraded ground beef. The USDA quality grades are as follows:

• Prime
• Choice
• Select
• Standard
• Commercial
• Utility
• Cutter
• Canner

Special Beef Designations

• Buccleuch Scotch Beef originates in a designated area on and around the estate of the Duke of Buccleuch in Scotland.
• Certified Angus Beef ™ is beef certified by the USDA to have come from Angus cattle.
• Dry aged beef has been aged using a special process.
• Grass fed beef has been raised primarily on forage rather than in a feedlot.
• Kosher beef has been certified to have been processed in a prescribed manner in accordance with Jewish dietary laws.
• Organic beef is produced without hormones, pesticides, or other chemicals.

Roast Beef

In Europe, the English are particularly associated with beef-eating, which is why the French call them les rosbifs (roast beefs).

In fact, according to research carried out by the Museum of London amongst Roman rubbish dumps in London, it seems that the English acquired their first taste of roast beef from the Roman military as the city expanded under their occupation. Despite this, it seems not to have become popular amongst the population in general until the Middle Ages or later, and only became a 'national caricature' in the 18th century. (Observer Aug 6, 2000). Despite this image, England today has more vegetarians and semi-vegetarians, in percentage terms, than any other Western country.

There is also a (much parodied) song called The Roast Beef of Old England.

"Mad Cow Disease"

Embarrassingly, the over-intensive farming of beef resulted in the world's first recognised outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or, colloquially, "mad cow disease") in the United Kingdom in 1986. Eating beef from cattle with BSE is thought to have caused the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) in about 131 cases (2003 June data) in the United Kingdom and some few in France. The perception of beef as potentially lethal caused significant damage to the UK beef industry. The sometimes over-zealous attempts to wipe out BSE in the UK by a kill-and-burn campaign, although ultimately successful, did further damage from which the beef industry is only recently recovering.

Since then, a number of other countries have had outbreaks of BSE.

Slang

People will also refer to 'beef' as slang, as a verb as in 'they totally beefed the work' or 'why did you beef the ramp?', or a noun as in 'what's the beef?' The main place where people would use beef as slang would be in sports.

• British cuisine
• Meat