Misplaced Pages

Zia-ul-Haq: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 09:38, 21 October 2011 editMannerheimo (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users32,031 edits →External links← Previous edit Revision as of 17:26, 22 October 2011 edit undoWLU (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers52,243 edits per WP:SURNAME, corrected throughoutNext edit →
Line 133: Line 133:
}} }}


] '''Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq''' (], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد ضياء الحق}}}}; August 12, 1924 {{ndash}} 17 August, 1988) was the ] ] and the ] ] of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Distinguished by his role in the ] military operation in 1970, he was appointed ] in 1976 by ] ] after Bhutto forcefully retired eleven senior lieutenant-generals in order to bring and promote Zia-ul-Haq to four star rank. After widespread ], he planned and overthrew ruling ] ] in a bloodless ] on 5 July 1977 and became the state's third military ruler to impose ]. General Zia's idea of ] in Pakistan became the primary line of his military government. Throughout the 1980s, General Zia managed to consolidate ] in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups in Pakistan. ] '''Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq''' (], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد ضياء الحق}}}}; August 12, 1924 {{ndash}} 17 August, 1988) was the ] ] and the ] ] of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Distinguished by his role in the ] military operation in 1970, he was appointed ] in 1976 by ] ] after Bhutto forcefully retired eleven senior lieutenant-generals in order to bring and promote Zia to four star rank. After widespread ], he planned and overthrew ruling ] ] in a bloodless ] on 5 July 1977 and became the state's third military ruler to impose ]. Zia's idea of ] in Pakistan became the primary line of his military government. Throughout the 1980s, Zia managed to consolidate ] in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups in Pakistan.


He initially ruled as ] (CMLA), but later installed himself as the President of Pakistan in September 1978. As both President and CMLA, Zia forcefully crushed the secular-communist and socialist ] led by the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ]. Zia disbanded the previous ] of Bhutto, and replaced with ] and ] of the major industries of Pakistan that were previously nationalized by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1970s. As a result of this move, Pakistan was transformed from a largely agrarian society into a great economical power, becoming the largest economical power in South Asia since 1960s era of ]. However, during this period of economic and social changes, Zia ] dealt with the political rivals in 1980s. His reign is often regarded as a period of mass military repression in which hundreds of thousands of political rivals, minorities, and journalist were executed or tortured, including ]'s ] ]s convicted in coup d'état plots against his regime. He initially ruled as ] (CMLA), but later installed himself as the President of Pakistan in September 1978. As both President and CMLA, Zia forcefully crushed the secular-communist and socialist ] led by the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ]. Zia disbanded the previous ] of Bhutto, and replaced with ] and ] of the major industries of Pakistan that were previously nationalized by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1970s. As a result of this move, Pakistan was transformed from a largely agrarian society into a great economical power, becoming the largest economical power in South Asia since 1960s era of ]. However, during this period of economic and social changes, Zia ] dealt with the political rivals in 1980s. His reign is often regarded as a period of mass military repression in which hundreds of thousands of political rivals, minorities, and journalist were executed or tortured, including ]'s ] ]s convicted in coup d'état plots against his regime.


Zia's major domestic initiatives included the consolidation of the fledgling ], which was initiated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; the restarting of the ] as spin-off of the nuclear project, ] and ]. His tenure saw the ]. His endorsement of the ] (the founding party of Pakistan) initiated its mainstream revival{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However, he is most remembered for his foreign policy; the subsidizing of the ] movement during the ] which led to the ]-Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan Socialist Republic. General Zia-ul-Haq entered into ] ] with ] and its ally ]. General Zia authorized secret funding and expansion of ] in Pakistan and abroad, initially focusing on anti-communist operations. He was described by some as a "] ] dictator".<ref></ref> Zia's major domestic initiatives included the consolidation of the fledgling ], which was initiated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; the restarting of the ] as spin-off of the nuclear project, ] and ]. His tenure saw the ]. His endorsement of the ] (the founding party of Pakistan) initiated its mainstream revival{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However, he is most remembered for his foreign policy; the subsidizing of the ] movement during the ] which led to the ]-Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan Socialist Republic. Zia entered into ] ] with ] and its ally ]. Zia authorized secret funding and expansion of ] in Pakistan and abroad, initially focusing on anti-communist operations. He was described by some as a "] ] dictator".<ref></ref>


Zia died along with several of his top generals and admirals and the then ] ] in a suspicious aircraft crash near ] (]) on 17 &nbsp;August 1988. Modern views of Zia's image and his government in Pakistan remained tyrant and oppressive. His policies are widely criticized and held responsible for spreading the religious extremism in Pakistan and is considered as Pakistan's worst, yet most tyrant and oppressive military dictator. Zia died along with several of his top generals and admirals and the then ] ] in a suspicious aircraft crash near ] (]) on 17 &nbsp;August 1988. Modern views of Zia's image and his government in Pakistan remained tyrant and oppressive. His policies are widely criticized and held responsible for spreading the religious extremism in Pakistan and is considered as Pakistan's worst, yet most tyrant and oppressive military dictator.


== Early life == == Early life ==
Zia was born in ], ],<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |last=Ḥaqqānī |first=Husain |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |location=Washington |isbn=0-87003-214-3 |page=112 |pages= |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=1 |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref> in 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the Army GHQ in ] and Simla ]. Zia was born in ], ],<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |last=Ḥaqqānī |first=Husain |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |location=Washington |isbn=0-87003-214-3 |page=112 |pages= |accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref> in 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the Army GHQ in ] and Simla ].


He completed his initial education in ] and then attended ] for his graduate degree. After graduation from St. Xavier College, Zia joined the ] in 1943. He completed his initial education in ] and then attended ] for his graduate degree. After graduation from St. Xavier College, Zia joined the ] in 1943.
Line 155: Line 155:
Zia was stationed in ] from 1967 to 1970 as a ], helping in the training of Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September operations as commander of Jordanian 2nd Division, a strategy that proved crucial to ]'s remaining in power. By 1973, then ] Zia was commanding the 1st Armoured Division at ].<ref name="Manto"/> Zia was stationed in ] from 1967 to 1970 as a ], helping in the training of Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September operations as commander of Jordanian 2nd Division, a strategy that proved crucial to ]'s remaining in power. By 1973, then ] Zia was commanding the 1st Armoured Division at ].<ref name="Manto"/>


He was then promoted as ] and was appointed commander of the ] at Multan in 1975. It was during this time when General Zia invited Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the ] of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols of his size. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the target was quite obviously hit. After the function, General Zia met Bhutto, placed his hand on the ] and said, "You are the saviour of Pakistan and we owe it to you to be totally loyal to you."<ref>A.H. Amin ''Defence Journal'', April 2001 issue</ref> He was then promoted as ] and was appointed commander of the ] at Multan in 1975. It was during this time when Zia invited Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the ] of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols of his size. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the target was quite obviously hit. After the function, Zia met Bhutto, placed his hand on the ] and said, "You are the saviour of Pakistan and we owe it to you to be totally loyal to you."<ref>A.H. Amin ''Defence Journal'', April 2001 issue</ref>


On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-1 star general ] Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to 4 star rank. This promotion was ahead of a number of more senior officers {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General ], the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were, ], ], Aftab Ahmed Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Agha Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals.<ref>Ardeshir Cowasjee, ''Daily Dawn'', 29 June 1995</ref> However, the senior most at that time, Lieutenant-General Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the ] of the ], a constitutional post akin to President ].<ref>A.H. Amin ''Defence Journal'', September 2001</ref> On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-1 star general ] Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to 4 star rank. This promotion was ahead of a number of more senior officers {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General ], the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were, ], ], Aftab Ahmed Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Agha Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals.<ref>Ardeshir Cowasjee, ''Daily Dawn'', 29 June 1995</ref> However, the senior most at that time, Lieutenant-General Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the ] of the ], a constitutional post akin to President ].<ref>A.H. Amin ''Defence Journal'', September 2001</ref>
Line 167: Line 167:
| accessdate = 2006-11-07 | accessdate = 2006-11-07
}}</ref> Initially targeting leader of the opposition ] and his opposition ] (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the ] became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in ] for alleged secessionist activities<ref></ref> and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, ], in a bomb blast in the frontier town of ]. }}</ref> Initially targeting leader of the opposition ] and his opposition ] (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the ] became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in ] for alleged secessionist activities<ref></ref> and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, ], in a bomb blast in the frontier town of ].

===Civil disorders against Bhutto=== ===Civil disorders against Bhutto===
Dissidence also increased within the ] (PPP), and the murder of a leading dissident ]'s father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the ] and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing ] and killing large numbers of civilians.<ref name="USCS">{{cite news Dissidence also increased within the ] (PPP), and the murder of a leading dissident ]'s father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the ] and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing ] and killing large numbers of civilians.<ref name="USCS">{{cite news
Line 175: Line 176:
| accessdate = 2006-11-07 | accessdate = 2006-11-07
}}</ref> }}</ref>

===1977 Parliamentary elections=== ===1977 Parliamentary elections===
On 8 January 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the ]<ref name="USCS"/> (PNA). Bhutto called ], and PNA participated in those elections in full force. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was high voter turn out in national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. On 8 January 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the ]<ref name="USCS"/> (PNA). Bhutto called ], and PNA participated in those elections in full force. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was high voter turn out in national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate.
Line 181: Line 183:
All the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.<ref name="Ouster"/> Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest.<ref>Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment</ref> Bhutto imposed ] in major cities including ], ] and ]. However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. This compromise theory was however probably a later day addition as a major PPT armed rally was in the offing. Zia planned a the Coup d'état carefully as he knew Bhutto had integral intelligence in the Pakistan Armed Forces, and many officers, including ] General ] and Major-General ], ] of 23rd Mountain Division, Major-General ], ] of Directorate-General for the ] (DGMO) and ] ], were loyal to Bhutto. All the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.<ref name="Ouster"/> Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest.<ref>Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment</ref> Bhutto imposed ] in major cities including ], ] and ]. However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. This compromise theory was however probably a later day addition as a major PPT armed rally was in the offing. Zia planned a the Coup d'état carefully as he knew Bhutto had integral intelligence in the Pakistan Armed Forces, and many officers, including ] General ] and Major-General ], ] of 23rd Mountain Division, Major-General ], ] of Directorate-General for the ] (DGMO) and ] ], were loyal to Bhutto.


To remove this intelligence, Zia secretly contracted with the active duty ] army officers to maintain a staff course for the Army personnel while ] Admiral ] quietly removed naval personnel loyal to Bhutto and his government from the Navy's active duty. General Zia ordered Bhutto's loyal officers to attend a staff and command course and none of the officers were allowed to leave the course until the midnight. Meanwhile, Zia with his close officers, including Admiral Mohammad Shariff, then-Chaiman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, arranged the coup in the evening. On 5 July 1977, before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of Military Police under the order of General Zia by the evening.<ref name="USCS"/> To remove this intelligence, Zia secretly contracted with the active duty ] army officers to maintain a staff course for the Army personnel while ] Admiral ] quietly removed naval personnel loyal to Bhutto and his government from the Navy's active duty. Zia ordered Bhutto's loyal officers to attend a staff and command course and none of the officers were allowed to leave the course until the midnight. Meanwhile, Zia with his close officers, including Admiral Mohammad Shariff, then-Chaiman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, arranged the coup in the evening. On 5 July 1977, before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of Military Police under the order of Zia by the evening.<ref name="USCS"/>


=== Postponement of elections and call for accountability === === Postponement of elections and call for accountability ===
After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, General Zia promised to hold ] elections in the next 90 days{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and to hand over power to the representatives of the nation{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. He also stated that the ] had not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspended{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the ]s. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past but there is no evidence to this claim. Thus the "] first, elections later" PNA policy was adopted. This severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malacious.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. It is widely believed that once out of power the size of PPP rallies swell and a better performance in elections was possible. This led to request for postponement of elections by the right wing which displaced Bhutto in the first place. After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, Zia promised to hold ] elections in the next 90 days{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and to hand over power to the representatives of the nation{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. He also stated that the ] had not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspended{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the ]s. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past but there is no evidence to this claim. Thus the "] first, elections later" PNA policy was adopted. This severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malacious.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. It is widely believed that once out of power the size of PPP rallies swell and a better performance in elections was possible. This led to request for postponement of elections by the right wing which displaced Bhutto in the first place.


A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been Members of Parliament were charged with ] and disqualified from participating in ] at any level for the next seven years. A ] document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts. A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been Members of Parliament were charged with ] and disqualified from participating in ] at any level for the next seven years. A ] document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts.
Line 195: Line 197:
=== The Doctrine of Necessity === === The Doctrine of Necessity ===
{{Main|Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}} {{Main|Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}}
], the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against General Zia's ], challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The ] ruled, in what would later be known as the ''Doctrine of Necessity'' (not to be confused with the 1954 ]) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, General Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of ]. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government. ], the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against Zia's ], challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The ] ruled, in what would later be known as the ''Doctrine of Necessity'' (not to be confused with the 1954 ]) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of ]. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government.


=== Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan === === Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan ===
Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a ]. After completing his term, and despite General Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and General Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country. Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a ]. After completing his term, and despite Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country.


Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly expanded his power. Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will. Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly expanded his power. Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will.


=== The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto === === The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ===
In the words of ] and ], General Zia strongly hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insulted when it comes to describing Bhutto and his colleagues. On 4 April 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the ] as passed by the ]. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many ] appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to ] Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence. The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military man was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. In the words of ] and ], Zia strongly hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insulted when it comes to describing Bhutto and his colleagues. On 4 April 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the ] as passed by the ]. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many ] appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to ] Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence. The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military man was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}.


Bhutto's last personal appearance and utterances in the supreme court were not merely a long defence of his conduct he also made some matters clear. He mentioned the words of "heir" for his son "Mir Murtaza Bhutto". He made some remark which indicated that he has views similar to a Sunni, though he was Shia. He also effectively cast doubt on reliability of star witness against him i.e. Masood Mahmood who was a UK trained lawyer and not merely a police officer and FSF chief. He mentioned repeatedly Lahori Ahmedi connection of Masood Mahmood in his testimony. He repeatedly brought the subject of his maltreatment in the death cell. Bhutto made it abundantly clear, even though indirectly that he wants either freedom or death, not some thing in between, and appreciated Khar and his lawyer Yahya Bakhtiar. Bhutto's last personal appearance and utterances in the supreme court were not merely a long defence of his conduct he also made some matters clear. He mentioned the words of "heir" for his son "Mir Murtaza Bhutto". He made some remark which indicated that he has views similar to a Sunni, though he was Shia. He also effectively cast doubt on reliability of star witness against him i.e. Masood Mahmood who was a UK trained lawyer and not merely a police officer and FSF chief. He mentioned repeatedly Lahori Ahmedi connection of Masood Mahmood in his testimony. He repeatedly brought the subject of his maltreatment in the death cell. Bhutto made it abundantly clear, even though indirectly that he wants either freedom or death, not some thing in between, and appreciated Khar and his lawyer Yahya Bakhtiar.


Bhutto's another lawyer ] filed a petition for the release of Bhutto's colleague ] and Bhutto itself. The Supreme Court concluded that Bhutto's execution can be revered by the President, and Hassan's case is being deal by Military Justice Court led by Zia; therefore, the civilian courts have no jurisdiction over that hearing. Pirzada submitted the request to Chief of Army Staff Directorate, but General Zia claimed that the request application had been gone missing. Therefore, General Zia upheld the sentence and Bhutto was executed. Shattered and disturbed Pirzada departed to United Kingdom and did not returned to Pakistan until the democracy was returned in 1988. It was not until 2000, when the ] published its report that the application was found in the record section Bhutto's another lawyer ] filed a petition for the release of Bhutto's colleague ] and Bhutto itself. The Supreme Court concluded that Bhutto's execution can be revered by the President, and Hassan's case is being deal by Military Justice Court led by Zia; therefore, the civilian courts have no jurisdiction over that hearing. Pirzada submitted the request to Chief of Army Staff Directorate, but Zia claimed that the request application had been gone missing. Therefore, Zia upheld the sentence and Bhutto was executed. Shattered and disturbed Pirzada departed to United Kingdom and did not returned to Pakistan until the democracy was returned in 1988. It was not until 2000, when the ] published its report that the application was found in the record section
at the Generals Combatant Headquarter (GHQ). The application was made public domain when General Pervez Musharraf De-classified much of the 1970s secret documentations. at the Generals Combatant Headquarter (GHQ). The application was made public domain when General Pervez Musharraf De-classified much of the 1970s secret documentations.


Line 220: Line 222:
=== Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora === === Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora ===
{{Main|Parliament of Pakistan}} {{Main|Parliament of Pakistan}}
In the absence of a parliament, General Zia decided to set up an alternative system, ], in 1980. Most of the members of the ''Shoora'' were ]s, ], ], ]s, ]s, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The ''Shoora'' was to act as a board of advisor's to the President. All 284 members of the ''Shoora'' were to be nominated by the President, also known as a ] or government of technocrats. In the absence of a parliament, Zia decided to set up an alternative system, ], in 1980. Most of the members of the ''Shoora'' were ]s, ], ], ]s, ]s, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The ''Shoora'' was to act as a board of advisor's to the President. All 284 members of the ''Shoora'' were to be nominated by the President, also known as a ] or government of technocrats.


Amongst technocrats included in Zia's cabinet was Dr. Asad who increased the oil production of the country manyfold. Many members of this ''Shoora'' later joined other parties after his death. Amongst technocrats included in Zia's cabinet was Dr. Asad who increased the oil production of the country manyfold. Many members of this ''Shoora'' later joined other parties after his death.
Line 226: Line 228:
=== Referendum of 1984 === === Referendum of 1984 ===
{{Contradict|date=January 2011}}<!-- what was the question on the referendum: electing Zia or whether Sharia should be enforced? --> {{Contradict|date=January 2011}}<!-- what was the question on the referendum: electing Zia or whether Sharia should be enforced? -->
General Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A ] was held on December 19, 1984 and the option was to elect or reject the General as the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted ]ic ] law enforced in the country{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. According to the official result, more than 95% of the votes were cast in favour of Zia, thus he was elected as President for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities and technical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic elections{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. Also, despite pressure from the government to vote, only 10% of those eligible to vote did so{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. Zia had the overwhelming majority of the votes cast, but in reality the referendum was an embarrassing failure.<ref>''The History and Culture of Pakistan'', Nigel Kelly ISBN 1-901458-67-9</ref> Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A ] was held on December 19, 1984 and the option was to elect or reject the General as the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted ]ic ] law enforced in the country{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. According to the official result, more than 95% of the votes were cast in favour of Zia, thus he was elected as President for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities and technical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic elections{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. Also, despite pressure from the government to vote, only 10% of those eligible to vote did so{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. Zia had the overwhelming majority of the votes cast, but in reality the referendum was an embarrassing failure.<ref>''The History and Culture of Pakistan'', Nigel Kelly ISBN 1-901458-67-9</ref>


=== The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985 === === The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985 ===
Line 235: Line 237:
{{Main|Soviet war in Afghanistan}} {{Main|Soviet war in Afghanistan}}
{{See|Establishment (Pakistan)}} {{See|Establishment (Pakistan)}}
On 25 December 1979, the ] (USSR) ] ]. Following this invasion, General Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. General Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of ] taking over a neighboring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States. On 25 December 1979, the ] (USSR) ] ]. Following this invasion, Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of ] taking over a neighboring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States.


During this meeting, ] of the ] then-] ] advocated for the idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist. During this meeting, General Rahman was heard saying: "''Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!''", and mastered the idea of ] in Afghanistan. After this meeting, General Zia authorized this operation under General Rahman, and it was later merged with ], a programme funded by the ] and the ]. During this meeting, ] of the ] then-] ] advocated for the idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist. During this meeting, General Rahman was heard saying: "''Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!''", and mastered the idea of ] in Afghanistan. After this meeting, Zia authorized this operation under General Rahman, and it was later merged with ], a programme funded by the ] and the ].


== Economic reform == == Economic reform ==
Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalisation policies were slowly reversed{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}, and gradual privatisation took place{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. General Zia greatly favoured egalitarianism and industrialisation. Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time. Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalisation policies were slowly reversed{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}, and gradual privatisation took place{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. Zia greatly favoured egalitarianism and industrialisation. Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time.


=== Consolidation of nuclear programme === === Consolidation of nuclear programme ===
General Zia-ul-Haq contributed to attaining nuclear capability for Pakistan, a ] started and founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. By the time, Zia assumed the control, research facilities fully became functional. Both the ] (PAEC) and the ] (KRL) had ingeniously built the extensive research infrastructure initiated by Bhutto. Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto's Science Advisor Dr. ] and disbanded the civilian committee headed by Dr. Hassan that was supervising the research, and replaced with the several high military officers from the ]. Major-General ] was promoted to ]; and, supervised and aggressively led the development of ]s programme under ] and ], in a record time. Zia contributed to attaining nuclear capability for Pakistan, a ] started and founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. By the time, Zia assumed the control, research facilities fully became functional. Both the ] (PAEC) and the ] (KRL) had ingeniously built the extensive research infrastructure initiated by Bhutto. Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto's Science Advisor Dr. ] and disbanded the civilian committee headed by Dr. Hassan that was supervising the research, and replaced with the several high military officers from the ]. Major-General ] was promoted to ]; and, supervised and aggressively led the development of ]s programme under ] and ], in a record time.
===Nuclear diplomacy=== ===Nuclear diplomacy===
During 1979 and early 1980s, the country was made a subject of attack by international organizations for not signing the ] (NPT). Zia deftly neutralized international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. He then drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. General Zia sent sensitive weapon-grade centrifuges, through Dr. ], to People's Republic of China to aid in their ]. During General Zia's rule the nuclear weapons development was considered an important national issue and international pressure was difficult to counter unless several other pro-Pakistan nations were also groomed to become nuclear capable. During 1979 and early 1980s, the country was made a subject of attack by international organizations for not signing the ] (NPT). Zia deftly neutralized international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. He then drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. Zia sent sensitive weapon-grade centrifuges, through Dr. ], to People's Republic of China to aid in their ]. During Zia's rule the nuclear weapons development was considered an important national issue and international pressure was difficult to counter unless several other pro-Pakistan nations were also groomed to become nuclear capable.
===Promotion of Nuclear proliferation=== ===Promotion of Nuclear proliferation===
In 1980, the PAEC had notified Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan's nuclear proliferation network to Zia's Military government, and when General Zia confronted Khan over his proliferation, Khan denied. General Zia-ul-Haq formed a military unit to keep an eye on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan led by General ]. General Beg, as Chief of Army Staff, encouraged Khan and gave him a free hand to work with some like minded nations like ], ] and ] who also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. It was envisaged that this would deflect international pressure on these countries and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath.<ref> by Gaurav Kampani,23 February 2004</ref> Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's dismissal from the nuclear weapons programme in 2004 was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistani military and political establishment under the then Chief of Army Staff and President General ].<ref>, Time.com Sunday, 6 Feb 2005</ref> In 1980, the PAEC had notified Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan's nuclear proliferation network to Zia's Military government, and when Zia confronted Khan over his proliferation, Khan denied. Zia formed a military unit to keep an eye on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan led by General ]. General Beg, as Chief of Army Staff, encouraged Khan and gave him a free hand to work with some like minded nations like ], ] and ] who also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. It was envisaged that this would deflect international pressure on these countries and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath.<ref> by Gaurav Kampani,23 February 2004</ref> Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's dismissal from the nuclear weapons programme in 2004 was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistani military and political establishment under the then Chief of Army Staff and President General ].<ref>, Time.com Sunday, 6 Feb 2005</ref>
===Expansion=== ===Expansion===
Zia also supported another nuclear weapons program being run in PAEC by Munir Ahmad Khan and sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor, known as Khushab-I, at ] in 1985. General Zia had promoted Munir Ahmad Khan as his ] in 1980, a post that was left by Dr. ] in 1974. The PAEC, under the leadership of Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan and Member (Technical), Dr. ], had carried out the first cold test of a nuclear device on 11 March 1983 which was followed by several cold tests throughout the 1980s. The test was supervised by senior PAEC scientists and it was witnessed by high civil and military officials belonging to the different branches of Pakistan Defense Forces. Zia also supported another nuclear weapons program being run in PAEC by Munir Ahmad Khan and sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor, known as Khushab-I, at ] in 1985. Zia had promoted Munir Ahmad Khan as his ] in 1980, a post that was left by Dr. ] in 1974. The PAEC, under the leadership of Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan and Member (Technical), Dr. ], had carried out the first cold test of a nuclear device on 11 March 1983 which was followed by several cold tests throughout the 1980s. The test was supervised by senior PAEC scientists and it was witnessed by high civil and military officials belonging to the different branches of Pakistan Defense Forces.


=== International standing enhancement and resumption of aid === === International standing enhancement and resumption of aid ===
Line 268: Line 270:
Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into ]ist outfits in the shape of ] and ] in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and United States trained ] and ] fighters later in 2001 initiated a ''Jihad'' against United States in 2001 and against Pakistan in 2004. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of ] were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. ] invested his inherited money into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'infidel communist power' and was abetted by CIA, ISI, US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years.<ref>, By Katherine Pfleger Shrader, Associated Press writer, 2 September 2004</ref> Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into ]ist outfits in the shape of ] and ] in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and United States trained ] and ] fighters later in 2001 initiated a ''Jihad'' against United States in 2001 and against Pakistan in 2004. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of ] were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. ] invested his inherited money into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'infidel communist power' and was abetted by CIA, ISI, US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years.<ref>, By Katherine Pfleger Shrader, Associated Press writer, 2 September 2004</ref>


== General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamisation' == == 'Islamisation' of Pakistan==
{{Main|Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}} {{Main|Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}}
{{No footnotes|date=October 2008}} {{No footnotes|date=October 2008}}
On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the ] to enforce the Islamic system in Pakistan in a nationwide address, Zia accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam: ''"Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."''{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the ] to enforce the Islamic system in Pakistan in a nationwide address, Zia accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam: ''"Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."''{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}


After assuming power, the government began a program of public commitment to enforce ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' (Islamic System), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly ], inherited from the British. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, General Zia announced the establishment of Sharia Benches. After assuming power, the government began a program of public commitment to enforce ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' (Islamic System), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly ], inherited from the British. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, Zia announced the establishment of Sharia Benches.


The hybridization of Pakistan penal code with Islamic laws was not an easy work . Two very different logics lay underneath both. PPC was kingly law, ''Haddood'' is a religious and community based law. The hybridization of Pakistan penal code with Islamic laws was not an easy work . Two very different logics lay underneath both. PPC was kingly law, ''Haddood'' is a religious and community based law.
Line 289: Line 291:
The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended, through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to the ] ], '']'' (family members of Muhammad), '']'' (companions of Muhammad) and '']'' (Islamic symbols), a cognizable offence, punishable with imprisonment or fine, or with both. The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended, through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to the ] ], '']'' (family members of Muhammad), '']'' (companions of Muhammad) and '']'' (Islamic symbols), a cognizable offence, punishable with imprisonment or fine, or with both.


General Zia attempted to Islamize the ] in Pakistan and appointed Muslim fundamentalist administrator to enforce the ]<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics">{{cite web|last=Hoodbhoy, PhD (Nuclear physics)|first=Pervez Amerali|title=The Islamic Failure|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=4244|work=Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy|publisher=Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics|accessdate=10/08/11}}</ref> . At first, the policy was changed by Zia on nuclear development.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Zia argued that Pakistan's atomic bomb is a property of Islamic Ummah, a theory that Bhutto had earlier avoided to keep the Pakistan sentiment strong and alive in scientists while developing the program.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Saudia Arabia was the sole financier of the program, and Zia unofficially told Saudis that "Our achievements are your achievements". This prompted Dr. ] to send the designs of centrifuges to ] to aide in their ] as part of Zia's vision.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Zia changed the entire educational system in the country, under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'.<ref>, ], 2009-05-18</ref> Zia attempted to Islamize the ] in Pakistan and appointed Muslim fundamentalist administrator to enforce the ]<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics">{{cite web|last=Hoodbhoy, PhD (Nuclear physics)|first=Pervez Amerali|title=The Islamic Failure|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=4244|work=Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy|publisher=Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics|accessdate=10/08/11}}</ref> . At first, the policy was changed by Zia on nuclear development.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Zia argued that Pakistan's atomic bomb is a property of Islamic Ummah, a theory that Bhutto had earlier avoided to keep the Pakistan sentiment strong and alive in scientists while developing the program.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Saudia Arabia was the sole financier of the program, and Zia unofficially told Saudis that "Our achievements are your achievements". This prompted Dr. ] to send the designs of centrifuges to ] to aide in their ] as part of Zia's vision.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> Zia changed the entire educational system in the country, under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'.<ref>, ], 2009-05-18</ref>


At the end, Zia's controversial policies slowed down the progress of Science in the country and attributed his dearth to militant Islam in Pakistan and the promotion of pseudoscience by Muslim fundamentalists in Pakistani schools and universities.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/> At the end, Zia's controversial policies slowed down the progress of Science in the country and attributed his dearth to militant Islam in Pakistan and the promotion of pseudoscience by Muslim fundamentalists in Pakistani schools and universities.<ref name="Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics"/>
Line 308: Line 310:


== Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections == == Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections ==
] ]
As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife. As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife.


Line 315: Line 317:
] blast had irreversibly weakened Zia versus Junejo. Junejo with western support could not strike Zia. Zia struck first. ] blast had irreversibly weakened Zia versus Junejo. Junejo with western support could not strike Zia. Zia struck first.


On 29 May 1988, General Zia dissolved the ] and the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the ] against the wishes of General Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at ], on the outskirts of army headquarters in ], earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal. On 29 May 1988, Zia dissolved the ] and the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the ] against the wishes of Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at ], on the outskirts of army headquarters in ], earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal.


Zia played the Islam card to defend himself and the generals against any accusations of misrule and corruption{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However since the ] was brutally gagged in his days{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}, none of his corruption could be documented and brought to the limelight by the print media. When accused of trying to cover-up the ] incident, on 29 May 1988, he invoked an amendment that he had recently added to the Pakistani Constitution that allowed him to dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly and all provincial assemblies - basically, the entire legislative portions of the government outside of the Presidency. Zia's loyalists in the military were called to form an interim government. Zia justified his actions and diverted attention from his corruption {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} by focusing on how the further Islamization of Pakistan had been negligently delayed by Junejo and his government. Zia played the Islam card to defend himself and the generals against any accusations of misrule and corruption{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. However since the ] was brutally gagged in his days{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}, none of his corruption could be documented and brought to the limelight by the print media. When accused of trying to cover-up the ] incident, on 29 May 1988, he invoked an amendment that he had recently added to the Pakistani Constitution that allowed him to dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly and all provincial assemblies - basically, the entire legislative portions of the government outside of the Presidency. Zia's loyalists in the military were called to form an interim government. Zia justified his actions and diverted attention from his corruption {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} by focusing on how the further Islamization of Pakistan had been negligently delayed by Junejo and his government.
Line 326: Line 328:


== Death == == Death ==
Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US ] tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by ] aircraft. Shortly after a smooth ], the ] lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General ], close associate of General Zia, Brigadier ], the American Ambassador to Pakistan ] and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan.<ref>''Foreign affairs Pakistan'' by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988)</ref><ref> ''Business Recorder'', 22 April 1996</ref> ], the Senate Chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. The manner of his death has given rise to many conspiracy theories.<ref></ref> There is speculation that America, India, the Soviet Union (as retaliation for US-Pakistani supported attacks in Afghanistan) or an alliance of them and internal groups within Zia's military were behind the attack.<ref></ref><ref name="threat">Hamilton, Dwight. "Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada", 2007</ref> Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US ] tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by ] aircraft. Shortly after a smooth ], the ] lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General ], close associate of Zia, Brigadier ], the American Ambassador to Pakistan ] and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan.<ref>''Foreign affairs Pakistan'' by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988)</ref><ref> ''Business Recorder'', 22 April 1996</ref> ], the Senate Chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. The manner of his death has given rise to many conspiracy theories.<ref></ref> There is speculation that America, India, the Soviet Union (as retaliation for US-Pakistani supported attacks in Afghanistan) or an alliance of them and internal groups within Zia's military were behind the attack.<ref></ref><ref name="threat">Hamilton, Dwight. "Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada", 2007</ref>


A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded ''the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft''. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no '']'' signal was given.<ref>''The History and Culture of Pakistan'' by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9</ref> A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded ''the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft''. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no '']'' signal was given.<ref>''The History and Culture of Pakistan'' by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9</ref>

Revision as of 17:26, 22 October 2011

This article may require cleanup to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Zia-ul-Haq" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Urdu: محمد ضياء الحق
File:Zia ul haq.jpgGeneral Zia-ul-Haq, PA
6th President of Pakistan
In office
16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988
Prime MinisterMuhammad Khan Juneijo
Preceded byFazl Illahi Chaudhrie
Succeeded byGhulam Ishaq Khan
4th Chief Martial Law Administrator
In office
9 June, 1988 – 17 August, 1988
Succeeded byPost Abolished (until 1999)
In office
5 July, 1977 – 16 September, 1978
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
8th Chief of Army Staff
In office
March 1, 1976 – August 17, 1988
DeputyGeneral Mirza Aslam Beg
General Khalid Arief
General Savar Khan
LieutenantAdmiral Muhammad Scharif
General Iqbal Khan
General Rahimuddin Khan
General Akhtar A. Rahman
Preceded byGeneral Tikka Khan
Succeeded byGeneral Mirza Aslam Beg
Personal details
BornMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq
(1924-08-12)12 August 1924
Jalandhar, British Punjab, British Indian Empire (now republic of India)
Died17 August 1988(1988-08-17) (aged 64)
Bahawalpur, Punjab Province, Pakistan
Citizenship Pakistan
NationalityPakistani
Political partyNone (Military Presidency)
SpouseShafiq Jahan Zia-ul-Haq
Residence(s)Generals Headquarter (GHQ), Rawalpindi
Alma materUnited States Army Command and General Staff College
OccupationGeneral officer
Military administrator
CabinetGeneral Zia Military Government
NicknameTanker
Military service
Allegiance Pakistan
Branch/service Pakistan Army
Years of service1943-1988
Rank General
UnitGuides Cavalry FF, Army Armoured Corps (PA – 1810)
Commands2nd Independent Armoured Brigade, Jordan
1st Armoured Division, Multan
II Strike Corps, Multan
Chief of Army Staff
Battles/warsWorld War II
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Black September in Jordan
Operation Fair Play
Operation Cyclone
Soviet war in Afghanistan

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Punjabi, Template:Lang-ur; August 12, 1924 – 17 August, 1988) was the 4th Chief Martial Law Administrator and the 6th President of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Distinguished by his role in the Black September in Jordan military operation in 1970, he was appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after Bhutto forcefully retired eleven senior lieutenant-generals in order to bring and promote Zia to four star rank. After widespread civil disorder, he planned and overthrew ruling Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup d'état on 5 July 1977 and became the state's third military ruler to impose martial law. Zia's idea of religious conservative in Pakistan became the primary line of his military government. Throughout the 1980s, Zia managed to consolidate more and more power in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups in Pakistan.

He initially ruled as Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA), but later installed himself as the President of Pakistan in September 1978. As both President and CMLA, Zia forcefully crushed the secular-communist and socialist democratic struggle led by the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto. Zia disbanded the previous economical policies of Bhutto, and replaced with capitalism and privatization of the major industries of Pakistan that were previously nationalized by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1970s. As a result of this move, Pakistan was transformed from a largely agrarian society into a great economical power, becoming the largest economical power in South Asia since 1960s era of Ayub Khan. However, during this period of economic and social changes, Zia curbed and violently dealt with the political rivals in 1980s. His reign is often regarded as a period of mass military repression in which hundreds of thousands of political rivals, minorities, and journalist were executed or tortured, including Pakistan Army's senior general officers convicted in coup d'état plots against his regime.

Zia's major domestic initiatives included the consolidation of the fledgling nuclear development, which was initiated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; the restarting of the space program as spin-off of the nuclear project, denationalization and deregulation and the state's Islamization. His tenure saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency. His endorsement of the Pakistan Muslim League (the founding party of Pakistan) initiated its mainstream revival. However, he is most remembered for his foreign policy; the subsidizing of the Mujahideen movement during the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led to the Soviet-Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan Socialist Republic. Zia entered into an undeclared secret war with Soviet Afghanistan and its ally Soviet Union. Zia authorized secret funding and expansion of intelligence operations in Pakistan and abroad, initially focusing on anti-communist operations. He was described by some as a "fundamentalist Sunni dictator".

Zia died along with several of his top generals and admirals and the then United States Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Lewis Raphel in a suspicious aircraft crash near Bahawalpur (Punjab) on 17  August 1988. Modern views of Zia's image and his government in Pakistan remained tyrant and oppressive. His policies are widely criticized and held responsible for spreading the religious extremism in Pakistan and is considered as Pakistan's worst, yet most tyrant and oppressive military dictator.

Early life

Zia was born in Jalandhar, British India, in 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the Army GHQ in Delhi and Simla pre-partition.

He completed his initial education in Simla and then attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi for his graduate degree. After graduation from St. Xavier College, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943.

He married Shafiq Jahan in 1950-51.

Shafiq Zia died 5 January 1996. Zia is survived by their children, his sons, Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq, (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1950) and his daughters, Zian (also Zain) (born 1972), a special needs child, and Rubina Salim, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980, and daughter Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid.

Army career

Zia was commissioned in the British Indian Army in a cavalry regiment on 12 May 1943 and served against Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. After Pakistan gained its independence, Zia joined the newly formed Pakistan Army as a Major. His regiment was now the Guides Cavalry Frontier Force Regiment. He was trained in the United States in 1962–1964 at the US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff College, Quetta. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Zia was a tank commander.

Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as a Brigadier, helping in the training of Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September operations as commander of Jordanian 2nd Division, a strategy that proved crucial to King Hussein's remaining in power. By 1973, then Major General Zia was commanding the 1st Armoured Division at Multan.

He was then promoted as Lieutenant General and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in 1975. It was during this time when Zia invited Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the Colonel-in-Chief of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols of his size. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the target was quite obviously hit. After the function, Zia met Bhutto, placed his hand on the Qur'an and said, "You are the saviour of Pakistan and we owe it to you to be totally loyal to you."

On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-1 star general Brigadier-General Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to 4 star rank. This promotion was ahead of a number of more senior officers . At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were, Muhammad Shariff, Muhammed Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Agha Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior lieutenant-generals. However, the senior most at that time, Lieutenant-General Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry.

Planning of Coup

Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Khan Abdul Wali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Sherpao, in a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar.

Civil disorders against Bhutto

Dissidence also increased within the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the murder of a leading dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human rights and killing large numbers of civilians.

1977 Parliamentary elections

On 8 January 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA). Bhutto called fresh elections, and PNA participated in those elections in full force. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was high voter turn out in national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate.

Staged a Coup d'état

All the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime. Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest. Bhutto imposed martial law in major cities including Karachi, Lahore and Hyderabad. However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. This compromise theory was however probably a later day addition as a major PPT armed rally was in the offing. Zia planned a the Coup d'état carefully as he knew Bhutto had integral intelligence in the Pakistan Armed Forces, and many officers, including Chief of Air Staff General Zulfiqar Ali Khan and Major-General Tajammul Hussain Malik, GOC of 23rd Mountain Division, Major-General Naseerullah Babar, DG of Directorate-General for the Military Intelligence (DGMO) and Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, were loyal to Bhutto.

To remove this intelligence, Zia secretly contracted with the active duty British SAS army officers to maintain a staff course for the Army personnel while Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Mohammad Shariff quietly removed naval personnel loyal to Bhutto and his government from the Navy's active duty. Zia ordered Bhutto's loyal officers to attend a staff and command course and none of the officers were allowed to leave the course until the midnight. Meanwhile, Zia with his close officers, including Admiral Mohammad Shariff, then-Chaiman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, arranged the coup in the evening. On 5 July 1977, before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops of Military Police under the order of Zia by the evening.

Postponement of elections and call for accountability

After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, Zia promised to hold National and Provincial Assembly elections in the next 90 days and to hand over power to the representatives of the nation. He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspended. However, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the politicians. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past but there is no evidence to this claim. Thus the "retribution first, elections later" PNA policy was adopted. This severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malacious.. It is widely believed that once out of power the size of PPP rallies swell and a better performance in elections was possible. This led to request for postponement of elections by the right wing which displaced Bhutto in the first place.

A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been Members of Parliament were charged with malpractice and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A white paper document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts.

It is reported by senior officers that when Gen. Zia met federal secretaries for the first time as leader of the country after martial law he said that "He does not possess the Charisma of Bhutto, personality of Gen. Ayub or the legitimacy of Liaquat Ali Khan" thereby implying how can he be marketed.

Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The Doctrine of Necessity

Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization

Nusrat Bhutto, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against Zia's military regime, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity (not to be confused with the 1954 Doctrine of necessity) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of necessity. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. When Bhutto appeared personally to argue his appeal in the supreme court, he almost affirmed his concurrence with the judges present for not letting off a judgement without imposing some conditions on ruling military government.

Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan

Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a figurehead. After completing his term, and despite Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country.

Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly expanded his power. Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will.

The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

In the words of Aftab Kazie and Roedad Khan, Zia strongly hated Bhutto and had used inappropriate language and insulted when it comes to describing Bhutto and his colleagues. On 4 April 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence as passed by the Lahore High Court. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence. The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military man was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan.

Bhutto's last personal appearance and utterances in the supreme court were not merely a long defence of his conduct he also made some matters clear. He mentioned the words of "heir" for his son "Mir Murtaza Bhutto". He made some remark which indicated that he has views similar to a Sunni, though he was Shia. He also effectively cast doubt on reliability of star witness against him i.e. Masood Mahmood who was a UK trained lawyer and not merely a police officer and FSF chief. He mentioned repeatedly Lahori Ahmedi connection of Masood Mahmood in his testimony. He repeatedly brought the subject of his maltreatment in the death cell. Bhutto made it abundantly clear, even though indirectly that he wants either freedom or death, not some thing in between, and appreciated Khar and his lawyer Yahya Bakhtiar.

Bhutto's another lawyer Abdul Hafiz Pirzada filed a petition for the release of Bhutto's colleague Mubashir Hassan and Bhutto itself. The Supreme Court concluded that Bhutto's execution can be revered by the President, and Hassan's case is being deal by Military Justice Court led by Zia; therefore, the civilian courts have no jurisdiction over that hearing. Pirzada submitted the request to Chief of Army Staff Directorate, but Zia claimed that the request application had been gone missing. Therefore, Zia upheld the sentence and Bhutto was executed. Shattered and disturbed Pirzada departed to United Kingdom and did not returned to Pakistan until the democracy was returned in 1988. It was not until 2000, when the Pakistan media published its report that the application was found in the record section at the Generals Combatant Headquarter (GHQ). The application was made public domain when General Pervez Musharraf De-classified much of the 1970s secret documentations.

Appointment of Martial Law Governors

The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant-General Fazhle Haque was appointed Martial Law Administrator of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province. Lieutenant-General Fazle Haque was considered a strong vocal General and a strong man. General Haque was the commander of the XI Corps, and commanding-general officer of the Army elements responsible for fighting a secret war against Soviet Union.

The second appointment was of Lieutenant-General S.M. Abbasi who was appointed Martial Law Administrator of Sindh Province; his tenure too saw civil disorder amid student riots. By contrast, third martial law administrator appointment of Lieutenant-General Ghulam Jilani Khan to the Punjab Province made much headway in beautifying Lahore, extending infrastructure, and muting political opposition. The ascent of Navaz Sharif to Chief Minister of Punjab was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship. Perhaps most crucially, final and fourth martial law administrator appointment was then-Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan. Lieutenant-General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to the post of Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan Province saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency, the containment of Afghan Mujahideen, as well as the construction of nuclear test sites in the Chagai District.

Zia's tenure saw the influx of heroin, sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring Afghanistan. Law and order deterioration was worse after he appointed Mr. Junejo as Prime minister in 1985.

Reign as President of Pakistan

Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora

Main article: Parliament of Pakistan

In the absence of a parliament, Zia decided to set up an alternative system, Majlis-e-Shoora, in 1980. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board of advisor's to the President. All 284 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President, also known as a technocracy or government of technocrats.

Amongst technocrats included in Zia's cabinet was Dr. Asad who increased the oil production of the country manyfold. Many members of this Shoora later joined other parties after his death.

Referendum of 1984

Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each otherThis article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2011)

Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A referendum was held on December 19, 1984 and the option was to elect or reject the General as the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted Islamic Sharia law enforced in the country. According to the official result, more than 95% of the votes were cast in favour of Zia, thus he was elected as President for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities and technical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic elections. Also, despite pressure from the government to vote, only 10% of those eligible to vote did so. Zia had the overwhelming majority of the votes cast, but in reality the referendum was an embarrassing failure.

The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985

After being elected President, Zia decided to hold elections in the country in February 1985 on a non-party basis. Most of the opposing political parties decided to boycott the elections but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. To make things easier for himself, the General nominated the Prime Minister from amongst the Members of the Assembly. To many, his nomination of Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister was because he wanted a simple person at the post who would act as a puppet in his hands. Before handing over the power to the new Government and lifting martial law, Zia got the new legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of 1977. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the Eighth Amendment, which granted "reserve powers" to the president to dissolve the National Assembly. However, this amendment considerably reduced the power he'd previously granted himself to dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment permitted Zia to dissolve the Assembly only if the Cabinet had been toppled by a vote of no confidence and it was obvious that no one could form a government or the government could not function in a constitutional manner.

Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Main article: Soviet war in Afghanistan Further information: Establishment (Pakistan)

On 25 December 1979, the Soviet Union (USSR) intervened Soviet Afghanistan. Following this invasion, Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over a neighboring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States.

During this meeting, Director-General of the ISI then-Lieutenant-General Akhtar Abdur Rahman advocated for the idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist. During this meeting, General Rahman was heard saying: "Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!", and mastered the idea of proxy war in Afghanistan. After this meeting, Zia authorized this operation under General Rahman, and it was later merged with Operation Cyclone, a programme funded by the United States and the CIA.

Economic reform

Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalisation policies were slowly reversed, and gradual privatisation took place. Zia greatly favoured egalitarianism and industrialisation. Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time.

Consolidation of nuclear programme

Zia contributed to attaining nuclear capability for Pakistan, a program started and founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. By the time, Zia assumed the control, research facilities fully became functional. Both the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) had ingeniously built the extensive research infrastructure initiated by Bhutto. Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto's Science Advisor Dr. Mubashir Hassan and disbanded the civilian committee headed by Dr. Hassan that was supervising the research, and replaced with the several high military officers from the Pakistan Armed Forces. Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar was promoted to Lieutenant-General; and, supervised and aggressively led the development of nuclear weapons programme under Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdul Qadeer Khan, in a record time.

Nuclear diplomacy

During 1979 and early 1980s, the country was made a subject of attack by international organizations for not signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Zia deftly neutralized international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. He then drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. Zia sent sensitive weapon-grade centrifuges, through Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, to People's Republic of China to aid in their nuclear weapons program. During Zia's rule the nuclear weapons development was considered an important national issue and international pressure was difficult to counter unless several other pro-Pakistan nations were also groomed to become nuclear capable.

Promotion of Nuclear proliferation

In 1980, the PAEC had notified Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan's nuclear proliferation network to Zia's Military government, and when Zia confronted Khan over his proliferation, Khan denied. Zia formed a military unit to keep an eye on Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan led by General Mirza Aslam Beg. General Beg, as Chief of Army Staff, encouraged Khan and gave him a free hand to work with some like minded nations like North Korea, Iran and Libya who also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. It was envisaged that this would deflect international pressure on these countries and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's dismissal from the nuclear weapons programme in 2004 was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistani military and political establishment under the then Chief of Army Staff and President General Pervez Musharraf.

Expansion

Zia also supported another nuclear weapons program being run in PAEC by Munir Ahmad Khan and sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor, known as Khushab-I, at Khushab in 1985. Zia had promoted Munir Ahmad Khan as his Science Advisor in 1980, a post that was left by Dr. Abdus Salam in 1974. The PAEC, under the leadership of Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan and Member (Technical), Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, had carried out the first cold test of a nuclear device on 11 March 1983 which was followed by several cold tests throughout the 1980s. The test was supervised by senior PAEC scientists and it was witnessed by high civil and military officials belonging to the different branches of Pakistan Defense Forces.

International standing enhancement and resumption of aid

Zia's international standing greatly rose after his declaration to fight the Soviet invaders. Pakistan – United States relations took a much more positive turn. U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, cut off U.S. aid to Pakistan on the grounds that Pakistan had not made sufficient progress on the nuclear issue. Then, on 25 December 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years. Zia rejected this as "peanuts." Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeating Carter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson (D-TX), aided by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States, faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia to fight a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.

Fighting the war by proxy

Zia now found himself in a position to demand billions of dollars in aid for the Mujahideen from the Western states, famously dismissing a United States proposed $325 million aid package as "peanuts". Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Special Service Group now became actively involved in the conflict, and in cooperation with the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States Army Special Forces supported the armed struggle against the Soviets.

In 1981, Ronald Reagan succeeded Jimmy Carter as President of the United States. Reagan was completely against the Soviet Union and its Communist satellites, dubbing it "the evil empire". Reagan now increased financial aid heading for Pakistan. In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. But the Soviets kept control of the Afghan skies until the Mujahideen received Stinger missiles in 1986. From that moment on, the Mujahideen's strategic position steadily improved.

The Soviets declared a policy of national reconciliation. In January they announced that a Soviet withdrawal was no longer linked to the makeup of the Afghan government remaining behind. Pakistan, with the massive extra-governmental and covert backing from the largest operation ever mounted by the CIA and financial support of Saudi Arabia, therefore, played a large part in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988.

The war legacy

The war left deep scars to the Pakistani society with the menace of Kalashnikov (AK-47 assault rifle) culture spreading all over the country. It is estimated that there are currently 20 million firearms in Pakistan, which has a population of about 175 million (as of July 2010) i.e., almost every ninth person has a firearm, most likely an automatic one. The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the Soviet-Afghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA.

It was thought by some leading ISI officials then assisting Mujaheedin led war that converting raw opium to heroin is a technology which was not known to illiterate Afghans and was taught by CIA or some others with advanced technology as later was easy to smuggle and earn cash for resistance.

Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into Jihadist outfits in the shape of Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and United States trained Arab and Afghan fighters later in 2001 initiated a Jihad against United States in 2001 and against Pakistan in 2004. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of September 11 were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. Osama bin Laden invested his inherited money into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'infidel communist power' and was abetted by CIA, ISI, US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years.

'Islamisation' of Pakistan

Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the Hijra to enforce the Islamic system in Pakistan in a nationwide address, Zia accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam: "Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."

After assuming power, the government began a program of public commitment to enforce Nizam-e-Mustafa (Islamic System), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly Anglo-Saxon law, inherited from the British. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, Zia announced the establishment of Sharia Benches.

The hybridization of Pakistan penal code with Islamic laws was not an easy work . Two very different logics lay underneath both. PPC was kingly law, Haddood is a religious and community based law.

Under the Offences Against Property (Hudood Ordinance) Ordinance, 1979; the punishment of imprisonment or fine, or both, as provided in the existing Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) for theft, was substituted by the amputation of the right hand of the offender from the joint of the wrist by a surgeon. For robbery, the right hand of the offender from the wrist and his left foot from the ankle should be amputated by a surgeon. Hudood (حدود, also transliterated Hadud, Hudud; plural for Hadh, حد, limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour. Although the punishments were imposed, the due process, witnesses and prosecution system remained un-Islamic Anglo-Saxon. As in Islamic law Hudud can only be given if four witnesses saw the crime happen, in reality hardly anyone can be punished by Islamic Hud laws as very rarely can the conditions for punishment be met.

In legal terms, (Islamic law being usually referred to as Sharia, شريعة) the term is used to describe laws that define a certain level of crime classification. Crimes classified under Hudud are the most severe of crimes, such as murder, theft, and adultery. There are minor differences in views between the four major Sunni madh'habs about sentencing and specifications for these laws. It is often argued that, since Sharia is God's law and states certain punishments for each crime, they are immutable. It has been argued by some, that the Hudud portion of Sharia is incompatible with humanism or human rights. Although the Hud punishment were imposed but the Islamic law of evidence was not implemented and remained British in origin.

Drinking of wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks) was not a crime under the PPC. In 1977, however, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims was banned in Pakistan and the sentence of imprisonment of six months or a fine of Rs. 5000/-, or both, was provided in that law.This ban on drinking was promulgated by Bhutto as he tried to soothen the tide of street Islamization drive called Nizam-e-Mustafa in his last days.

Under the Zina Ordinance, the provisions relating to adultery were replaced so that the women and the man guilty will be flogged, each of them, with one hundred lashes, if unmarried. And if they are married they shall be stoned to death provided the proof required for hadd is met. That is four Muslim adult male witnesses of good repute to the act of penetration or a voluntary confession in a competent court of law. The Zina Ordinance is fraught with legal ambiguities and the major flaw in this law is the fact that no distinction is made between adultery and rape. Rape is considered no more heinous a crime than zina. The demarcation line between the two offences is so thin in practice, that when a woman comes into the court with a case of rape, she risks being convicted of zina herself, if she cannot prove the rape. The onus of providing proof in a rape case rests with the woman herself. If she is unable to prove her allegation, bringing the case to court is considered equivalent to a confession of sexual intercourse without lawful marriage. Thus this ordinance has been criticized by human rights and women rights activists, lawyers and politicians over the years and sought repealed on many occasions, but so far no attempt of repeal has been successful.

Pakistan's college of unreliable witnesses and unscientific manner of investigations and very young secular law judges meant that not that Haddood too did not work like the secular PPC law before that.

The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended, through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt (family members of Muhammad), Sahabah (companions of Muhammad) and Sha'ar-i-Islam (Islamic symbols), a cognizable offence, punishable with imprisonment or fine, or with both.

Zia attempted to Islamize the Science in Pakistan and appointed Muslim fundamentalist administrator to enforce the Pseudo-science . At first, the policy was changed by Zia on nuclear development. Zia argued that Pakistan's atomic bomb is a property of Islamic Ummah, a theory that Bhutto had earlier avoided to keep the Pakistan sentiment strong and alive in scientists while developing the program. Saudia Arabia was the sole financier of the program, and Zia unofficially told Saudis that "Our achievements are your achievements". This prompted Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan to send the designs of centrifuges to Libya to aide in their nuclear program as part of Zia's vision. Zia changed the entire educational system in the country, under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'.

At the end, Zia's controversial policies slowed down the progress of Science in the country and attributed his dearth to militant Islam in Pakistan and the promotion of pseudoscience by Muslim fundamentalists in Pakistani schools and universities.

Laws against Ahmadiyya community of 1984

Another addition to the laws was Ordinance XX of 1984. Under this, the Ahmadiyya were barred from calling themselves Muslims, or using Islamic terminology or practising Islamic rituals. This resulted in classifying the Ahmadiyya Community of Pakistan into a minority group in law. Zia was also considered anti-Shia, as Zia’s regime saw vicious persecution unleashed against the Shias, who form 20 percent of Pakistan's population in addition to the persecution levied against smaller sects such as the Ahmadiyyas. Further during his reign many Shia Muslim personalities and politicians were killed, most prominently the judicial killing of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Zia's close associates included several Shias but overall Zia's regime was not so pro- Shia as Bhutto's was or Zardari's is now as Iran -Iraq war had strained Shia-Sunni relationship and Iran sided not with Pakistan but India after Khomeni's revolution, which was a turn away from Pakistan-Iran alliance of the 1960s under Shah of Iran.Zia's associates were mostly sunnis who make about 90% of population. Zia did not throw Ahmedis from Army but Ahmedis who were declared minority in Bhutto's era were unhappy and regained prominent positions after Zia's death as PPP got power again .

Zia's only open clash with Shia Ulema was over Zakat (charity) distribution related issues. A book called "Profiles of intelligence" documents that event as written and resolved by a Shia military officer of ISI by the regime.

Zia promulgated Ordinance XX on 26 April 1984, banning members of the Ahmadiyya community from performing some of their religious ceremonies and prayers. He declared "This Ordinance may be called the Anti-Islamic Activities of the Ahmadis (Prohibition and Punishment) Ordinance, 1984". Although before Zia's rule, in 1974 Pakistan's National Assembly under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto it was declared that Ahmadis are classified as non-Muslims for the definition of the law. But it was not sufficient in stopping the missionary activities of the Ahmadiyya community. Article 298-C of the new law states "Any person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves ‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), who, directly or indirectly, poses himself as Muslim, or calls, or refers to his faith as Islam, or preaches or propagates his faith, or invites others to accept his faith, by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representations, or in any manner whatsoever outrages the religious feelings of Muslims, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine."

Since the military regime of Zia unleashed a wave of persecution in the 1980s, violence against the Ahmadiyya community has never really ceased. Ahmadis continue to be killed and injured, and have their homes and businesses burned down in anti-Ahmadi attacks. The authorities continue to arrest, jail and charge Ahmadis for blasphemy and other offenses because of their religious beliefs. In several instances, the police have been complicit in harassment and the framing of false charges against Ahmadis, or stood by in the face of anti-Ahmadi violence.

Lal Masjid of Islamabad

The land of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) was awarded to the occupants by Zia ul Haq. The controversial figureheads Abdul Aziz Ghazi and Abdul Rashid Ghazi of Jamia Hafsa had special relations with Zia ul Haq and those links were further enhanced by his son Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq during his term as a minister of religious affairs. The former head of Lal Masjid, Maulana Abdullah who was famous for speeches on Jihad (Holy war), is said to be very close to Zia ul Haq.

Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections

File:Rizvi White House interpreter.jpg
Wife of Zia and former First Lady is seen with President Ronald Reagan and Henry Kissinger, 1985 circa.

As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife.

It is said by some that Zia-Junejo rift was encouraged by late Mahboob-ul-Haq and Junejo's insistence on signing Geneva pact without deciding the composition of next government of Afghanistan before Soviet withdrawal. Junejo also gave Benazir a seat next to him in parleys before that. Junejo did not strengthen the Islamization drive and rather weakened it. His era led to serious disturbances in Karachi and ultimately Karachi went into Shia control of MQM from clutches of Sunnis Jamaat-e-Islami.

Ojhri Camp blast had irreversibly weakened Zia versus Junejo. Junejo with western support could not strike Zia. Zia struck first.

On 29 May 1988, Zia dissolved the Senate and the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the Geneva Accord against the wishes of Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at Ojhri Camp, on the outskirts of army headquarters in Rawalpindi, earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal.

Zia played the Islam card to defend himself and the generals against any accusations of misrule and corruption. However since the media in Pakistan was brutally gagged in his days, none of his corruption could be documented and brought to the limelight by the print media. When accused of trying to cover-up the Ojhri Camp incident, on 29 May 1988, he invoked an amendment that he had recently added to the Pakistani Constitution that allowed him to dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly and all provincial assemblies - basically, the entire legislative portions of the government outside of the Presidency. Zia's loyalists in the military were called to form an interim government. Zia justified his actions and diverted attention from his corruption by focusing on how the further Islamization of Pakistan had been negligently delayed by Junejo and his government.

Zia promised to hold elections in 1988 after the dismissal of Junejo government. He said that he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir Bhutto had returned from exile earlier in 1986, and had announced that she would be contesting the elections. With Bhutto's popularity somewhat growing, and a decrease in international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was in an increasingly difficult political situation.

Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD)

Main article: Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq

In 1983, as a reaction to Zia's policies, the populist Movement for the Restoration of Democracy was born and soon gained popularity in Pakistan's smaller, poorer provinces, especially in Bhutto's home province, Sindh. Indira Gandhi, Indian PM raised concerns over this brutality and violation of human rights at the hands of Pakistan's military dictatorship (Dawn 14 August 1983).

Death

Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US M1 Abrams tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by C-130 Hercules aircraft. Shortly after a smooth takeoff, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, close associate of Zia, Brigadier Siddique Salik, the American Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Lewis Raphel and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan. Ghulam Ishaq Khan, the Senate Chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. The manner of his death has given rise to many conspiracy theories. There is speculation that America, India, the Soviet Union (as retaliation for US-Pakistani supported attacks in Afghanistan) or an alliance of them and internal groups within Zia's military were behind the attack.

A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no Mayday signal was given.

Funeral and burial

Zia's Tomb
Grave stone of Zia's grave

His funeral was held on 19 August 1988 in Islamabad. Also in attendance was his successor President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had earlier officially announced Zia's death in a nationwide address.

Honours

Books about Haq's time period

  • The Leopard and the Fox by Tariq Ali (2007)
  • Breaking the Curfew by Emma Duncan (1989) ISBN 0-7181-2989-X
  • Working with Zia by General Khalid Mahmud Arif
  • Khaki Shadows by General Khalid Mahmud Arif
  • Desperately Seeking Paradise by Ziauddin Sardar
  • Waiting for Allah by Christina Lamb
  • Ayub, Bhutto, and Zia by Hassan Iftikhar
  • Journey to Disillusionment by Sherbaz Khan Mazari
  • Ghost Wars by Steven Coll
  • General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Shaheed: A Compilation by various authors
  • Charlie Wilson's War by George Crile
  • The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story by Mohammed Yousaf, Mark Adkin (1992) ISBN 0-85052-267-6
  • A Case of Exploding Mangoes by Mohammed Hanif
  • Pakistan's Politics The Zia Years by Mushahid Hussain Syed
  • Pakistan Under Martial Law 1977-1985 by Muhammad Waseem

Portrayals in popular culture

Zia has been portrayed in English language popular culture a number of times including:

  • Zia is the basis for the character General Hyder in Salman Rushdie's novel Shame (1983), which describes Zia's long-lasting relationship with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (here known as Iskander Harrapa), the president whom he would later overthrow and "put to death".

See also

References

  1. Hindus Contribution Towards Making Of Pakistan 22 May 2010 Retrieved 28 January 2011
  2. Pakistan's abused Ahmadis, The Economist, 13 Jan 2010
  3. Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 112. ISBN 0-87003-214-3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. POSTCARD USA: The Pakistani flying carpet — Khalid Hasan
  5. Gone but not forgotten
  6. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
  7. Over 80 killed in Lahore attacks F.P. Lahore Office
  8. Book: President of Pakistan, General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq: January–December 1985
  9. Funeral of Zia ul Haq
  10. Zia’s daughter is here
  11. Shatrughan reminisces ties with Zia
  12. Umeed-e-Noor's efforts for special children lauded
  13. In Mumbai, she sends out a prayer for peace
  14. US eliminated my father, charges Zia’s daughter
  15. Zia through a daughter’s eyes
  16. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
  17. ^ A.H. Amin. "Interview with Brig (retd) Shamim Yasin Manto" Defence Journal, February 2002
  18. The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia By Devin T. Hagerty Published by MIT Press, 1998, ISBN 0-262-58161-2, pp 114
  19. A.H. Amin "Interview with Maj Gen (retd) Naseerullah Khan Babar" Defence Journal, April 2001 issue
  20. Ardeshir Cowasjee, "The general's generals" Daily Dawn, 29 June 1995
  21. A.H. Amin "Remembering Our Warriors: Maj Gen (Retd) Tajammal Hussain Malik" Defence Journal, September 2001
  22. ^ Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  23. Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1977)
  24. ^ US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  25. Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment
  26. Nawaz Sharif Profile on WikiMir source of original citation
  27. The History and Culture of Pakistan, Nigel Kelly ISBN 1-901458-67-9
  28. Proliferation Unbound: Nuclear Tales from Pakistan, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. by Gaurav Kampani,23 February 2004
  29. The Man Who Sold the Bomb, Time.com Sunday, 6 Feb 2005
  30. The Bear Trap, Brig. Muhammad Yousuf
  31. Pakistan's Kalashnikov Culture and the CIA-ISI-Saudi Axis, By Alex Constantine
  32. Guns in Pakistan
  33. The Afghanistan Drug Trade, Forbes.com by Richard McGill Murphy 16 October 1997
  34. US lowers net worth of Osama bin Laden, By Katherine Pfleger Shrader, Associated Press writer, 2 September 2004
  35. Rape of the Law
  36. ^ Hoodbhoy, PhD (Nuclear physics), Pervez Amerali. "The Islamic Failure". Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy. Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Particle and Nuclear physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University and senior scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics. Retrieved 10/08/11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  37. The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts, The Guardian, 2009-05-18
  38. Shia Power and the West
  39. Shia-Sunni Tensions Surface on Campus
  40. The Martyrdom of Benazir Bhutto
  41. Pakistan Penal Code, Religious and Ahmadi-specific Laws
  42. Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PART XII - Miscellaneous, Chapter 5. Interpretation, Article 260(3)
  43. SOAS: The case of Zaheer-ud-din v. The State and its impact on the fundamental right to freedom of religion
  44. The Economist Article 'We decide whether you're Muslim or not'
  45. Human Rights Watch: Pakistan: Massacre of Minority Ahmadis
  46. "Profile: Islamabad's Red Mosque". BBC News. 27 July 2007.
  47. Foreign affairs Pakistan by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988)
  48. "Plea in court to revive C-130 crash case" Business Recorder, 22 April 1996
  49. Daily Times Online Edition 4 December 2005
  50. Times Online, 16 August 2008
  51. Hamilton, Dwight. "Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada", 2007
  52. The History and Culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9
  53. Mohammed Hanif (2008). A Case of Exploding Mangoes. Knopf. ISBN 0307268071. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. Greg Cox (2001). The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh, Volume One. Pocket Books. ISBN 0671021273. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

Military offices
Preceded byTikka Khan Chief of Army Staff
1976–1988 		Succeeded byMirza Aslam Beg
Preceded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry President of Pakistan
1978–1988 		Succeeded byGhulam Ishaq Khan
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto Minister of Defence
1978 		Succeeded byAli Ahmad Talpur
Preceded byAli Ahmad Talpur Minister of Defence
1985 		Succeeded byMuhammad Khan Junejo
Presidency of General Zia-ul-Haq
Administration
Personnel and Staffers
National
parties
Allies
Opposition
Platform
successors
Foreign
front
Involvement
in events
Opposition
Aligned entities
Opposed entities
Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan
Chief Martial Law Administrators
Punjab
Balochistan
Sindh
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
East Pakistan (former)
West Pakistan (former)
Presidents of Pakistan
Italics indicate acting Presidents
Cold War
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Frozen conflicts
Foreign policy
Ideologies
Capitalism
Socialism
Other
Organizations
Propaganda
Pro-communist
Pro-Western
Technological
competition
Historians
Espionage and
intelligence
See also
Pakistan Armed Forces
Military history of Pakistan
Leadership
Ministers
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Services
Inter-Services
Paramilitary
Personnel
Ranks and insignia
Business interests
Foundations
Criticism
Categories (Army • Air Force • Navy)

Template:Persondata

Categories: