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{{Infobox Political Party
|party_name = Kuomintang of China <br> {{linktext|中|國|國|民|黨}} <br> ''Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng''
|colorcode = #0000C8
|party_logo = ]The emblem of the Nationalist Party of China.
|leader1_title = Chairman
|leader1_name = ]
|foundation = 1894-11-24 (as ])<br/>1919-10-10 (modern)
|ideology = ],<br>],<br>],<br>],<br>formerly ]<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SmemAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=Sun+Yat+Sen,+Kuomintang+and+Chinese+Socialism&source=bl&ots=fogEeq3Jrr&sig=XsU7hxkBuiI7fn7pP42B-V3XSLo&hl=en&ei=A8mrTbLeEcia0QHSkq36CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Sun%20Yat%20Sen%2C%20Kuomintang%20and%20Chinese%20Socialism&f=false|title=Government and politics in Kuomintang China, 1927-1937|author=Hung-mao Tien|year=1972 |publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|ISBN=0-8047-0812-6|page=64|accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref>
|position = ]
|headquarters = No.232~234, Sec. 2, BaDe Rd., ], ], ], ] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx |title=Kuomintang Official Website |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |date= |accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref>
|membership = 1,090,000<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>
|membership_year = 2011
|seats1_title= ]
|seats1= {{Infobox political party/seats|64|113|hex=#0087dc}}
|seats2_title= Municipal Mayoralties
|seats2= {{Infobox political party/seats|3|5|hex=#0087dc}}
|seats3_title= City Mayoralties and County Magistracies
|seats3= {{Infobox political party/seats|12|17|hex=#0087dc}}
|seats4_title= Local Councillors
|seats4= {{Infobox political party/seats|409|906|hex=#0087dc}}
|seats5_title= Township Chiefs
|seats5= {{Infobox political party/seats|121|211|hex=#0087dc}}
|newspaper = ,<br>
|domestic = ]
|flag = ]
|international = ]
|colours = ]
|website =
|country = the Republic of China
}}
{{Chinese
|title=Kuomintang of China
|t={{linktext|中國|國民黨}}
|s={{linktext|中国|国民党}}
|p=Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng
|w=Chung<sup>1</sup>-kuo² Kuo²-min²-tang³
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|wuu=tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> min<sup>平</sup> taon<sup>上</sup>
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|poj=Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng
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|altname = Abbreviated to
|t2=國民黨
|s2=国民党
|p2=Guómíndǎng
|w2=Kuo²-min²-tang³
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|j2=gwok³men<sup>4</sup>dong²
|poj2=Kok-bîn-tóng
|h2=gued<sup>2</sup>min<sup>11</sup>dong<sup>31</sup>
}}

The '''Kuomintang of China'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=105 |title=Introduction of the KMT |publisher=Kuomintang |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|k|w|oʊ|m|ɪ|n|ˈ|t|ɑː|ŋ}} or {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|t|æ|ŋ}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kuomintang |title=kuomintang - Definitions |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> ('''KMT'''), sometimes romanized as '''Guomindang''' via the ] transcription system or '''GMD''' for short, and translated as the '''Chinese Nationalist Party'''<ref>Also sometimes translated as "Chinese National People's Party", see e.g. Derek Benjamin Heater, , Oxford University Press, 1987; and {{cite news |title=Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-Shek|author=|newspaper=TIME|date=1938-01-03|page=|url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1937.html|accessdate=2011-05-22}}</ref> is a founding and ruling ] of the ] (ROC). Its guiding ideology is the ], advocated by ]. It is the oldest political party in the Republic of China, which it founded, and its party headquarters are located in ], ]. It is currently the ] of the ROC, and holds most seats in the ]. The KMT is a member of the ]. Current ] ], elected in 2008, is the seventh KMT member to hold the office of the presidency.

Together with the ] and ], the KMT forms what is known as the Taiwanese ], which supports eventual ]. However, the KMT has been forced to moderate its stance by advocating the ] and legal ] of modern Taiwan. The KMT accepts a "]" - it officially considers that there is only one ] and that the Republic of China (not the ]) is its ]. However, since 2008, in order to ease tensions with the People's Republic of China, the KMT endorses the "three nos" policy as defined by ] - no unification, no independence and no use of force.<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking behind Ma's 'three noes' |author=Ralph Cossa |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=2008-01-21 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref>

The KMT was founded by ] and ] shortly after the ]. Later led by Generalissimo ], it ruled much of ] from 1928 until its retreat to Taiwan in 1949 after being defeated by the ] (CPC) during the ]. There, the KMT controlled the government under a ] until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s loosened its grip on power.

==Supporter base==
Support for the Kuomintang in the ] encompasses a wide range of groups. Kuomintang support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from small to medium and self-employed business owners, who make up the majority of commercial interests in Taiwan. Big businesses are also likely to support the KMT because of its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China.

The KMT also has strong support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with ]s, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has solid support among ]s and their descendants for ideological reasons and among ].

Opponents of the KMT include strong supporters of Taiwan independence, and rural residents particularly in southern Taiwan, though supporters of unification include ] and supporters of independence include mainlanders. There is opposition due to an image of KMT both as a mainlanders' and a Chinese nationalist party out of touch with local values.

==History==
{{main|History of the Kuomintang}}

===Early years, Sun Yat-sen era===
] as the "Father of the Nation." Sun is pictured here in 1917.]]
The Kuomintang traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of ], a proponent of ], who founded ] in ], ] in 1894.<ref>''See'' (Chinese) last accessed Aug. 30, 2009</ref> In 1905, Sun joined forces with other ] in ] to form the ''Tongmenghui'' or the ], a group committed to the overthrow of the ] and the establishment of a ].

The group planned and supported the ] of 1911 and the founding of the ] on January 1, 1912. However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the ] of the republic to strongman ], who arranged for the abdication of the ] on February 12.

On August 25, 1912, the Kuomintang was established at the ] in ], where the ] and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.<ref>] 59-60</ref> Sun, the then Premier of the ROC, was chosen as the party chairman with ] as his deputy.

The most influential member of the party was the third ranking ], who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the KMT on a ] platform in favor of a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party was opposed to ] and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Kuomintang won an overwhelming majority of the first ] in December 1912.

But Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions and had parliamentary leader Song Jiaoren assassinated in ] in 1913. Members of the KMT led by Sun Yat-sen staged the ] in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the Kuomintang from the parliament.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658&dq=kuo+tang+general+hui+ancestor&hl=en&ei=agv3TbvyC6T20gHahc3YCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kuo%20tang%20general%20hui%20ancestor&f=false|title=The Encyclopædia britannica: the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition of that work, and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with events and developments of the period 1910 ...|author=|editor=Hugh Chisholm|year=1922|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd.|location=|isbn=|page=658|pages=|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658&dq=kuo+tang+general+hui+ancestor&hl=en&ei=agv3TbvyC6T20gHahc3YCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kuo%20tang%20general%20hui%20ancestor&f=false|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes")|author=Hugh Chisholm|year=1922|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd|location=|isbn=|page=658|pages=|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> Yuan dissolved the KMT in November (whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan) and dismissed the parliament early in 1914.

] proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the ], but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, ], ] and ], refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against ]. In order to join the Chinese Revolutionary Party, members must take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution.

Thus, many old revolutionaries did not join Sun's new organisation, and he was largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period. Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a rival government at ], but was soon forced out of office and exiled to Shanghai. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on October 10, 1919, but under the name of the ''Chinese'' Kuomintang, as the old party had simply been called the Kuomintang. In 1920, Sun and the KMT were restored in Guangdong.

In 1923, the KMT and its government accepted aid from the ] after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers – the most prominent of whom was ], an agent of the ] – began to arrive in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the ], establishing a ] party structure that lasted into the 1990s. The Communist Party of China (CPC) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the ] between the two parties.

] and ] at the founding of the ] in 1924.]]

Soviet advisers also helped the Nationalists set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 ], one of Sun's lieutenants from the ] days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the first party congress in 1924, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CPC, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the ] - nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.

===Chiang Kai-shek assumes leadership===
], who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925]]

When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the Nationalist Party fell to ] and ], respectively the ] and ] leaders of the Kuomintang. The real power, however, lay with ], also known as Jiang Jieshi, who, as superintendent of the ], was in near complete control of the military.

With this military power, the Kuomintang confirmed their power on ], ] (the province containing Guangzhou) and ] (the province west of Guangdong). The Nationalists now had a rival government in direct opposition to the ] government based in the northern city of ].<ref name="Nationalist China">{{cite web | url = http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM | title = Nationalist China | publisher = Washington State University | date = 1996-06-06}}</ref>

Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly, Chiang Kai-shek, who assumed leadership of the Kuomintang in 1926, had little contact with or knowledge of the West. Sun Yat-sen had forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from Western materials that he had learned in ] and later in Europe. Chiang Kai-shek, however, knew almost nothing about the West; he was firmly rooted in his Chinese identity and was steeped in ]. As his life progressed, he became more militantly attached to Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-Chinese outlook and he studied the ] and Chinese histories assiduously.<ref name="Nationalist China"/>

Of the ] of Sun Yat-sen, the one he most ardently and passionately adhered to was that of ]. Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the ] of the ], both in the ], and when the national government was relocated to ].<ref name="Nationalist China"/>

Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, General Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the ] to defeat the ] and unite China under the party. With their power confirmed in the southeast, the ] appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the ], and the ] to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months.

A split, however, erupted between the ] and the Nationalist Party; this split threatened the Northern Expedition. ], the leader of the ] healed the split by ordering the Chinese Communists to obey the Kuomintang leadership in everything. Once this split had been healed, Chiang Kai-shek resumed his Northern Expedition and, with the help of Communist strikes, managed to take ]. There he began to eliminate the Communists in what is today known as the ] and the Nationalist government, which had moved to ], dismissed him. Unfazed, Chiang set up his own alternative government in ]. When the ] collapsed in February 1928, Chiang Kai-shek was the only Nationalist government still standing.<ref name="Nationalist China"/>

When Kuomintang forces took Beijing, as the city was the internationally recognized capital, though previously controlled by the feuding warlords, this event allowed the Kuomintang to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the ], and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 became and is still known as the ].

] soldiers marched into the British concessions in Hankou during the ].]]

During the ], (March 1927) the Kuomintang took on the western Imperialist powers in China, launching an all out attack against the Imperialist concessions in multiple Chinese cities. The Chinese forces stormed the consulates of America, Britain, and Japan, looting nearly every foreign property and almost assassinating the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian, and a Japanese were killed by Chinese Nationalist forces. Chinese snipers targeted the American consul and marines who were guarding him, Chinese bullets flew into Socony Hall where American citizens were hiding out, one Chinese soldier declared- "We don't want money, anyway, we want to kill."<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign News: NANKING|author= |newspaper=TIME|date=Monday, Apr. 4, 1927|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html|accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref> The Chinese Kuomintang forces also stormed and seized millions of dollars worth of British concessions in ], refusing to hand them back to Britain. Britain then decided to give them up.<ref>{{cite news |title=CHINA: Japan & France|author= |newspaper=TIME|date=Monday, Apr. 11, 1927|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html|accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>

After the ] in 1928, the Kuomintang government declared to the Great Powers in China that China had been exploited for decades under ], and that the time for such treaties was over, demanding they renegotiate all of them on equal terms.<ref>{{cite news |title=CHINA: Nationalist Notes|author= |newspaper=TIME|date=Monday, June 25, 1928|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>

Muslim Generals in Gansu waged war against the ] in favor of the Kuomintang during the ].

] during the ].]]
].]]
In sum, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial independence. However, after its reorganization along Soviet lines, the party aimed to establish a centralized ] with one ideology - ]. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage," whereby the party was to control the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system.

The Kuomintang had many Muslim members who used the secular, nationalist ideology of the party to rise up higher in Chinese society.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BwgWAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei&dq=Ma-Hung-kwei&hl=en&ei=lq-VTL2PNoKKlweDsNWmCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBDgU|title=Religious trends in modern China|author=Wing-tsit Chan|year=1953|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|page=327|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> An example of this is after the Northern Expedition, ] and ] provinces were created out of ] province, and three Muslim ] Generals, ], ], and ] were appointed as their military governors for their assistance and their joining the KMT. ], and Kuomintang member became the ], the highest position a Muslim had reached in the Chinese government. The Kuomintang sponsored and sent Chinese Muslim students like ] and Wang Jingzhai to study at ] in Egypt. ], a Muslim army General, joined the Kuomintang and filled many important positions as he preached Chinese unity. Ma Hongkui worked with an Imam, ], who ordered all Muslim Imams in ] to preach Chinese nationalism at the mosque and ordered all Muslims to salute the National Flag and pray for the Kuomintang government. Many Muslim generals like ] and ] were hard liner Kuomintang members. The ], owned by the Muslim General ] has numerous portraits of the Kuomintang founder Dr. ] and ] flags. Muslim Generals like ] used KMT banners and flags for their armies and wore KMT armbands.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&cd=1#v=snippet&q=kuomintang%20%20standard&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0521255147|page=108|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

After several military campaigns and with the help of German military advisers (German planned fifth "extermination campaign"), the Communists were forced to withdraw from their bases in southern and central China into the mountains in a massive military retreat known famously as the ], an undertaking which would eventually increase their reputation among the peasants. Less than 10% of the army would survive the 10,000&nbsp;km march to Shaanxi province.

The Kuomintang continued to attack the Communists. This was in line with Chiang's policy of solving internal conflicts (warlords and communists) before fighting external invasions (Japan). However, ], who believed that the Japanese invasion constituted the greater prevailing threat, took Chiang hostage during the ] in 1937 and forced Chiang to agree to an alliance with the Communists in the total war against the Japanese.

The ] had officially started, and would last until the Japanese surrender in 1945. However in many situations the alliance was in name only; after a brief period of cooperation, the armies began to fight the Japanese separately, rather than as coordinated allies. Conflicts between KMT and communists were still common during the war, and documented claims abound of Communist attacks upon the KMT forces and vice versa.

In these incidents, it should be noted that The KMT armies typically utilized more traditional tactics while the Communists chose guerrilla tactics, leading to KMT claims that the Communists often refused to support the KMT troops, choosing to withdraw and let the KMT troops take the brunt of Japanese attacks. These same guerrilla tactics, honed against the Japanese forces, were used to great success later during open civil war, as well as against the Allied forces in the Korean War and the U.S. forces in the Vietnam War.

During Chiang's rule, the Kuomintang became rampantly corrupt, where leading officials and military leaders hoarded funding, material and armaments. This was especially the case during the ], an issue which proved to be a hindrance with US military leaders, where military aid provided by the US was hoarded by various KMT generals. US President Truman wrote that ''"], ], and ] (were) all thieves"'', having taken $750 million in US aid.<ref>Bagby, Wesley Marvin, ''The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II'', University of Delaware Press, 1992, pp.65. (ISBN 0874134188)</ref>

The Kuomintang was also known to have used terror tactics against suspected communists, through the utilization of a secret police force, who were employed to maintain surveillance on suspected communists and political opponents. In ''“The Birth of Communist China”'', C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of KMT thus: ''“the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency.”''<ref>C.P. Fitzgerald, ''The Birth of Communist China'', Penguin Books, 1964, pp.106. (ISBN 0140206949 / ISBN 9780140206944)</ref>

Full-scale civil war between the Communists and KMT resumed after the defeat of Japan. The Communist armies, previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part: first, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the Communists.

Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the ]<!--Note: this is not a typo, do not change to "Script"--> in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver, and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange.

The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave the Communists a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the ]. However, with the country suffering from ], widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support.

At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the Communist cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the Communist side, and the overwhelming popular support for the Communists in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.

By the end of 1949, the Communists controlled almost all of ], as the KMT retreated to ] with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces and refugees. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the ], which still currently exists as one of the ] in the ].

===KMT in Taiwan===
{{refimprove section|date=August 2011}}
]; the imposing structure directly faced the ], was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance.]]

In 1895, Taiwan, including the ] islands, became a Japanese colony, a concession by the ] after it lost the ]. After Japan's defeat at the end of ] in 1945, ] instructed Japan, who surrendered to the US, to surrender its troops in Taiwan to the forces of the Republic of China Kuomintang.

Sovereignty over Taiwan was transferred to the ROC in 1945 on the basis of the ] which recognized the ] which referenced the ], and the ROC put Taiwan under military rule. Tensions between the local Taiwanese and ]s from ] increased in the intervening years culminating in a flashpoint on February 27, 1947 in ] when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the ] in the ]. As a result of the 228 Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "]", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in over 30,000 Taiwan independence criminals "eliminated".{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

Following the establishment of the ] (PRC) on October 1, 1949, the commanders of the PRC People's Liberation Army believed that ] and ] had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. KMT fought the ] and stopped the invasion. In 1950 Chiang took office in Taipei under the ]. The provision declared ] in Taiwan and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the Communists. KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year."

However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the Communists full-scale. The Kuomintang backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the ] during the ]. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in ] were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained ] until 1971.

Until the 1970s, KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved cross-Taiwan Strait relations, and created the ]. However KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as "Nationalist China" after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in parliament.

Although opposition parties were not permitted, ] (or, "outside the party") representatives were tolerated. In the 1980s, the KMT focused on transforming the government from a single-party system to a ] democracy one and embracing "]". With the founding of the ] (DPP) in 1986, the KMT started competing against the DPP in Parliamentary elections.

In 1991, ] ceased when President ] terminated the ]. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. ], the ROC's first democratically elected President and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated it with ].

The KMT faced a split in 1994 that led to the formation of the ], alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the ]. Upset at the choice of ] as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General ] launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the ] (PFP). The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. In order to prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward ]. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the ].

In 2006, the Kuomintang sold its former headquarters to ] for $2.3 billion ]s (96 million ]s). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road.<ref>Mo, Yan-chih. "." '']''. Thursday March 23, 2006. Page 1. Retrieved on September 29, 2009.</ref>

===Current issues and challenges===
{{refimprove section|date=August 2011}}
] and ] and the Kuomintang touring the ] in ], the ]. The ] in 2005.]]
As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$ 2–10 billion.<ref name="KMT_asset">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158|publisher=Economist|title= Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink|date=2001-12-06}}</ref> Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (see ]).

After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the ] that the KMT retained assets that were illegally acquired. Currently, there is a law proposed by the DPP in the ] to recover illegally acquired party assets and return them to the government; however, since the pan-Blue alliance, the KMT and its smaller partner PFP, control the legislature, it is very unlikely to be passed.

The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate; ] (DPP), in its capacity as ruling party from 2000&ndash;2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title in order to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT Chairman ]'s position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed.

In December 2003, then-KMT chairman (present chairman emeritus) and presidential candidate ] initiated what appeared to some to be a major shift in the party's position on the linked questions of Chinese reunification and Taiwan independence. Speaking to foreign journalists, Lien said that while the KMT was opposed to "immediate independence," it did not wish to be classed as "pro-reunificationist" either.

At the same time, ], speaker of the ] and the Pan-Blue Coalition's campaign manager in the ], said that the party no longer opposed Taiwan's "eventual independence." This statement was later clarified as meaning that the KMT opposes any immediate decision on unification and independence and would like to have this issue resolved by future generations. The KMT's position on the cross-strait relationship was redefined as hoping to remain in the current neither-independent-nor-united situation.
], the current ROC President and chairman of the Kuomintang.]]
In 2005, then-party chairman ] announced that he was to leave his office. The two leading contenders for the position include ] and Wang Jin-pyng. On April 5, 2005, Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou said he wished to lead the opposition Kuomintang with Wang Jin-pyng. On July 16, 2005, Ma was elected as KMT chairman in the ]. Some 54 percent of the party's 1.04 million members cast their ballots. Ma Ying-jeou garnered 72.4 percent of vote share, or 375,056 votes, against Wang Jin-pyng's 27.6 percent, or 143,268 votes. After failing to convince Wang to stay on as a vice chairman, Ma named holdovers ] (吳伯雄), ] (江丙坤), and ] (林澄枝), as well as long-time party administrator and strategist ] (關中), as vice-chairmen; all appointments were approved by a hand count of party delegates.

There has been a recent warming of relations between the ] and the PRC, with prominent members of both the KMT and PFP in active discussions with officials on the Mainland. In February 2004, it appeared that KMT had opened a campaign office for the Lien-Soong ticket in ] targeting Taiwanese businessmen. However, after an adverse reaction in Taiwan, the KMT quickly declared that the office was opened without official knowledge or authorization. In addition, the PRC issued a statement forbidding open campaigning in the Mainland and formally stated that it had no preference as to which candidate won and cared only about the positions of the winning candidate.

On March 28, 2005, thirty members of the Kuomintang (KMT), led by KMT vice chairman ], ]. This marked the first official visit by the KMT to the mainland since it was defeated by communist forces in 1949 (although KMT members including Chiang had made individual visits in the past). The delegates began their itinerary by paying homage to the revolutionary martyrs of the Tenth Uprising at ]. They subsequently flew to the former ROC capital of ] to commemorate Sun Yat-sen. <!-- The '']'', a Taiwan-based newspaper, said the group was to meet Thursday with ], nominally fourth-ranking CPC politician and a deputy head of the cabinet-level ]. A top agenda item for Chiang was the anti-secession law, passed by China's parliament earlier in the month that authorized the use of "non-peaceful means" against Taiwan if it were to move towards formal independence.--> During the trip KMT signed a 10-points agreement with the CPC. The opponents regarded this visit as the prelude of the third KMT-CPC cooperation. Weeks afterwards, in May, Chairman Lien Chan visited the mainland and met with ]. No agreements were signed because ]'s government threatened to prosecute the KMT delegation for treason and violation of R.O.C. laws prohibiting citizens from collaborating with Communists.

] became KMT chairman in 2005 defeating ] in the first competitive election for the party leadership. On February 13, 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as chairman of the Kuomintang at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for President. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. Despite having resigned the party chairmanship, Ma was the party's nominee in the ] which he won.

On June 25, 2009, ROC President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT's leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the election of the KMT chairmanship. On July 26, Ma Ying-jeou won 93.87% of the vote for KMT leadership, becoming the new chairman of the Kuomintang,<ref> - CNA ENGLISH NEWS</ref>
taking office on September 12. This officially allows Ma to be able to meet with ] President ] (who is also the ]) and other PRC delegates, as he is able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party, rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.<ref> - eTaiwan News</ref>

==Elections and results==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2011}}
] supporters at a rally during the ].]]

The KMT won a landslide victory in the ]. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman ] to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a large margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on May 20, 2008 and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the ], winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the ]. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans.

Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the ] and lost its position as the largest party in the ]. However, the party did well in the 2002 local government mayoral and council election with ], its candidate for Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate for ] mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated electoral strategies. In 2004, the KMT and PFP ran a joint presidential ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice-president.

The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President ] by merely over 30,000 votes was a bitter disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for several weeks protesting alleged electoral fraud and the "odd circumstances" of the ]. However, the fortunes of the party were greatly improved when the KMT did well in the ] held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan achieving a majority for the ].

Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner the ] and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, ] appeared to be reconciling with President ] and the ]. Many PFP members including legislators and municipal leaders have defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party.

The KMT won a decisive victory in the ] of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and ] on December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of ] by the slim margin of 1,100 votes.

After 8 years of the KMT legislative majority sharing rule with a DPP president, the KMT regained the presidency by winning the 2008 Presidential Election. The citizens of the ROC elected Presidential candidate Ma Ying Jeou and Vice-Presidential candidate Vincent Siew. This followed an earlier election in January of the Legislative Yuan in which the KMT increased their control of the legislature by winning 3 quarters of the total seats.

==Organization==
]ways Corporation.]]
]s of the world. Its United States party headquarters are located in ], directly across the ].]]
].]]

<!-- some basic info on congresses and committees at http://www.taiwan.com.au/Polieco/Government/report08.html-->

===Leadership history===
====List of leaders of the Kuomintang (1912–1914)====
'''President''':
# ] (1912–1913)

'''Premier''':
# ] (1913–1914)

====List of leaders of the Kuomintang of China (1919–present)====
'''Premier''':
# ] (1919–1925)
# ] (1925–1926)

'''Chairman of Central Executive Committee''':
# ] (1927–1931)
# ] (1931–1933)
# ] (1933–1938) (self-proclaimed)

'''Director-General''':
# ] (1926–1927)<br>Vacancy (1927–1935)
# ] (1935–1936)<br>Vacancy (1936–1938)
# ] (1938–1975)

'''Chairman''':
# ] (1975–1988)
# ] (1988–2000)
# ] (2000–2005)
# ] (2005–2007)
#* ] (2007) (acting)
#* ] (2007) (acting)
# ] (April 2007–September 12, 2009)
# ] (September 12, 2009-)

====Current vice chairpersons====
* ] (詹春柏)
* ] (林豐正)
* ] (江丙坤)
* ] (蔣孝嚴)
* ] (曾永權)
* ] (黃敏惠)
==== List of Secretaries-General of the Kuomintang of China ====<!-- This section is linked from ] -->
'''Secretaries-General of the Central Executive Committee''':
# ] (葉楚傖) (1926–1927)
# Post abolished (1927–1929)
# ] (陳立夫) (1929–1931)
# ] (丁惟汾) (1931)
# ] (1931–1938)
# ] (朱家驊) (1938–1939)
# ] (1939–1941)
# ] (吳鐵城) (1941–1948)
# ] (鄭彥棻) (1948–1950)

'''Secretaries-General of the Central Reform Committee''':
# ] (張其昀) (1950–1952)

'''Secretaries-General of the Central Committee''':
# ] (1952–1954)
# ] (張厲生) (1954–1959)
# ] (唐縱) (1959–1964)
# ] (谷鳳翔) (1964–1968)
# ] (張寶樹) (1968–1979)
# ] (蔣彥士) (1979–1985)
# ] (馬樹禮) (1985–1987)
# ] (李煥) (1987–1989)
# ] (宋楚瑜) (1989–1993)
# ] (許水德) (1993–1996)
# ] (吳伯雄) (1996–1998)
# ] (章孝嚴) (1998–1999)
# ] (黃昆輝) (1999–2000)
# ] (林豐正) (2000–2005)
# ] (詹春柏) (2005–2007)(2009)
# ] (吳敦義) (2007–2009)
# ] (金溥聰) (2009–2011)
# ] (廖了以) (2011–present)

===Party organization and structure<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107 |title=Kuomintang News Network |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |date=2009-02-26 |accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref>===

*National Congress
**Party Chairman
*** Vice-Chairmen
**Central Committee
***Central Steering Committee for Women
**Central Standing Committee
**Secretary-General
***Deputy Secretaries-General
**Executive Director
***Policy Committee
****Policy Coordination Department
****Policy Research Department
****Mainland Affairs Department
***National Development Institute
****Administrative Division
****Research Division
****Education and Counselling Division
***Party Disciplinary Committee
****Evaluation and Control Office
****Audit Office
***Culture and Communications Committee
****Cultural Department
****Communications Department
****KMT Party History Institute
***Administration Committee
****Personnel Office
****General Office
****Finance Office
****Accounting Office
****Information Center
***Organizational Development Committee
****Organization and Operations Department
****Elections Mobilization Department
****Community Volunteers Department
****Overseas Department
****Youth Department
****Women's Department

==Ideology in Mainland China (1920s-1950s)==
===Chinese nationalism===
The Kuomintang was a nationalist revolutionary party, which had been supported by the ]. It was organized on ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GTgEPrlfvG4C&pg=PA337&dq=chiang+portraits+streets&hl=en&ei=UGCaTKLlBsGB8gbyyeBX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=leninist%20chiang%20democracy&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=504|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang had several influences left upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek used the words ] and ] as synonyms for evil, and backwardness, and proudly proclaimed themselves to be ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IDbvAzXCBH8C&pg=PA19&dq=Dear+Ah+Feng,+the+Chinese+Revolution+is+yet+to+be+completed.+But+I,+a+revolutionary,+feel+down-hearted+and+am+unable+to+devote+my+full+energy+to+our+country.+I+only+want+you+to+promise+me+one+thing+and+then+I+shall+find+strength+again+to+work+hard+for+the+revolution.&hl=en&ei=fTqmTPHmH8L7lwe7lp0Z&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dear%20Ah%20Feng%2C%20the%20Chinese%20Revolution%20is%20yet%20to%20be%20completed.%20But%20I%2C%20a%20revolutionary%2C%20feel%20down-hearted%20and%20am%20unable%20to%20devote%20my%20full%20energy%20to%20our%20country.%20I%20only%20want%20you%20to%20promise%20me%20one%20thing%20and%20then%20I%20shall%20find%20strength%20again%20to%20work%20hard%20for%20the%20revolution.&f=false|title=Chiang Kai-shek's secret past: the memoir of his second wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|location=|page=19|isbn=0813318254|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chiang called the warlords feudalists, and called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the Kuomintang.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ&q=Can+we+now+call+these+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+genuine+revolutionaries&dq=Can+we+now+call+these+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+genuine+revolutionaries&hl=en&ei=SjmmTPKiI4Wdlgen2bwY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw|title=China's destiny & Chinese economic theory|author=Kai-shek Chiang|year=1947|publisher=Roy Publishers|editor=Philip Jacob Jaffe|location=|page=225|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name="google65">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65&dq=Can+we+now+call+these+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+genuine+revolutionaries&hl=en&ei=SjmmTPKiI4Wdlgen2bwY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Can%20we%20now%20call%20these%20disguised%20warlords%20and%20new%20feudalists%20genuine%20revolutionaries&f=false|title=From allies to enemies: visions of modernity, identity, and U.S.-China diplomacy, 1945-1960|author=Simei Qing|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|page=65|isbn=0674023447|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name="Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew 2007 225">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225&dq=e+those+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+beneficial+or+harmful+to+the+nation+and+to+the+Revolution%3F+Everyone+severely+condemned+those+that+formerly+controlled+armies+and+the+territory-grabbing+warlords+as+counter-revolutionary.&hl=en&ei=LTqmTOuKCMSqlAePoeAX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=e%20those%20disguised%20warlords%20and%20new%20feudalists%20beneficial%20or%20harmful%20to%20the%20nation%20and%20to%20the%20Revolution%3F%20Everyone%20severely%20condemned%20those%20that%20formerly%20controlled%20armies%20and%20the%20territory-grabbing%20warlords%20as%20counter-revolutionary.&f=false|title=China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory|author=Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew|year=2007|publisher=READ BOOKS|location=|page=225|isbn=1406758388|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268&dq=Can+we+now+call+these+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+genuine+revolutionaries&hl=en&ei=SjmmTPKiI4Wdlgen2bwY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Can%20we%20now%20call%20these%20disguised%20warlords%20and%20new%20feudalists%20genuine%20revolutionaries&f=false|title=Image, perception, and the making of U.S.-China relations|author=Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|location=|page=268|isbn=0761811583|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of its negative, feudal connotations.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IDbvAzXCBH8C&pg=PA226&dq=see+his+face+was+livid+and+his+hands+were+shaking+%E2%80%93+he+ran+amok.+He+swept+things+off+the+table+and+broke+the+furniture+by+smashing+chairs+and+overturning+tables.+Then,+like+a+baby,+he+broke+down+and+wept+bitterly.+All+that+afternoon+and+evening,+he+refused+to&hl=en&ei=lDqmTLbMNYa0lQfd0pUY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=see%20his%20face%20was%20livid%20and%20his%20hands%20were%20shaking%20%E2%80%93%20he%20ran%20amok.%20He%20swept%20things%20off%20the%20table%20and%20broke%20the%20furniture%20by%20smashing%20chairs%20and%20overturning%20tables.%20Then%2C%20like%20a%20baby%2C%20he%20broke%20down%20and%20wept%20bitterly.%20All%20that%20afternoon%20and%20evening%2C%20he%20refused%20to&f=false|title=Chiang Kai-shek's secret past: the memoir of his second wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|location=|page=226|isbn=0813318254|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the Kuomintang, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.<ref name="google65"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=generalissimo+and+he+lost&q=chiang+american+motives#v=snippet&q=chiang%20did%20not%20like%20ally%20american%20motives&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=413|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He and his ] called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a ] member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268&dq=Can+we+now+call+these+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+genuine+revolutionaries&hl=en&ei=SjmmTPKiI4Wdlgen2bwY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=soviet%20imperialism%20country%20the%20white%20bear%20of%20the%20North&f=false|title=Image, perception, and the making of U.S.-China relations|author=Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|location=|page=268|isbn=0761811583|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang was anti-feudal, using feudal with a negative connotation to refer to backward ways and anti-revolutionary ideas.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89&dq=kuomintang+anti+feudal&hl=en&ei=1DamTObUKIaBlAfLu5gX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20anti%20feudal&f=false|title=Red Star Over China - The Rise of the Red Army|author=Edgar Snow|year=2008|publisher=READ BOOKS|location=|page=89|isbn=1443736732|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The ], a fascist paramilitary organization within the Kuomintang modeled after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti-foreign and ], and stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75&dq=blueshirts+red+bandits+foreign+insults&hl=en&ei=gWmaTKa2L8G88gaF0rSxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese secret service|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=75|isbn=0520234073|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> In addition to being anticommunist, some Kuomintang members, like Chiang Kaishek's right-hand man ] were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GTgEPrlfvG4C&dq=chiang+portraits+streets&q=chiang+alientae+stalin#v=snippet&q=dai%20li%20oss%20anti%20american%20influence&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=414|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Kuomintang leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general ] of ] presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China, fighting against British imperialism, to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20british&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=48|isbn=0742511448|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20family%20feudalism&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=49|isbn=0742511448|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Kuomintang party was officially anti-feudal, and the Kuomintang itself claimed to be a revolutionary party of the people, so being accused of feudalism was a serious insult. ], the leader of the Kuomintang, spoke out publicly against feudalism and feudal warlords.<ref name="Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew 2007 225"/> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA47&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&hl=en&ei=MebJTMDdIoLGlQeZ-rSgAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20army%20national%20army%20people's%20power&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=50|isbn=0742511448|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang pursued a ] policy, it was stated that "the time had come to set about the business of making all natives either turn Chinese or get out" by foreign observers of Kuomintang policy. It was noted that "Chinese colonization" of "Mongolia and Manchuria" led to the conclusion "to a conviction that the day of the barbarian was finally over."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=z37kTZKwH-b40gGG2pGIBw&ct=result&id=Qb0pAQAAIAAJ&dq=The+Kuomintang+urged+that+the+time+had+come+to+set+about+the+business+of+making+all+natives+either+turn+Chinese+or+get+out.+The+Kuomintang+has+but+little+political+power+in+Chinese+Turkistan%2C+because+the+ruling+Chinese+faction&q=kuomintang+business|title=The new Orient; a series of monographs on Oriental culture ...|author=|editor=|year=1933|publisher=|edition=|location=|page=116|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=R3_kTcf7AoXi0QG11e20Bw&ct=result&id=rrjQAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Kuomintang+urged+that+the+time+had+come+to+set+about+the+business+of+making+all+natives+either+turn+Chinese+or+get+out.+The+Kuomintang+has+but+little+political+power+in+Chinese+Turkistan%2C+because+the+ruling+Chinese+faction&q=The+Kuomintang+urged+that+the+time+had+come+to+set+about+the+business+of+making+all+natives+either+turn+Chinese+or+get+out.+The+Kuomintang+has+but+little+political+power+in+Chinese+Turkistan%2C+because+the+ruling+Chinese+faction|title=The Open court, Volume 47|author=|editor=Paul Carus|year=1934|publisher=The Open Court Pub. Co.|edition=|location=|page=116|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=Rj_kTYqRIsjg0QG658SiBw&ct=result&id=GnBwAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Kuomintang+urged+that+the+time+had+come+to+set+about+the+business+of+making+all+natives+either+turn+Chinese+or+get+out.+The+Kuomintang+has+but+little+political+power+in+Chinese+Turkistan%2C+because+the+ruling+Chinese+faction&q=kuomintang+urged|title=Frontier history|author=Owen Lattimore|editor=|year=1962|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=|location=|page=197|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-29}}</ref>

===Anti-imperialism, anti-religion, and anti-foreignism===
Dr. ], the founding father of the ] and of the Kuomintang party praised the Boxers in the ] for fighting against Western Imperialism. He said the Boxers were courageous and fearless, fighting to the death against the Western armies, Dr. Sun specifically cited the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I0kvN9LDHP0C&pg=PA151&dq=yangcun+battle#v=onepage&q=yangcun%20battle&f=false|title=Critical Zone 3: A Forum of Chinese and Western Knowledge|author=Douglas Kerr|year=2009|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=|page=151|isbn=9622098576|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

During the Northern Expedition, the Kuomintang incited anti-foreign, anti-western sentiment. Portraits of Sun Yatsen replaced the crucifix in several churches, KMT posters proclaimed- "Jesus Christ is dead. Why not worship something alive such as Nationalism?". Foreign missionaries were attacked and anti foreign riots broke out.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=chiang+kai-shek+democracy&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible#v=onepage&q=portraits%20crucifixes%20anti&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=126|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang branch in Guangxi province, led by the ] implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies.

During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General ] led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&dq=accused+chiang+feudal&q=muslim#v=onepage&q=pai%20smashing%20idols%20decapitating%20statues&f=false|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=98|isbn=0521202043|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> It was reported that almost all of Buddhist monasteries in Guangxi were destroyed by Bai in this manner. The monks were removed.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LxDUeWdMubkC&pg=PA146&dq=bai+chongxi+buddhist+temples&hl=en&ei=qvukTJfKO4OB8gb-mamEAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bai%20chongxi%20buddhist%20temples&f=false|title=Toward a modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's reforms|author=Don Alvin Pittman|year=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=|page=146|isbn=00824822315|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&dq=accused+chiang+feudal&q=muslim#v=snippet&q=missionary%20crowd&f=false|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=99|isbn=0521202043|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The three goals of his movement were anti-foreign, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion. Bai led the anti-religious movement, against superstition. ], also a Kuomintang member of the New Guangxi Clique, supported Bai's campaign, and Huang was not a Muslim, the anti religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&dq=accused+chiang+feudal&q=muslim#v=onepage&q=pai's%20as%20a%20moslem%20other%20religions&f=false|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=99|isbn=0521202043|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

As a Kuomintang member, Bai and the other Guangxi clique members allowed the Communists to continue attacking foreigners and smash idols, since they shared the goal of expelling the foreign powers from China, but they stopped Communists from initiating social change.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&dq=accused+chiang+feudal&q=muslim#v=onepage&q=provincial%20kuomintang%20iconoclastic%20foreign&f=false|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=100|isbn=0521202043|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

General Bai also wanted to aggressively expel foreign powers from other areas of China. Bai gave a speech in which he said that the minorities of china were suffering under foreign oppression. He cited specific examples, such as the Tibetans under the British, the Manchus under the Japanese, the Mongols under the Outer ], and the Uyghurs of Xinjiang under the Soviet Union. Bai called upon China to assist them in expelling the foreigners from those lands. He personally wanted to lead an expedition to seize back Xinjiang to bring it under Chinese control, in the style that ] led during the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&dq=accused+chiang+feudal&q=muslim#v=onepage&q=pai%20minority%20tibetans%20british%20foreign&f=false|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|page=124|isbn=0521202043|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

During the ] the Muslim General ] destroyed Tibetan Buddhist monasteries with support from the Kuomintang government.<ref name="google54">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+son&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang's%20seven%20genocidal%20golog&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=54|isbn=0742511448|page=273|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

General Ma Bufang, a Sufi, who backed the ] Muslims, and persecuted the ] ]/] Muslim sect. The Yihewani forced the Salafis into hiding. They were not allowed to move or worship openly. The Yihewani had become secular and Chinese nationalist, and they considered the Salafiyya to be "Heterodox" (xie jiao), and people who followed foreigner's teachings (waidao). Only after the Communists took over were the Salafis allowed to come out and worship openly.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79&dq=ma+bufang+secret+war&hl=en&ei=Lh6YTKKkLYT68AbGy7iKAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|author=BARRY RUBIN|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|page=79|isbn=0765617471|page=800|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

===Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation===
{{main|Chinese socialism|Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising}}
The Kuomintang had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kaishek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.

One of the ] of the Kuomintang, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism as Dr. Sun Yatsen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "it's socialism and it's communism.". The concept may be understood as ] as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker ] (see ]) and German thinker ]; the ] in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.

The Kuomintang was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Dr. Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The Kuomintang's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese ] as part of its ideology.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20&dq=the+program+rested+the+origins+of+the+rather+unique+socialism+of+the+Guomindang+and+of+Sun+Yat-sen&hl=en&ei=IkCpTJDXFsT7lwehtpCPDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20program%20rested%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20rather%20unique%20socialism%20of%20the%20Guomindang%20and%20of%20Sun%20Yat-sen&f=false|title=The Marxism in the Chinese revolution|author=Arif Dirlik|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=20|isbn=0742530698|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ&q=the+program+rested+the+origins+of+the+rather+unique+socialism+of+the+Guomindang+and+of+Sun+Yat-sen&dq=the+program+rested+the+origins+of+the+rather+unique+socialism+of+the+Guomindang+and+of+Sun+Yat-sen&hl=en&ei=RkCpTK-OIcT_lge-xYnVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ|title=Studies in comparative communism, Volume 21|author=Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs, University of Southern California. School of Politics and International Relations|year=1988|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=|page=134|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Soviet Union trained Kuomintang revolutionaries in the ]. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".<ref name="Hannah Pakula 2009 346">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&pg=PA246&dq=chiang+was+then+known+as+the+red+general+movies&hl=en&ei=TXiaTISmAcT38Abi7fyWAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20was%20then%20known%20as%20the%20red%20general%20movies&f=false|title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China|author=Hannah Pakula|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=|page=346|isbn=1439148937|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42&dq=chiang+portraits+streets&hl=en&ei=UGCaTKLlBsGB8gbyyeBX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=snippet&q=chiang%20portraits%20marx&f=false|title=The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan|author=Jay Taylor|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|page=42|isbn=0674002873|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in ], and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Dr. Sun initiated this anti merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of ] graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=chiang+kai-shek+democracy&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible#v=onepage&q=merchants%20militia&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=71|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&pg=PA39&dq=I+have+often+thought+that+i+am+the+most+clever+woman+that+ever+lived,+and+others+cannot+compare+with+me&cd=1#v=snippet&q=merchants%20levy%20taxes&f=false|title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China|author=Hannah Pakula|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=|page=128|isbn=1439148937|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang were accused of leading a "Red Revolution"in Canton. The merchants were ] and ], and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent ] trader.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=chiang+kai-shek+democracy&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible#v=onepage&q=merchants%20compradoer%20reactionaries%20conservatives%20red&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=71|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The merchants were supported by the foreign, western Imperialists such as the British, who led an international flotilla to support them against Dr. Sun.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&pg=PA39&dq=I+have+often+thought+that+i+am+the+most+clever+woman+that+ever+lived,+and+others+cannot+compare+with+me&cd=1#v=onepage&q=customs%20surplus%20merchants%20levy%20taxes&f=false|title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China|author=Hannah Pakula|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=|page=128|isbn=1439148937|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chiang seized the western supplied weapons from the merchants, and battled against them. A Kuomintang General executed several merchants, and the Kuomintang formed a Soviet inspired Revolutionary Committee.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=chiang+kai-shek+democracy&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible#v=onepage&q=merchants%20to%20dinner%20revolutionary&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=72|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The British Communist party congragulated Dr. Sun for his war against foreign imperialists and capitalists.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=chiang+kai-shek+democracy&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible#v=onepage&q=merchants%20party%20sun%20cable%20struggle%20imperialism%20capitalism&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=73|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Even after Chiang turned on the Soviet Union and massacred the Communists, he still continued anti merchant activities, and promoting revolutionary thought, accusing the merchants of being reactionaries and ].

The United States consulate and other westerners in Shanghai was concerned about the approach of "Red General" Chiang, as his army was seizing control in the Northern Expedition.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=03catqbPCmgC&pg=PA602&dq=red+general+chiang&hl=en&ei=KniaTP6oC8G88gbJ7sGXAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=red%20general%20chiang&f=false|title=The generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Volume 39|author=Jay Taylor|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|page=602|isbn=0674033388|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wjCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=red+general+chiang&hl=en&ei=KniaTP6oC8G88gbJ7sGXAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=red%20general%20chiang&f=false|title=Moscow and Chinese Communists|author=Robert Carver North|year=1963|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=|page=94|isbn=0804704538|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Contrary to false Communist propaganda that Chiang was pro capitalist, Chiang Kai-shek was the enemy and behaved in an antagonist manner to the capitalists of Shanghai, often attacking them and confisticating their capital and assets for the use of the government, even while he was fighting the communists.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&pg=PA58&dq=chiang+shanghai+communists+capitalist+wealth+dictators&hl=en&ei=Lz7QTYXpAci-0AHNsJzgDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=communists%20charged%20shanghai%20ningbo%20capitalists%20interests%20seized%20their%20wealth&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of modern dictators: from Napoleon to the present|author=Frank J. Coppa|year=2006|publisher=Peter Lang|edition=|location=|page=58|isbn=0820450103|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref>

Chiang crushed pro communist worker and peasant organizations, and the rich Shanghai capitalists at the same time. Chiang continued Dr. Sun Yixian's anti capitalist ideology, Kuomintang media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, demanding ] instead.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9nJF_19fnZ4C&pg=PA264&dq=chiang+shanghai+communists+capitalist+wealth&hl=en&ei=KD7QTdbGDfCD0QHeprWSDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20denounced%20capitalism&f=false|title=The Shanghai capitalists and the Nationalist government, 1927-1937|author=Parks M. Coble|year=1986|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|edition=2, reprint, illustrated|volume=Volume 94 of Harvard East Asian monographs|location=|page=263|isbn=0674805364|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref>

Chiang also crushed and dominated the merchants of Shanghai in 1927, seizing loans from them, with the threats of death or exile. Rich ], ], and ] were arrested by Chiang, who accused them of being "counterrevolutionary", and Chiang held them until they gave money to the Kuomintang. Chiang arrests targeted rich millionaiares, accusing them of Communism and Counterrevolutionary activities. Chiang also enforced an anti Japanese boycott, sending his agents to sack the shops of those who sold Japanese made items, fining them. Chiang also disregarded the Internationally protected International Settlement, putting cages on its borders, threatening to have the merchants placed in there. He terrorized the merchant community. The Kuomintang's alliance with the ] allowed it to ignore the borders of the foreign concessions.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&dq=I+have+often+thought+that+i+am+the+most+clever+woman+that+ever+lived%2C+and+others+cannot+compare+with+me&q=shanghai+merchants+executed#v=snippet&q=shanghai%20merchants%20chiang%20mercy&f=false|title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China|author=Hannah Pakula|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=|page=160|isbn=1439148937|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

In 1948, the Kuomintang again attacked the merchants of Shanghai, Chiang Kaishek sent his son ] to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied ] methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&dq=soong+slap+chiang&q=chiang+middle+class+social+revolution+soviet#v=snippet&q=middle%20class%20social%20revolution%20soviet&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=485|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster ] was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered Kuomintang agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by ] and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was ], the sister of ] who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&pg=PA339&dq=soong+slap+chiang&hl=en&ei=r4SmTLqoMoSKlwemtZQY&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ching-kuo%20turned%20on%20rich%20assets%20agents%20raided&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=486|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang also promotes ]s. The Kuomintang founder ], was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of ], who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. Dr. Sun argued for ] and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his ].

"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."<ref>Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies", 19</ref>

The Kuomintang Muslim Governor of ], ] promoted state owned monopoly companies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commercial and industry in Ningxia.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=2p-qTNjVLIL-8Ab984CIBw&ct=result&id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ&dq=ma+hung-k%27uei&q=In+short%2C+the+developmental+and+reconstruction+activities+of+Ma+Hung-k%27uei%27s+government+follow+the+same+lines+as+in+Chinghai|title=China on the eve of Communist takeover|author=A. Doak Barnett|year=1968|publisher=Praeger|location=|page=190|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang Muslim Governor of ], General ] was described as a socialist.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDgbAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&dq=ma+bufang+taiwan&hl=en&ei=QBHJTJXABML7lwfXne3nAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwATgK|title=Covering China: the story of an American reporter from revolutionary days to the Deng era|author=John Roderick|year=1993|publisher=Imprint Publications|location=|page=104|isbn=1879176173|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> An American scholar and government advisor, Doak Barnett, praised Ma Bufang's government as "one of the most efficient in China, and one of the most energetic. While most of China is bogged down, almost inevitably, by Civil War, Chinghai is attempting to carry our small-scale, but nevertheless ambitious, development and reconstruction schemes on its own initiative"

General Ma started a state run and controlled industralization project, directly creating educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation projects, run or assisted by the state. The state provided money for food and uniforms in all schools, state run or private. Roads and a theater were constructed. The state controlled all the press, no freedom was allowed for independent journalists. His regime was dictatoral in its political system. Barnett admitted that the regime had "sterm authoritarianism" and "little room for personal freedom".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC&pg=PA38&dq=ma+bufang+communist+saw&hl=en&ei=dYegTcupA-iO0QHU4OWEBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China|author=Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|page=38|isbn=0700716300|pages=|accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>

Corporations such as ], ] and ] are owned by the state in the ].

]s also existed in the Kuomintang party. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the Communists, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These marxists in the Kuomintang opposed the Chinese communist party ideology.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207&dq=china+stagnated+feudalism+political&hl=en&ei=AvO4TPjFE4T6lwfa5oWwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=guomindang%20marxists&f=false|title=Feudalism and non-European societies|author=T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia|year=1985|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|page=207|isbn=0714632457|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref>

=== Confucianism and religion in ideology ===
], ], ], ], ], ], General ], ], and General ].]]

The Kuomintang used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies, the souls of Party martyrs who died fighting for the Kuomintang and the revolution and the party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen were sent to heaven according to the Kuomintang party. Chiang Kaishek believed that these martyrs witnessed events on earth from heaven.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IDbvAzXCBH8C&pg=PA236&dq=chiang+party+martyrs+heaven&hl=en&ei=9I-nTM0tw9-WB6bKzf0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%20party%20martyrs%20heaven&f=false|title=Chiang Kai-shek's secret past: the memoir of his second wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju|author=Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|location=|page=236|isbn=0813318254|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dc7NOiTSgM0C&pg=PA100&dq=chiang+party+martyrs+heaven&hl=en&ei=9I-nTM0tw9-WB6bKzf0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=chiang%20party%20martyrs%20heaven&f=false|title=War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945|author=Hans J. Van de Ven|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|page=100|isbn=0415145716|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=LpCnTICmGILGlQe9hY3BDA&ct=result&id=LSS4AAAAIAAJ&dq=chiang+party+martyrs+heaven&q=and+those+martyrs+who+died+and+are+in+heaven.1+Chiang+warned+his+listeners+to+study+their+enemy%2C+the+Communists|title=The first Chinese democracy: political life in the Republic of China on Taiwan|author=Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers|year=1998|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=|page=45|isbn=0801856507|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=nJCnTNySHcWBlAfZmoG_DA&ct=result&id=TVNwAAAAMAAJ&dq=chiang+party+martyrs+heaven+President+Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+selected+speeches+and+messages%2C+1937-1945&q=and+the+revolutionary+martyrs+be+consoled+and+the+fervent+longings+of+millions+of+fellow-countrymen+be+satisfied|title=President Chiang Kai-shek's selected speeches and messages, 1937-1945|author=Kai-shek Chiang|year=|publisher=China Cultural Service|location=|page=137|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

When the Northern Expedition was complete, Kuomintang Generals led by Chiang Kaishek paid tribute to Dr. Sun's soul in heaven with a sacrificial ceremony at the Xiangshan Temple in Beijing in July 1928, among the Kuomintang Generals present were the Muslim Generals Bai Chongxi and Ma Fuxiang.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ubcpress.ca/books/pdf/chapters/2006/tibetandnationalistchina'sfrontier.pdf|title=Tibet and nationalist China's frontier: intrigues and ethnopolitics, 1928-49|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2006|publisher=UBC Press|location=|page=29|isbn=0774813016|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang backed the ], which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization.

The Kuomintang leaders also opposed the ]. ], as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and ] criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=chiang+may+iconoclastic+nationalist&hl=en&ei=P2yaTIiKJsKB8ga-oPVK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The May fourth movement in Shanghai: the making of a social movement in modern China|author=Joseph T. Chen|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|location=|page=13|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Imams sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on ] to become ] (Muslim term for martyr) in battle, where Muslims believed they would go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a ] promoting nationalism was spread.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&dq=ma+fuxiang+military+academy&q=anti+japanese#v=snippet&q=anti%20japanese%20hadith&f=false|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=135|isbn=00415368359|page=375|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135&dq=china+jihad+japan+xue+chengda#v=snippet&q=chengda%20wrote%20a%20verse%20song%20hui%20japanese&f=false|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=135|isbn=00415368359|page=375|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang also incorporated ] in its ]. It pardoned Shi Jianqiao for murdering ], because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of ] to one's parents in Confucianism.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90&dq=Shi+Jianqiao+confucianism+filial&hl=en&ei=MkapTI_DDoGglAeD-6zHDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=nationalist%20pardoned&f=false|title=Public passions: the trial of Shi Jianqiao and the rise of popular sympathy in Republican China|author=Eugenia Lean|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=148|isbn=0520247183|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Kuomintang encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Shi+Jianqiao&hl=en&ei=V0WpTMqpOoa8lQfLz8SqDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=filial%20pardons%20motive%20endorsement%20of%20revenge&f=false|title=Public passions: the trial of Shi Jianqiao and the rise of popular sympathy in Republican China|author=Eugenia Lean|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=150|isbn=0520247183|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==== Education ====
The Kuomintang purged China's education system of western ideas, introducing ] into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of state, which meant, in effect, the Kuomintang party, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on the Kuomintang's Three principles of the people were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC&dq=ma+bufang+communist+saw&q=riding+it+of+western+texts+and+models#v=onepage&q=it%20of%20western%20texts%20and%20models%20confucian&f=false|title=China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China|author=Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|page=39|isbn=0700716300|pages=|accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>

=== Soviet style military ===
], appointed as Kuomintang director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was ], who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang&hl=en&ei=I679TJ2CMcKqlAfOu6WACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false|title=The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan|author=Jay Taylor|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|page=195|isbn=0674002873|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American ] of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang&hl=en&ei=I679TJ2CMcKqlAfOu6WACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false|title=Opposition and dissent in contemporary China|author=Peter R. Moody|year=1977|publisher=Hoover Press|location=|page=302|isbn=0817967710|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoB35f6HD9gC&pg=PA181&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang&hl=en&ei=I679TJ2CMcKqlAfOu6WACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false|title=Patterns in the dust: Chinese-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949-1950|author=Nançy Bernkopf Tucker|year=1983|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|page=181|isbn=0231053622,|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang==
===Tibet Improvement Party===
{{Main|Tibet Improvement Party}}
The ] was founded by ], a pro-ROC and pro-KMT ] revolutionary, who worked against the ]'s Tibetan Government in ]. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet", during an interview in 1975 by Dr. Heather Stoddard.<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152&dq=The+attempt+to+apply+SunYat-sen's+ideology+in+a+Tibetan+context+failed+precisely+because+those+who+supported+this+activity+were+not+at+the+center+of+elite+Tibetan+religious+culture.+Revolutionary+Tibetans+realized+and+were+often+frustrated+by+this+problem.100+In+a+sense+they+were+trying+to+change+Tibet+from+the+outside,+through+secular+means+.+Despite+this+failure,+from+Stoddard's+interviews,+we+learn+that+even+in+1975+Rapga+still+held+to+his+beliefs+that+Sun's+theories+were+valuable:+The+San+min+zhuyi+was+intended+for+all+peoples+under+the+domination+of+foreigners,+for+all+those+who+had+been+deprived+of+the+rights+of+man.+But+it+was+conceived+especially+for+the+Asians.+It+is+for+this+reason+that+I+translated+it.+At+that+time,+a+lot+of+new+ideas+were+spreading+in+Tibet.%22%22+If+the+Panchen+Lama+had+been+willing+to+personally+and+publicly+support+these+early+efforts+at+seeking+local+Tibetan+autonomy+(in+particular+among+Chinese+Buddhists+and+the+media+that+followed+his+ritual+activities),+might+the+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NLn7Tu38JefV0QHe_PjAAg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20attempt%20to%20apply%20SunYat-sen's%20ideology%20in%20a%20Tibetan%20context%20failed%20precisely%20because%20those%20who%20supported%20this%20activity%20were%20not%20at%20the%20center%20of%20elite%20Tibetan%20religious%20culture.%20Revolutionary%20Tibetans%20realized%20and%20were%20often%20frustrated%20by%20this%20problem.100%20In%20a%20sense%20they%20were%20trying%20to%20change%20Tibet%20from%20the%20outside%2C%20through%20secular%20means%20.%20Despite%20this%20failure%2C%20from%20Stoddard's%20interviews%2C%20we%20learn%20that%20even%20in%201975%20Rapga%20still%20held%20to%20his%20beliefs%20that%20Sun's%20theories%20were%20valuable%3A%20The%20San%20min%20zhuyi%20was%20intended%20for%20all%20peoples%20under%20the%20domination%20of%20foreigners%2C%20for%20all%20those%20who%20had%20been%20deprived%20of%20the%20rights%20of%20man.%20But%20it%20was%20conceived%20especially%20for%20the%20Asians.%20It%20is%20for%20this%20rea|title=Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China|author=Gray Tuttle|editor=|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|volume=|page=152|isbn=0231134479|pages=}}</ref> He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an ] within the ROC.<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450&dq=rapga+chinese&hl=en&ei=WI_FTdqrJoiugQeJxvnKBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=rapga%20chinese&f=false|title=A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state|author=Melvyn C. Goldstein|editor=|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|edition=reprint, illustrated|location=|volume=Volume 1 of A History of Modern Tibet|page=450|isbn=0520075900|pages=}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95&dq=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&hl=en&ei=D8XFTbbFLofq0gHc1KzwBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=rapga%20appealed%20khampa%20militia%20against%20tibetan%20troops&f=false|title=Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|editor=|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|edition=illustrated|location=|volume=Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia|page=95|isbn=0415582644|pages=}}</ref>

The Kuomintang was extensively involved in the ] region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government.

===Vietnamese Kuomintang===
{{Main|Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang}}

The Kuomintang assisted the ] party, which translates literally into Chinese as Yuenan Kuomintang (越南國民黨), meaning "Vietnamese Kuomintang".<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Fire+in+the+lake%3A+the+Vietnamese+and+the+Americans+in+Vietnam&q=kuomintang++VNQDD+thousand+villages|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|author=Frances FitzGerald|editor=|year=1972|publisher=Little, Brown|edition=|location=|volume=Volume 927|page=238|isbn=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ld9W1NKBjzQC&pg=PT190&dq=it+remained+totally+autarchic+%E2%80%94+anti-Communist,+anti-Buddhist,++whatever+part&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YN77TqWlD8iUtwely9TPBg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%20kuomintang%20VNQDD%20montagnards&f=false|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|author=Frances Fitzgerald|editor=|year=2002|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|edition=illustrated|location=|volume=|page=|isbn=0316284238|pages=}}</ref> When it was established, it was based entirely on the Chinese Kuomintang and was pro Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&hl=en&ei=YH8ETaL3GsH6lwf7l-jDCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=modeled%20directly%20after%20the%20chinese%20KMT&f=false|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=530|isbn=0520041569|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=_H4ETY7OIsT68AbmwbTHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd&f=false|title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2|editor=Keat Gin Ooi|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=|page=37|isbn=1576077705|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The Chinese Kuomintang helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti imperialist struggle against the ] occupiers of ] and against the ]. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training.

In ] and ], the Vietnamese revolutionaries arranged alliances with the Kuomintang by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their children were at an advantage since they could speak both languages and they worked as agents for the revolutionaries and spread ideologies across borders. ]'s revolutionary network practiced this extensively, in addition Chinese merchants also married Vietnamese women, and provided funds and help.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RE5XmjajAvkC&pg=PA39&dq=vietnamese+southern+china+marriages+to+chinese&hl=en&ei=NNWhTamJMsectwfVy7SGAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=vietnamese%20southern%20china%20marriages%20to%20chinese&f=false|title=Thailand and the Southeast Asian networks of the Vietnamese revolution, 1885-1954|author=Christopher E. Goscha|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|isbn=0700706224|page=|pages=|accessdate=2011-04-19}}</ref>

The Kuomintang in Canton assisted the VNQDD in creating the "League of Oppressed Oriental Peoples" (not related to the Vietnamese Communist league of the same name), to aid Asian peoples in anti imperialist struggles.<ref name="Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&hl=en&ei=YH8ETaL3GsH6lwf7l-jDCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd%20%20yunnan&f=false|title=Struggle for Indochina, 1940-1955|author=Ellen J. Hammer|year=1955|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=|page=84|isbn=0804704589|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref>

The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against ]'s Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&hl=en&ei=YH8ETaL3GsH6lwf7l-jDCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd%20%20yunnan&f=false|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=532|isbn=0520041569|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.<ref name="Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++french&hl=en&ei=Hn8ETbSyG8SclgfFxJVr&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd%20%20french&f=false|title=The state and revolution in the twentieth century: major social transformations of our time|author=Berch Berberoglu|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=53|isbn=0742538842|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The failed uprising, the ], was brutally put down by the French Imperialist occupation. The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h1Lr4x2nr-QC&pg=PA98&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=_H4ETY7OIsT68AbmwbTHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&sqi=2&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd&f=false|title=The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power|author=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|location=|page=98|isbn=1615300473|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> They sought help from the Chinese KMT against the French.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNlnzQk2678C&pg=PA17&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=_H4ETY7OIsT68AbmwbTHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&sqi=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=kuomintang%20vnqdd&f=false|title=In the jaws of history|author=Diêm̃ Bùi, David Chanoff|year=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=|page=17|isbn=00253213010|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. ], a Kuomintang official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and Military made '''direct''' contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.<ref name="Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532"/>

Lu Phu Hiep, a VNQDD member who achieve high ranks in the Chinese ] government, organized the Trung Viet Cach Menh Lien Quan, meaning "Revolutionary Sino-Viet Nam Military League". He organized VNQDD cells in Yunnan, the VNQDD in Yunnan, was in effect, a branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, individual units matched with KMT units. Many VNQDD members joined the Yunnan military school and received military training from the Kuomintang Chinese army. The VNQDD in Yunnan, Nanjing, and Canton successfully merged into a single party, via the Nanjing based "Overseas Bureau". It became extremely close to the Kuomintang. The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General ] (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&hl=en&ei=YH8ETaL3GsH6lwf7l-jDCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=chinese%20KMT%20vnqdd%20section%20protection%20&f=false|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross|author=Archimedes L. A. Patti|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=533|isbn=0520041569|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the ], created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Vietnamese and French Imperialists.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SSxyTlkmv2cC&pg=PA81&dq=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=RZEETfaUEYSdlgec-7DTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence|author=James P. Harrison|year=1989|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|page=81|isbn=023106909X|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&dq=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=RZEETfaUEYSdlgec-7DTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg|title=The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940-1954|author=United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division|year=1982|publisher=Michael Glazier|location=|page=56|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106&dq=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=RZEETfaUEYSdlgec-7DTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Chang%20Fa-Kuei%20vnqdd&f=false|title=The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai|author=Oscar Chapuis|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|page=106|isbn=0313311706|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HKRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&dq=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&hl=en&ei=RZEETfaUEYSdlgec-7DTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ|title=The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941|author=William J. Duiker|year=1976|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=|page=272|isbn=0801409519|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref>

The VNQDD followed the ], proclaiming socialism, nationalism, and anti communism as its ideology. The VNQDD was a supporter of the Kuomintang, and they were based in various areas like ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ&q=There+were+in+Yunnan+and+Kwangsi,+besides+the+Viet+Minh+elements,+a+considerable+number+of+adherents+of+the+pro-Kuomintang+VNQDD&dq=There+were+in+Yunnan+and+Kwangsi,+besides+the+Viet+Minh+elements,+a+considerable+number+of+adherents+of+the+pro-Kuomintang+VNQDD&hl=en&ei=pn8ETbqAOcP6lwfT1u39Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|title=Vision accomplished?: The enigma of Ho Chi Minh|author=N. Khac Huyen|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan|location=|page=61|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref>

A Kuomintang left winger, General Chang Fa-kuei worked with Nguyen Hai Than, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ&q=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&dq=kuomintang+vnqdd++yunnan&hl=en&ei=YH8ETaL3GsH6lwf7l-jDCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw|title=Vision accomplished?: The enigma of Ho Chi Minh|author=N. Khac Huyen|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan|location=|page=61|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of ] in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-k'uei,+as+Chiang+Kai-shek's+executive,+pictured+himself+invading+Tonkin+in+due+course+at+the+head+...&dq=Chang+Fa-k'uei,+as+Chiang+Kai-shek's+executive,+pictured+himself+invading+Tonkin+in+due+course+at+the+head+...&hl=en&ei=9o4ETZixLsGAlAfj58CvCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ|title=Lugano review, Volume 2, Issues 4-6|author=James Fitzsimmons|year=1975|publisher=J. Fitzsimmons.|location=|page=6|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> The VNQDD opposed the government of ] during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite book|accessdate=2011-12-27|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C31uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Fire+in+the+lake%3A+the+Vietnamese+and+the+Americans+in+Vietnam&q=kuomintang++VNQDD+thousand+villages|title=Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam|author=Frances FitzGerald|editor=|year=1972|publisher=Little, Brown|edition=|location=|volume=Volume 927|page=239|isbn=|pages=}}</ref>

==Organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang==
] founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang, including the China Islamic Association (Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui).<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA169&dq=ma+fulu+and+four+cousins&hl=en&ei=G1MiTKXvJ4P7lwewobh6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20muslim%20warlord%20join%20guomindang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=175|isbn=0295976446|page=266|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Kuomintang Muslim General ] was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=chongxi+muslim&source=bl&ots=RVnr701bSe&sig=AV7ONFPnigRR5SxdJ8nyBMAkKdY&hl=en&ei=gM6aTOz4KIO88gb2_tj1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=chongxi%20muslim&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=86|isbn=0700710264|page=208|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Kuomintang government, and they supported the Kuomintang.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135&dq=china+jihad+japan+xue+chengda&hl=en&ei=Ny-VTPmSKML_lgfw-fCoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=jiang%20hadith%20jieshi%20leader&f=false|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=134|isbn=00415368359|page=375|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The ] was also sponsored by the Kuomintang, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the ] which was built with funds from the Kuomintang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islam in Taiwan|author=Peter G. Gowing|newspaper=SAUDI ARAMCO World|date=July/August 1970|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm}}</ref>

The ] (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the Kuomintang. Other Muslim sects, like the ] and Sufi brotherhoods like Jahriyya and Khuffiya were also supported by Kuomintang. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported Kuomintang rule, Brotherhood Imams like ] ordered Muslims to pray for the Kuomintang government, salute Kuomintang flags during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons.

==Policy on ethnic minorities==
The Kuomintang considers all minorities to be members of the Chinese Nation, ], the Kuomintang party leader, considered all the minority peoples of China, including the Hui, as descedants of ], the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation. Chiang considered all the minorities to belong to the Chinese Nation ] and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the ], and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+huangdi&hl=en&ei=7tq5TIaDIoaglAfAtfyyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20huangdi&f=false|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|page=416|isbn=1563241935|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&hl=en&ei=etu5TMOkBYX6lwfItaTODA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20yellow%20emperor&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|page=208|isbn=0231139241|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CLiFAAAAIAAJ&q=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&hl=en&ei=CNy5TJmlDMH_lgfzlriHDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ|title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|author=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=|page=409|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> In Taiwan, the President performs a ritual honoring Huangdi, while facing west, in the direction of the mainland China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TocvXqTwiboC&pg=PA188&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+huangdi&hl=en&ei=7tq5TIaDIoaglAfAtfyyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20huangdi&f=false|title=Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism|author=Cheong Ching|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|location=|page=188|isbn=981024486X|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang kept the ] for dealing with Mongolian And Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its Chairman.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=ma+fuxiang+martial+arts&source=bl&ots=gMwLJsA7sq&sig=kyIjyyf7vOuXBqaARL8g-KIcI5k&hl=en&ei=lv0XTIfVIoL6lweouIiKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=ma%20fuxiang%20mongolia%20tibet%20commission&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=175|isbn=0295976446|page=266|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Kuomintang was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like ] and it established schools specially for Muslims, Muslim Kuomintang warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr|title=The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam |last=Masumi|first=Matsumoto|publisher=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Kuomintang Muslim Warlord ] built a girl's school for Muslim girls in ] which taught modern secular education.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96&dq=ma+bufang+girls+school&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20girls%20school&f=false|title=The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own|author=Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=|page=96|isbn=0700713026|page=361|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref>

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like ] to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, until the Kuomintang Muslim General ] forced them to stop the racism and allowed them to particapate.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=ma+bufang+genocidal+golog&source=bl&ots=5y4cjM9Y1_&sig=hNOuP0tY5081BGCQBo88uA_asEo&hl=en&ei=AgAYTLadL4KclgecgYnuCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=allowed%20the%20kazakhs%20to%20join&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=54|isbn=0742511448|page=273|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline Kuomintang members. ] was a Muslim and a Kuomintang member, and refused to surrender to the Communists.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192&dq=ma+chengxiang+hardliner&hl=en&ei=LMmOTISTDcT7lwechezlAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hardliners%20split&f=false|title=Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China|author=Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=|page=192|isbn=0674026160|page=462|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=1MiOTNroCMKblgec2pzmAg&ct=result&id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+chengxiang+hardliner&q=ma+chengxiang|title=Under the Soviet shadow: the Yining Incident : ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944-1949|author=David D. Wang|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|page=373|isbn=9622018319|page=577|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Kuomintang incited anti ] and ] sentiments among ] and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&dq=ma+hongkui+japanese+abolish+prince&q=hui#v=onepage&q=hui%20muslims%20outer%20mongols%20shaanxi%20shanxi&f=false|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|isbn=0415582644|page=22|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of ] by the Kuomintang, as was the ] ] and the Uyghur ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&hl=en&ei=hy1CTKCMFcK88gbj-ZgP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=sabri%20governor%20KMT%20tatar&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0521255147|page=163|page=376|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

] put Kuomintang ] party symbols on their ] restaurants and shops. A Christian missionary in 1935 took a picture of a Muslim meat restaurant in ] which had Arabic and Chinese lettering indicating that it was Halal (fit for Muslim consumption), and it had two Kuomintang party symbols on it.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA9&dq=hui+restaurateur+qing+zhen+pure+GMD+nationalist+emblems&hl=en&ei=_L2bTJu5E4L_8Ab7gs3lAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|page=9|isbn=0674594975|page=481|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://via.lib.harvard.edu/via/deliver/deepLinkItem?recordId=olvwork173487&componentId=FHCL:81225 |title=Hankow. Moslem meat shop sign. |publisher=Via.lib.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref>

The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put Kuomintang party symbols on his mansion, the ] along with a portrait of party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen arranged with the Kuomintang Party flag and the Republic of China flag.

General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the ] Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of Kuomintang party founder Dr. ], and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+son&q=genocidal#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20lake%20god&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=51|isbn=0742511448|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> This cult of personality around the Kuomintang party leader and the Kuomintang was standard in all meetings. Sun Yatsen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=chiang+the+china+he+lost&hl=en&ei=BbWbTPDMG4OB8gbArsWcAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=portrait%20bowing&f=false|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|location=|page=325|isbn=0786714840|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Dr. Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the ] and the ].

The Kuomintang also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ&q=It+was+attended+by+Pai+Chung-hsi,+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+Ma+Liang+and+other+influenatial+Moslem+leaders.+The+need+of+realizing+racial+harmony+was+strongly+voiced+by+General+Ma+Pu-fang,+chairman+of+the+Tsinghai+provincial+government,&dq=It+was+attended+by+Pai+Chung-hsi,+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+Ma+Liang+and+other+influenatial+Moslem+leaders.+The+need+of+realizing+racial+harmony+was+strongly+voiced+by+General+Ma+Pu-fang,+chairman+of+the+Tsinghai+provincial+government,&hl=en&ei=_BGsTIFCgfvwBsvJ_b8L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|title=Chiang Contemporary Japan: a review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11|author=Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai|year=1942|publisher=The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan.|location=|page=1626|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

In 1939 ] and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the Kuomintang to the Middle eastern countries such as ], ], and ] to gain support for the ], they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted ], they asked him to come to ], the capital of the Kuomintang regime. Bughra was arrested by the British in 1942 for spying, and the Kuomintang arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of Kuomintang Muslim publications.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&dq=xibei+jiuying+wangshi&q=chiang+bughra#v=snippet&q=chiang%20bughra%20return%20chongqing&f=false|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|isbn=0415582644|page=90|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Tianying (馬天英) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27&dq=du+wenxiu+yang&hl=en&ei=Cdm3TIPQIIX7lwe3rOHmDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=organized%20and%20led%20a%20goodwill%20mission%20toured%20middle%20eastern&f=false|title=Muslims in China|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|year=2007|publisher=University Press|location=|page=45|isbn=0880938617|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Stance on separatism==
The Kuomintang is anti separatist, and during its rule on mainland China, it crushed Uyghur and Tibetan separatist uprisings. The Kuomintang claims sovereignty over ] and ] as well as the territories of the modern ] and ].

The Kuomintang Muslim General ] waged war on the invading Tibetans during the ] with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in ] provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by the Kuomintang President of China Chiang Kaishek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the Kuomintang, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of ] seven times during the ], eliminating thousands of Tibetans.<ref name="google54"/>

General ], the chairman of the ] stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China.

<blockquote>
Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the peoples of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years.... Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=ma+fuxiang+our+party&source=bl&ots=gMwLItF3rt&sig=Y4eKstUC_TGgOelKv60xxJb-J2I&hl=en&ei=968WTL_0DYKBlAecxOCjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Our%20Party%20%5Bthe%20Guomindang%5D%20takes%20the%20development%20of%20the%20weak%20and%20small%20and%20resistance%20to%20the%20strong%20and%20violent%20as%20our%20sole%20and%20most%20urgent%20task.&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=167|isbn=0-295-97644-6|page=266|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Under orders from the Kuomintang government of ], the ] General ], Governor of ] (1937–1949), repaired Yushu airport to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking independence.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rozF-AZgmM8C&pg=PA61&dq=ma+bufang+japanese&hl=en&ei=ZBghTJLZOIKClAfC_Nxi&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20japanese&f=false|title=Indo-Tibet-China conflict|author=Dinesh Lal|year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|location=|page=61|isbn=8178357143|page=309|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35&dq=ma+lin+muslim&hl=en&ei=NX2qTLHbJoH98AahxJGCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ma%20lin%20muslim&f=false|title=Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations|author=Paul Kocot Nietupski|year=1999|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|location=|page=35|isbn=1559390905|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+son&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20lake%20god%20scarves&f=false|title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|page=51|isbn=0742511448|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

During the ], the Kuomintang ] crushed a separatist Uyghur ], delivering it a fatal blow at the ]. The Muslim General Ma Hushan pledged alleigance to the Kuomintang and crushed another Uyghur revolt at ].

The Kuomintang also fought against a Soviet and White Russian invasion during the ].

During the ], the Kuomintang fought against Uyghur separatists and the Soviet Union, and against Mongolia.

==See also==
{{portal|conservatism}}
{{ChineseText}}

{{commons|Kuomintang}}
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'''Lists:'''
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==References==
*{{cite book
|last = Bergere
|first = Marie-Claire
|coauthors = Janet Lloyd
|year = 2000
|title = Sun Yat-sen
|publisher = Stanford University Press
|location = Stanford, California
|isbn = 0-8047-4011-9
}}
*{{cite book | last=Strand | first=David | editor1-last=Goldman | editor1-first=Merle | editor2-last=Perry | editor2-first=Elizabeth | editor2-link=Elizabeth J. Perry | title=Changing meanings of citizenship in modern China | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&lpg=PA389&dq=1911%20huguang%20beijing&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q=huguang&f=false | accessdate=2011-02-19 | year=2002 | publisher=] | location=], ] | isbn=9780674007666 | pages=59–60 | chapter=Chapter 2:Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium | ref=Strand}}
*{{cite book
|last = Roy
|first = Denny
|year = 2003
|title = Taiwan: A Political History
|publisher = Cornell University Press
|location = Ithaca, New York
|isbn = 0-8014-8805-2
}}</div>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Chris Taylor, "Taiwan's Seismic shift", ''Asian Wall Street Journal'', February 4, 2004 (not available online)

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{zh icon}}
**
* ( 2009-10-31)

{{KMTleaders}}
{{Warlord era}}
{{Chinese Civil War}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Politics of Taiwan footer}}
{{Taiwanese political parties}}
{{International Democrat Union}}

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Revision as of 07:47, 25 February 2012

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Kuomintang: Difference between revisions Add topic