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| '''Reincarnation''', also called "transmigration", is the idea that after |
'''Reincarnation''', also called "transmigration", is the idea that after physical death, some critical part of a person's personality or spirit is reborn in a different body. This is a central tenet of ], ], and some forms of ] as well as other ] and philosophies. | ||
| Although reincarnation shares certain common features across these belief systems - a continuation of the self usually associated with some ] task - there are often differing descriptions of the actual mechanism by which reincarnation occurs, as well as the details of what aspect of the person is being continued. | |||
| ⚫ | Claims of reincarnation are not uncommon, often presented in an appealing manner. |
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| ⚫ | For example, reincarnation is a basic tenet of Hinduism and also of Buddhism. Hindus believe that the ], or ] is what is preserved from one life to the next. Buddhists (or at least ] Buddhists) believe in what they call ], or the non-existence of the soul. The person is nothing more than an aggregate of material and mental components that separate upon death. However, when they separate, they normally cause a new aggregate to be formed, and thus reincarnation is carried out. Many Buddhists use the term ''rebirth'' rather than reincarnation, because they claim that reincarnation implies that there must be a separate soul incarnate in a physical body. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Reincarnation has a history in western culture as well. Some ancient Greek philosophers believed in reincarnation; see for example ]'s <i>Phaedo</i> and <i>The Republic</i>. ] was probably the first Greek philosopher to advance the idea. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Many ] groups believed in reincarnation, as do some ] ] today. The Gnostics also believed that the material body was evil, and that they would be better off if they could eventually avoid having their 'good' souls reincarnated in 'evil' bodies. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| :''The Catholic Church is officially "anti-reincarnation"; was there a historic time when Christianity as a whole (or some major sect) accepted the alternate doctrine?'' | |||
| Reincarnation has been a popular idea in diverse philosophies and religions. | |||
| ⚫ | Today belief in reincarnation is popular in ] and ] circles. It is an important tenet of ], and central to ], founded by ]. | ||
| ⚫ | Some ancient Greek philosophers believed in reincarnation; see for example ]'s <i>Phaedo</i> and <i>The Republic</i>. ] was probably the first Greek philosopher to advance the idea. | ||
| ==Evidence of reincarnation== | |||
| ⚫ | Many ] groups believed in reincarnation, as do some ] ] today. The Gnostics also believed that the material body was evil, and that they would be better off if they could eventually avoid having their 'good' souls reincarnated in 'evil' bodies. | ||
| Although anecdotal evidence abounds, the ''scientific'' evidence for reincarnation is currently fairly weak. The most detailed collections of personal reports in favor of reincarnation have been published by Dr. ] in works such as ''Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects'' | |||
| ⚫ | Today belief in reincarnation is popular in ] and ] circles. It is an important tenet of ], and central to ], founded by ]. | ||
| ⚫ | , which documents cases where claims of injuries received in past lives sometimes correlate with physical birthmarks. Perhaps the most significant anecdotal evidence in this regard is the phenomenon of young children spontaneously sharing what appear to be memories of past lives. Stevenson cautions that such evidence is ''suggestive'' of reincarnation, but is certainly no proof of such. | ||
| Skeptics such as ] have analyzed many of these and other anecdotal accounts, and claim that further research into the individuals involved provides sufficient background to weaken the conclusion that these cases are credible examples of reincarnation. | |||
| ⚫ | Critics who claim that reincarnation is impossible often espouse the alternate theory that a large number of mental phenomena such as memory and ability are already accounted for by physiological processes; and may point to moral and practical inconsistencies in the various theories of reincarnation. ] would then seem to dictate that the critical view is to be preferred, as it demands no extraordinary new evidence beyond what is already known to science. | ||
| ⚫ | A more ] claim is that without some evidence showing that reincarnation exists (regardless of the current state of science), the theory of reincarnation cannot be considered to be a working theory of the real world. Claims of evidence of reincarnation are not uncommon, often presented in an appealing manner. Skeptics counsel that because people fear death and are eager to find alternative theories to personal extinction, it is therefore wise to consider any such claim with caution, and to consider the possibility that the claimer has something to gain by the listener's acceptance of the claim. | ||
| See also: ], ] | See also: ], ] | ||
| == References == | |||
| *Ian Stevenson, ''Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects'' ISBN 0275952835 | |||
| *Paul Edwards, ''Reincarnation: A Critical Examination'' ISBN 1573929212 | |||
| == External Links == | == External Links == | ||
| * | |||
| * | |||
Revision as of 10:07, 12 December 2002
Reincarnation, also called "transmigration", is the idea that after physical death, some critical part of a person's personality or spirit is reborn in a different body. This is a central tenet of Hinduism, Jainism, and some forms of Buddhism as well as other religions and philosophies.
Although reincarnation shares certain common features across these belief systems - a continuation of the self usually associated with some karmic task - there are often differing descriptions of the actual mechanism by which reincarnation occurs, as well as the details of what aspect of the person is being continued.
For example, reincarnation is a basic tenet of Hinduism and also of Buddhism. Hindus believe that the soul, or atman is what is preserved from one life to the next. Buddhists (or at least Theravada Buddhists) believe in what they call anatman, or the non-existence of the soul. The person is nothing more than an aggregate of material and mental components that separate upon death. However, when they separate, they normally cause a new aggregate to be formed, and thus reincarnation is carried out. Many Buddhists use the term rebirth rather than reincarnation, because they claim that reincarnation implies that there must be a separate soul incarnate in a physical body.
Reincarnation has a history in western culture as well. Some ancient Greek philosophers believed in reincarnation; see for example Plato's Phaedo and The Republic. Pythagoras was probably the first Greek philosopher to advance the idea.
Many Gnostic groups believed in reincarnation, as do some Hasidic Jews today. The Gnostics also believed that the material body was evil, and that they would be better off if they could eventually avoid having their 'good' souls reincarnated in 'evil' bodies.
- The Catholic Church is officially "anti-reincarnation"; was there a historic time when Christianity as a whole (or some major sect) accepted the alternate doctrine?
Today belief in reincarnation is popular in New Age and Neopagan circles. It is an important tenet of Theosophy, and central to Spiritism, founded by Allan Kardec.
Evidence of reincarnation
Although anecdotal evidence abounds, the scientific evidence for reincarnation is currently fairly weak. The most detailed collections of personal reports in favor of reincarnation have been published by Dr. Ian Stevenson in works such as Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects , which documents cases where claims of injuries received in past lives sometimes correlate with physical birthmarks. Perhaps the most significant anecdotal evidence in this regard is the phenomenon of young children spontaneously sharing what appear to be memories of past lives. Stevenson cautions that such evidence is suggestive of reincarnation, but is certainly no proof of such.
Skeptics such as Paul Edwards have analyzed many of these and other anecdotal accounts, and claim that further research into the individuals involved provides sufficient background to weaken the conclusion that these cases are credible examples of reincarnation.
Critics who claim that reincarnation is impossible often espouse the alternate theory that a large number of mental phenomena such as memory and ability are already accounted for by physiological processes; and may point to moral and practical inconsistencies in the various theories of reincarnation. Occam's Razor would then seem to dictate that the critical view is to be preferred, as it demands no extraordinary new evidence beyond what is already known to science.
A more skeptical claim is that without some evidence showing that reincarnation exists (regardless of the current state of science), the theory of reincarnation cannot be considered to be a working theory of the real world. Claims of evidence of reincarnation are not uncommon, often presented in an appealing manner. Skeptics counsel that because people fear death and are eager to find alternative theories to personal extinction, it is therefore wise to consider any such claim with caution, and to consider the possibility that the claimer has something to gain by the listener's acceptance of the claim.
See also: Karma, Metempsychosis
References
- Ian Stevenson, Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects ISBN 0275952835
- Paul Edwards, Reincarnation: A Critical Examination ISBN 1573929212